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The Bethania Freedmen's Community The Bethania Freedmen’s Community An Architectural and Historical Context of the Bethania-Rural Hall Road Study Area Prepared for: Forsyth County Historic Resources Commission City-County Planning Board P. O. Box 2511 Winston-Salem, NC 27102 PrePared by: HeatHer FearnbacH • FearnbacH History services, inc. 3334 nottingHam road • Winston-salem, NC 27104 • February 2012 Cover photos taken by Heather Fearnbach, 2011 (top row, left to right): Aldean and Julia Washington Lash House, 1705 Bethania-Rural Hall Road James and Lillian Allen House, 1580 Bethania-Rural Hall Road Alspaugh-Shouse House, 1840 Bethania-Rural Hall Road (bottom row, left to right): Raleigh N. and Margaret E. Scales House, 1720 Bethania-Rural Hall Road William Maceo and Alta Washington Ervin House, 1740 Bethania-Rural Hall Road John H. and Sallie Alspaugh Conrad House, 1842 Bethania-Rural Hall Road Report © 2012 by Heather Fearnbach All rights reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Project Scope 2 II. Introduction 2 III. Historical Context 3 IV. Architectural Context 50 V. Significance Evaluation 58 VI. Proposed Boundary Description and Map 62 VII. Recommendations for Future Work and Next Steps 66 VIII. Bibliography 69 Appendix A. List of Surveyed Historic Properties in the Study Area A-1 Appendix B. Genealogical Notes Regarding Families in the Study Area B-1 Appendix C. Agricultural Census Resource Descriptions C-1 Appendix D. Professional Qualifications D-1 I. Project Scope In November 2010, the City of Winston-Salem-Forsyth County Planning Department engaged Heather Fearnbach of Fearnbach History Services, Inc. to investigate the historical and architectural significance of resources flanking a section of Bethania-Rural Hall Road known as the Bethania Freedmen’s Community. Newly emancipated slaves began acquiring this land in the late nineteenth century and most of the property in the study area is still owned by their descendants. The city annexed the area in 2006 and subsequent complaint-driven inspections resulted in code violation notices being issued for four properties: the log Alspaugh-Shouse House (1840 Bethania-Rural Hall Road), the adjacent frame dwelling where John and Sallie Conrad once resided (1842 Bethania-Rural Hall Road), the former home of Charlie and Olivia Scott (1670 Bethania-Rural Hall Road), and the residence erected by William M. and Sallie Conrad (1420 Bethania-Rural Hall Road). City staff instructed property owners to undertake the repairs necessary to bring the dwellings into compliance or they would be demolished. The owners asserted that the buildings should receive special consideration given their association with the Bethania Freedmen’s Community.1 Fearnbach History Services began the historic resource evaluation by conducting public record and archival research, which revealed an intricate web of familial and social connections. Ms. Fearnbach then photographed each historic property within the study area, and, based upon State Historic Preservation Office (HPO) guidelines, created a database containing forms for primary resources and survey files including the printed forms and photographs. She interviewed current and former area residents and the descendants of early property owners and wrote a report placing their stories into a broader historical perspective. These materials will be permanently archived by the HPO in Raleigh. The project’s small budget precluded much of the investigation and analysis that could be conducted. However, given the area’s significance, Fearnbach History Services generated measured drawings for several of the oldest and most intact dwellings, which was outside of the project’s scope of work. Site plan creation, an oral history initiative, archaeological investigation, and additional research are needed to more thoroughly document the community. In order to preserve buildings in deteriorating condition, the most pressing repair needs should be outlined and cyclical maintenance plans implemented for each property as soon as possible. II. Introduction The rural community just north of the Moravian town of Bethania in Forsyth County, North Carolina, manifests cultural continuity through successive generations of African American tenancy. Primary sources including the journals, ledgers, and correspondence of white Bethanians provided a means to identify the African Americans who lived and worked in the area during the mid-nineteenth century. These documents, in conjunction with census records, deeds, wills, estate settlements, historic maps, photographs, and oral history, allowed for the delineation of the extant resources associated with early residents and their descendants and the investigation of the area’s rich heritage. This report explores the history of the Bethania-Rural Hall Road study area in the context of the built environment as well as the kinship and social relationships that continue to bind these families together. 1 The use of “Bethania Freedmen’s Community” to describe this section of Bethania-Rural Hall Road appears to have first been employed in conjunction with the late-twentieth-century exploration and recognition of the area’s history rather than during the proposed National Register district’s period of significance, which would likely end in 1962. The Bethania Freedmen’s Community, Fearnbach History Services, Inc., February 2012 2 The narrative begins with a brief overview of Forsyth County’s development and Bethania’s settlement, which is necessary in order to understand this African American community’s origins. The discussion then focuses on the area’s social history, identifying the men and women who successfully navigated the transition from slavery to freedom, moving from an agrarian lifestyle to industrial jobs and other professions as new opportunities became available. The extant dwellings in the Bethania- Rural Hall Road study area are in most cases still associated with the families who built them, and interviews with descendants thus provided a remarkable opportunity to illuminate the area’s history. This document would not have been possible without their assistance, for which the author is tremendously grateful. The report’s final components are an evaluation of the area’s potential for listing in the National Register of Historic Places and the identification of future research and analysis opportunities. III. General Historical Overview Rural Beginnings The earliest inhabitants of the area that is now Forsyth County were Native Americans who settled along a river they called the “Yattken,” a Siouan word meaning “place of big trees.” Archaeological investigation of a rock shelter near the river’s “Great Bend” revealed that the cave had been used for 8,500 years, initially by nomadic hunters and then by villagers who farmed the fertile flood plain. Although these Native Americans did not espouse tribal affiliations, early white explorers categorized them as Saponi and Tutelo. By the late seventeenth century, interactions with Iroquois raiding parties and increasing numbers of white trappers, traders, and explorers had taken their toll on the Saponi and Tutelo, reducing their numbers to less than a thousand. Survivors began slowly moving north around 1710, where they eventually resided on Iroquois reservations in New York and Canada.2 By the late 1740s, the Yadkin River valley, depleted of Native American occupants, began to fill with white immigrants moving south from Pennsylvania and Virginia along the Great Wagon Road. Morgan Bryan, William Linville, and Edward Hughes were among the first permanent residents of what would become Forsyth County, settling on the Yadkin River’s eastern bank in 1747-1748 near a shallow ford that was one of the few river crossings suitable for heavy wagons. Thousands of immigrants passed through the crossing, southwest of present-day Lewisville, as they pressed further into the Southern frontier in the decades prior to the American Revolution.3 The region’s abundant water supply, natural resources, and fertile soil proved attractive to English, Scots-Irish, and German settlers. John Douthit and Christopher Elrod of Maryland were among those who moved to the Muddy Creek basin around 1750. Population growth precipitated the formation of a new county, Rowan, which encompassed the area west of Orange County and north of Anson County, in 1753. That same year, after six months of exploring North Carolina in search of suitable land to settle, a group of Moravians led by Bishop August G. Spangenburg purchased 98,985 acres in Rowan County from John Carteret (Lord Granville). They called the land “Wachau” after an Austrian estate 2 Merrikay Brown and Jerry Carroll, co-chairs, Historical Booklet Committee, The Changing Face of Forsyth County, North Carolina: A Guide to Its Heritage and History (Winston-Salem: Forsyth County Public Library, 2004), 1; Frank V. Tursi, Winston-Salem: A History (Winston-Salem: John F. Blair, Publisher, 1994), 5-13. 3 Ibid., 15-17. The Bethania Freedmen’s Community, Fearnbach History Services, Inc., February 2012 3 that had belonged to the family of their benefactor and spiritual leader Count Nicholas Ludwig von Zinzendorf. The tract later became known by the Latin form of the name, Wachovia.4 Fifteen unmarried Moravian men traveled from Pennsylvania to North Carolina in 1753 and soon established the settlement of Bethabara. Although the Piedmont’s Native American population had been significantly diminished, conflict with bands of Cherokee and Creek Indians was such a pervasive threat that the Moravians palisaded
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