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Insidensi Penyakit Citrus Vein Phloem Degeneration (CVPD)

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Insidensi Penyakit Citrus Vein Phloem Degeneration (CVPD) J. Berkala Penelitian Agronomi 8 (1) : 33 – 39 (2020) J. Berkala Penelitian Agronomi 8 (1) : 33 – 39 (2020) p-ISSN 2089-9858 e-ISSN 2502-3314 Insidensi Penyakit Citrus Vein Phloem Degeneration (CVPD) dan Kepadatan Populasi Serangga Vektor Diaphorina citri pada Tanaman Jeruk di Pulau Siompu Kabupaten Buton Selatan Incidence of Citrus Vein Phloem Degeneration (CVPD) and Population of Insect Vector Diaphorina citri on Citrus Plants at Siompu Island, South Buton District Serli Ratu1), Muhammad Taufik2), dan Andi Khaeruni2*) 1 Program Studi Agronomi Pascasarjana Universitas Halu Oleo 2 Jurusan Proteksi Tanaman FP Universitas Halu Oleo ABSTRAK Jeruk keprok siompu merupakan salah satu tanaman unggulan Sulawesi Tenggara. Produktivitas jeruk keprok siompu semakin menurun karena adanya gangguan penyakit Citrus Vein Phloem Degeneration (CVPD) yang disebabkan Liberobacter asiaticum. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat insidensi penyakit CVPD dan populasi serangga vektor Diaphorina citri di Pulau Siompu Kabupaten Buton Selatan Propinsi Sulawesi Tenggara. Pengamatan dilakukan di empat desa lokasi pertanaman jeruk keprok Siompu, yaitu Desa Kaimbulawa, Waindawula, Batu Awu dan Tongali. Variabel yang diamati adalah kondisi pertanaman jeruk, gejala penyakit CVPD, insidensi penyakit CVPD dan populasi serangga vektor D. citri. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan tabulasi sederhana. Rata-rata kejadian penyakit CVPD di Desa Kaimbulawa sebesar 74,45%, di Desa Waindawula sebesar 56,52%, di Desa Batu Awu sebesar 4,45% dan di Desa Tongali sebesar 6,65%. Serangga vektor D. citri ditemukan di dua lokasi pengamatan yakni di Desa Kaembulawa dengan rata-rata populasi 4,11 ekor/pohon dan di Desa Waindawula dengan rata-rata populasi 1,06 ekor/pohon. Kata kunci :CVPD, Diaphorina citri, Liberobacter asiaticum, Jeruk Keprok Siompu ABSTRACT Siompu tangerines are one of the superior plants of Southeast Sulawesi. The productivity of Siompu Keprok oranges is decreasing due to the attack of Citrus Vein Phloem Degeneration (CVPD) caused by Liberobacter asiaticum. This study aims to determine the incidence rate of CVPD disease and population of vector insect Diaphorina citri in Siompu Island, South Buton Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province. Observations were made in four villages where Siompu tangerines had been planted, they were Kaimbulawa, Waindawula, Batu Awu and Tongali villages. The variables observed were general condition of citrus plantations, CVPD disease symptoms, CVPD disease incidence and D. citri vector insect population. The data obtained were analyzed by simple tabulation. The average incidence of CVPD in Kaimbulawa Village was 74.45%, in Waindawula Village was 56.52%, in Batu Awu Village was 4.45% and in Tongali Village was 6.65%. D.citri vector insects were found in two observation locations namely in Kaembulawa Village with an average population of 4.11 individuals / tree and in Waindawula Village with an average population of 1.06 individuals / tree. Keywords : CVPD, Diaphorina citri, Liberobacter asiaticum, Keprok Orange of Siompu *) Penulis untuk korespondensi, E-mail : [email protected] 33 J. Berkala Penelitian Agronomi 8 (1) : 33 – 39 (2020) PENDAHULUAN Kabupaten Buton Selatan (Khaeruni et al. 2019). Studi penelitian ini menjadi implementasi yang Jeruk keprok (Citrus reticulata) kultivar penting bahwa ancaman meningkatnya keparahan siompu merupakan tanaman tradisional penduduk penyakit CVPD di perkebunan jeruk di Sulawesi Pulau Siompu di Kabupaten Buton Selatan, Tenggara, terkhusus di Pulau Siompu sebagai lokasi Sulawesi Tenggara. Pulau kecil dengan luas sekitar pengembangan jeruk keprok Siompu. Penelitian ini 53,6 km persegi itu terletak di barat daya Pulau bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kondisi Buton, berpenduduk sekitar 22.544 jiwa (BPS pertanaman jeruk keprok Siompu, kejadian penyakit Kabupaten Buton, 2020). Hampir seluruh daratan CVPD dan populasi D.citri di Pulau Siompu Pulau Siompu merupakan susunan batu kapur yang Kabupaten Buton Selatan. keras dan tajam, menjadi tempat tumbuh Jeruk Siompu, karenanya jeruk Siompu memiliki BAHAN DAN METODE PENELITIAN keistimewaan yang tidak dimiliki oleh jeruk asal daerah lainnya. Jeruk siompu termasuk jenis Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian keprok yang memiliki rasa manis dan aromatik Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Pulau Siompu yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan hampir Kabupaten Buton Selatan, pada bulan Januari – semua jenis jeruk unggulan di tanah air (Emi Maret 2020. Budiyati & Sugiyono, 2017). Jeruk Siompu Bahan dan Alat memiliki potensi pasar yang besar dan merupakan Bahan yang digunakan adalah tanaman salah satu sumber penghasilan bagi masyarakat di jeruk keprok Siompu, dan alat utama yang Pulau Siompu. Namun selama lebih dari 10 tahun digunakan adalah kamera untuk mengambil terakhir tanaman Jeruk Siompu sudah mulai dokumentasi, pisau dan gunting untuk memotong langkah (Azis, 2011) Berdasarkan hasil wawancara sampel daun jeruk, counter untuk menghitung dengan Kepala BPP Kecamatan Siompu terjadi jumlah tanaman, kompas untuk menetapkan arah penurunan produksi jeruk Siompu tahun 2018 mata angin, aspirator dan botol koleksi untuk adalah 5.88% dan tahun 2019 sebanyak 63.75%. menangkap serangga vektor. Penyakit CVPD yang juga dikenal dengan penyakit Huanglongbing disebabkan oleh bakteri Lokasi Pengamatan Liberobacter asiaticum merupakan salah satu Lokasi pengamatan ditentukan secara penyakit penting pada tanaman jeruk di seluruh purposive, lokasi pengamatan insidensi penyakit dunia (Garnier et al., 2000; Batool et al., 2007; ditentukan berdasarkan keberadaan gejala khas Ghosh et al., 2019). Penularan CVPD dapat penyakit CVPD dilakukan di empat desa yang melalui berbagai cara, diantaranya: (a) vektor, (b) memiliki lokasi pertanaman jeruk terbanyak di mata tempel, (c) bibit tanaman sakit, dan (d) ranting Pulau Siompu yaitu Desa Kaimbulawa, Desa tanaman jeruk yang sakit karena CVPD (BPTP, Waindawula, Desa Batu Awu dan Desa Tongali. 2002). Serangga vektor utama CVPD adalah Untuk pengamatan populasi serangga vektor D. citri Diaphorina citri Kuw. (Homoptera : Psyllidae) berdasarkan keberadaan serangga vektor D. citri di (Tirtawidjaja & Suharsojo, 1990; Wirawan & Desa Kaimbulawa dan Desa Waindawula. Jumlah Subandiyah, 2000; Ghosh et al., 2019). populasi jeruk yang diamati untuk insidensi Keberadaan penyakit CVPD di Sulawesi penyakit adalah keseluruhan tanaman yang ada di Tenggara pertama kali dilaporkan oleh Taufik et al. lokasi pengamatan sebanyak 180 pohon di Desa (2010). Keberadaan patogen terdeteksi dengan Kaimbulawa, 410 pohon di Desa Waindawula, 275 teknik PCR yang berhasil mengamplikasi fragment pohon di Desa Batu Awu, dan 669 pohon di Desa DNA bakteri L. asiaticusyang berukuran sekitar Tongali. Untuk pengamatan serangga vektor D. 1.160 bp. Lebih lanjut Taufik et al. (2010) citri dilakukan dengan mengamati 10% dari melaporkan bahwa kejadian penyakit CVPD populasi tanaman di lokasi pengamatan. berdasarkan gejala adalah 51,57% di Kabupaten Variabel Pengamatan: Kolaka, 57,42% Konawe dan 38,01 % di Kabupaten Konawe Selatan, namun selama Kondisi Umum Pertanaman Jeruk pengamatan di lapangan belum ditemukan serangga Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap kondisi vector D. citri. Sembilan tahun kemudian tim umum pertanaman jeruk keprok Siompu di lokasi peneliti dari Universitas Halu Oleo kembali pengamatan yang berpengaruh terhadap melaporkan keberadaan penyakit CVPD di perkembangan penyakit CVPD seperti: umur Sulawesi Tenggara, dan menemukan serangga tanaman, keberadaan tanam lain sebagai tanaman vektor D. citri di Desa Kaembulawa Kec. Siompu sela, perlakuan pemangkasan dan jarak tanam. Insidensi Penyakit Citrus Vein Phloem Degeneration (CVPD) ........ 34 J. Berkala Penelitian Agronomi 8 (1) : 33 – 39 (2020) Gejala Penyakit CVPD dijumpai tanaman lain, seperti tanaman ubi kayu, Gejala penyakit yang ditemukan di jagung dan sayur-sayuran. Tanaman jarang lapangan dideskripsikan sesuai dengan gejala khas dipangkas, sehingga terdapat cabang-cabang yang CVPD yang menunjukkan gejala klorosis dengan tidak produktif, sedangkan kondisi pertanaman di tingkat keparahan yang berbeda-beda pada setiap Desa Batu Awu tidak ditemukan tanaman lain dan lokasi pengamatan berdasarkan kriteria yang di Desa Tongali ditemukan tanaman lain tetapi dikemukakan oleh Putra et al. (2013) jumlahnya sedikit, juga tanaman rutin dilakukan pemangkasan pada bagian tanaman yang sudah Insidensi Penyakit CVPD tidak produktif dan terserang penyakit, juga Pengamatan insidensi penyakit CVPD ditemukan adanya pelepah daun kelapa yang dilakukan pada semua tanaman jeruk keprok dijadikan penutup tanah dan disekeliling pohon siompu yang terdapat dalam lokasi pengamatan. jeruk ditutupi dengan sabuk kelapa juga tanaman Tanaman dikatakan bergejala apabila terdapat daun rutin disiram dengan air cucian beras. yang menunjukkan gejala khas CVPD berupa gejala Jarak tanam tidak teratur pada semua klorosis tanpa memperhitungkan berat-ringannya pertanaman jeruk di keempat desa tersebut, karena gejala. disesuaikan dengan kondisi lahan, tanaman ditanam Insidensi penyakit dihitung dengan rumus : di lapisan tanah diantara bebatuan, sehingga jarak I = (A/B) x 100%, I = Insidensi penyakit, tanam relatif rapat (1-2 m). Lahan kebun umumnya A= jumlah tanaman yang bergejala CVPD, berupa bebatuan dengan sedikit lapisan tanah. B = jumlah tanaman yang diamati. Pengamatan Tidak adanya pemangkasan pada bagian kejadian penyakit dilakukan sebanyak 4 kali dengan tanaman jeruk yang bergejala CVPD menjadi selang waktu 2 minggu. Pengamatan dilakukan sumber inokulum
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