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Impossible Fiction and the Reader

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Impossible Fiction and the Reader Impossible Fiction and the Reader Jamie Michael Cawthra Doctor of Philosophy University of York Philosophy September 2019 Abstract I ask how audiences engage with impossible fiction, defined here as any fiction of any media which represents an absolute impossibility (excepting cases of empty reference). In particular, I am interested in how impossible fiction is absorbed, understood and enjoyed by its readers. I focus on the practices of readers, and in particular their beliefs and imaginings concerning the content of impossible fiction. I consider three significant issues in this area. First, the concept of normalisation, which I adapt from literary theory. Normalisation explains observations from Daniel Nolan and Derek Matravers about the tendency for readers to view impossible fictions as examples of unreliable narration. Second, the puzzlement readers experience when a work of impossible fiction proves to be beyond conventional understanding. Considering work by Umberto Eco, as well as philosophical treatments of the sublime, I suggest that this puzzlement may have unique effects on the reader’s aesthetic judgements of a fiction. Third, I consider when and why impossibilities are and are not part of what the reader imagines while engaged with an impossible fiction. This follows work by Tamar Gendler and Kathleen Stock on how readers imagine impossibilities in fiction. Each of these analyses is accompanied by examples from the wide range of impossible fictions, from postmodernist experiments like Alain Robbe-Grillet’s La Maison de Rendez-vous to contemporary horror such as Mark Z. Danielewski’s House of Leaves. The range of examples from fiction is almost as diverse and disparate as existing academic work on reader engagement with impossible fiction, but I draw out common features in both bodies of literature. I combine work in imagination, fiction and narratology in order to provide a robust, principled description of how and why readers engage with impossible fiction. 2 List of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 2 List of Contents .................................................................................................................. 3 List of Illustrations .............................................................................................................. 6 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ 7 Declaration ........................................................................................................................ 8 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 9 1. Impossibility and Fiction ............................................................................................... 15 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 15 1.2 How are impossible fictions impossible?................................................................ 16 1.3 Example: ‘Sylvan’s Box’ ........................................................................................ 18 1.4 The simple definition of impossible fiction .............................................................. 21 1.5 The problem of empty references .......................................................................... 24 1.6 The revised definition of impossible fiction ............................................................. 29 1.7 Applying the revised definition ............................................................................... 31 1.8 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 36 2. Impressions of Fiction .................................................................................................. 37 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 37 2.2 Representation and fictional truth .......................................................................... 39 2.3 Representation and direct content ......................................................................... 41 2.4 Representation and truth to a story........................................................................ 45 2.5 Impressions of fictions ........................................................................................... 48 2.6 Representation and reader impressions ................................................................ 51 2.7 Impressions and F-imaginings ............................................................................... 52 2.8 F-imagining and impossible fiction ......................................................................... 55 2.9 Standards of impressions ...................................................................................... 57 2.10 The importance of impressions ............................................................................ 61 3 2.11 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 62 3. Normalisation .............................................................................................................. 64 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 64 3.2.1 Unreliability and impossible fiction: Graham Priest and Daniel Nolan ................. 66 3.2.2 Unreliability and impossible fiction: Richard Hanley ............................................ 67 3.2.3 Unreliability and impossible fiction: Derek Matravers .......................................... 69 3.2.4 Unreliability and impossible fiction: unreliable narration in literary theory ........... 70 3.2.5 Unreliability and impossible fiction: are impossible fictions unreliable? ............... 73 3.3.1 Normalisation: interpreting fiction ....................................................................... 76 3.3.2 Normalisation: defining normalisation ................................................................. 80 3.3.3 Normalisation: principles of normalisation .......................................................... 85 3.3.4 Normalisation: the perspectival principle ............................................................ 92 3.3.5 Normalisation: Matravers’s strategies ................................................................. 93 3.4.1 Unreliability revisited: applying the perspectival principle ................................... 95 3.4.2 Unreliability revisited: normalising Looper .......................................................... 97 3.4.3 Unreliability revisited: summary .......................................................................... 99 3.5 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 101 4. Complex Normalisation.............................................................................................. 102 4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 102 4.2 Example: La Maison de Rendez-vous ................................................................. 104 4.3 Overview of Eco .................................................................................................. 107 4.4 First-level reading of impossible fiction ................................................................ 110 4.5 Second-level reading of impossible fiction ........................................................... 114 4.6 Logical and perceptual defeat ............................................................................. 118 4.7 Frustration and catharsis ..................................................................................... 120 4.8 The pleasure and frustration of defeat ................................................................. 123 4.9 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 126 5. Imaginative Engagement ........................................................................................... 128 5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 128 4 5.2 Imaginability, possibility and fiction ...................................................................... 129 5.3 Imagining absolute impossibilities........................................................................ 131 5.4 Engaging without imagining ................................................................................. 137 5.5 Indeterminate imagining ...................................................................................... 141 5.6 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 148 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 150 Appendix A: Existing notions of impossible fiction .......................................................... 152 A.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 152 A.2 David Lewis .......................................................................................................
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