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Tectonic Alteration of a Major Neogene River Drainage of the Basin and Range

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Tectonic Alteration of a Major Neogene River Drainage of the Basin and Range University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2016 TECTONIC ALTERATION OF A MAJOR NEOGENE RIVER DRAINAGE OF THE BASIN AND RANGE Stuart D. Parker Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Part of the Tectonics and Structure Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Parker, Stuart D., "TECTONIC ALTERATION OF A MAJOR NEOGENE RIVER DRAINAGE OF THE BASIN AND RANGE" (2016). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 10637. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/10637 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TECTONIC ALTERATION OF A MAJOR NEOGENE RIVER DRAINAGE OF THE BASIN AND RANGE By STUART DOUGLAS PARKER Bachelor of Science, University of North Carolina-Asheville, Asheville, North Carolina, 2014 Thesis Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geology The University of Montana Missoula, MT May, 2016 Approved by: Scott Whittenburg, Dean of The Graduate School Graduate School James W. Sears, Committee Chair Department of Geosciences Rebecca Bendick Department of Geosciences Marc S. Hendrix Department of Geosciences Andrew Ware Department of Physics and Astronomy Parker, Stuart, M. S., May, 2016 Geology Tectonic alteration of a major Neogene river drainage of the Basin and Range Chairperson: James W. Sears Depositional characteristics of the ‘Divide unit’ of the Cretaceous Beaverhead Group within the southern Beaverhead Mountains challenge previous interpretations. This study reassigns the Divide unit to the Neogene. This revised age assignment highlights a major influx of immature sediment at the onset of Basin-Range normal faulting. Syntectonic deposition in an active half-graben continued from Middle Miocene to the Pliocene, attaining a thickness of 800 m. Local clasts of carbonate, siliciclastic and orthoquartzite entered the channel from the immediate west through large mass-wasting events. Dacitic fluvial cobbles dated herein to 98 Ma were transported from an unknown southwesterly source. Clasts of the Ordovician Kinnikinic or Swan Peak Quartzite of Idaho experienced multiple phases of recycling from regional Cretaceous conglomerates such as the Beaverhead Group. Detrital zircon analysis of a feldspathic quartzite cobble identifies the Brigham Group of the Pocatello area as a source. Detrital zircons of anomalous ages suggest long-distance transport from the southern Basin and Range. This major drainage, analogous and likely continuous with that of the Sixmile Creek Formation in SW Montana, was long-lived until uplift associated with passage of the Yellowstone volcanic system halted deposition between 4.5 and 4.1 Ma. A broad volcanic plain persisted until movement along the Middle Creek Butte fault exposed the deposit around 0.365 Ma. Progressive recycling of resistant quartzite cobbles creates a subtle record of sedimentation in the northern Basin and Range, which has long been misidentified or overlooked. A revised interpretation for the Divide deposit allows for investigation of Neogene tectonics in the northern Basin and Range. The revised age interpretation for the ‘Divide unit’ demands a revised interpretation of structural evolution. Dextral shear has been proposed as a mode of strain accommodation between the Centennial tectonic belt and the eastern Snake River Plain, yet no through-going strike-slip fault has been identified. Deformation features within the ‘Divide unit’ highlight a poorly organized and immature strike-slip system. Strain is distributed across numerous high angle conjugate strike-slip faults which loosely lie sub-parallel to the orientation of maximum principal stress (σ1). Distributed strain occurs in a wide yet discrete primary deformation zone (PDZ). These observed features are consistent with the Centennial shear zone hypothesis. Published shear experiments suggest that inherited fractures suppress formation of through-going strike-slip faults. Subcritical offset and inherited structures have suppressed through-going strike-slip fault formation in the study area. Results of this study illustrate fundamentally unique kinematics of emerging shear zones. Strain is distributed among many high angle, possibly conjugate, strike-slip faults that sub-parallel σ1 and the PDZ. Deformation features are unorganized until total offset collapses strain upon a single linked fault. For these reasons, emerging and immature shear zones lack characteristic offset topography and centralized fault geometries of developed systems, bearing little resemblance to classical models of shear. ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank Jim Sears for introducing me to such a complex and intricate research topic and providing me with a pathway towards what I hope will be a career spent in the mountains. I could not have completed graduate school without the help of his boundless creativity and unwavering optimism. His attention to detail, critical objectivity and endless enthusiasm have been a tremendous asset to my education. Once again, I thank him greatly for instilling in me a great desire to understand the intricacies of the natural world and providing me with the skills to investigate broad topics that span many sub disciplines of geology. I would also like to thank Rebecca Bendick, Marc Hendrix and all the knowledgeable faculty at the University of Montana. I am grateful for the quantitative and field skills I have gained while studying in the department. The collaborative and encouraging environment of the department added great depth to my studies. Critical feedback pushed me to constantly consider multiple working hypotheses, decouple observations from interpretations and remove dogmatism from scientific pursuits. Thank you again to the wonderful professors at the University of Montana for helping me develop my skill set in hopes of becoming a well-rounded, thorough and objective earth scientist. Special thanks to all professionals outside of the University of Montana who have helped me develop my thesis. Thank you Suzette Payne for continued discussion of the Centennial shear zone and critical reviews of my manuscript. I thank Jim Crowley at the Boise State University Isotope Geology Laboratory for lending so much of his time and analytical expertise to my project. I would like to acknowledge those who provided funding for this project, including the Montana Geological Society, Tobacco Root Geological Society, Colorado Scientific Society, and the Belt Association. I owe all success and mental wellbeing to my great friends and family both near and far. Thanks to all who joined me in the field, brainstormed alongside me and ventured into the Alpine. It has been great getting to know the basins and ranges of Montana alongside such good company. Ultimately I thank the late Todd Feeley for sparking my interest in geology, introducing me to the complex Neotectonics of Montana, and instilling in me a deep desire for objective scientific exploration. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. Introduction………………………………………………….................................................................................1 CHAPTER 1. Figures………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….5 CHAPTER 2. Neotectonics and polycyclic quartzite-clast conglomerates of the northern Basin and Range Province………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..6 CHAPTER 2. Figures………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..38 CHAPTER 3. Field guide to the southern Beaverhead Mountains, Montana and Idaho………………………….……54 CHAPTER 3. Figures………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………….….…63 CHAPTER 4. Strain accommodation within emerging shear zones: Insights from the Centennial shear zone, Montana and Idaho………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…67 CHAPTER 4. Figures……………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….78 Appendix 4a: Expanded Methodology………………………………………………………………………………………...81 APPENDIX 4a Figures………………………………………………………………………………………………………86 CHAPTER 5. Tectonic implications for evolution of the Centennial shear zone Stratigraphic implications………………………………………………………………………………………………….………..94 Tectonic implications…………………………………………………………………………………….……………….…………100 References cited for entire thesis……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..110 iv ILLUSTRATIONS CHAPTER 1. Introduction Figure 1 . Field site locator map……………………………………………………………………………………………………..5 CHAPTER 2. Neotectonics and polycyclic quartzite-clast conglomerates of the northern Basin and Range Province Figure 1. Field site locator map………………………….…………………………………………………………………………..38 Figure 2. Paleoflow map of the Beaverhead Group………………………………………………………………………..39 Figure 3. Contoured maximum C-axis measurements and slide block distribution…………….…………..40 Figure 4. Paleoflow map……………………………………………………………………………………………….….…………….41 Figure 5. Comparison of banded chert cobbles and the Scott Peak Formation………………………………42 Figure 6. Longitudinal variability in slide influenced sites……………………………………….….…………………..43 Figure 7. Along channel variability in non-slide influenced sites…………………………..………..………………44 Figure 8. Longitudinal variability in non-slide influenced sites…………………………………….……………….…45
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