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Anchoring the African Internet Ecosystem
Anchoring the African Internet Ecosystem Anchoring the African Internet Ecosystem: Lessons from Kenya and Nigeria’s Internet Exchange Point Growth By Michael Kende June 2020 CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 internetsociety.org 1 Anchoring the African Internet Ecosystem Table of contents 3 Executive summary 6 Background: A vision for Africa 8 Introduction: How to get there from here 13 Success stories: Kenya and Nigeria today 18 Results that stand the test of time 20 Change factors: Replicable steps toward measurable outcomes 27 Market gaps 29 Recommendations 33 Conclusions 34 Annex A: Kenya Internet Exchange Point 35 Annex B: Internet Exchange Point of Nigeria 36 Annex C: Acknowledgments 37 Annex D: Glossary of terms 38 Annex E: List of figures and tables CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 internetsociety.org 2 Anchoring the African Internet Ecosystem Executive summary In 2010, the Internet Society’s team in Africa set an The rapid pace of Internet ecosystem ambitious goal that 80% of African Internet traffic development in both Kenya and Nigeria since would be locally accessible by 2020. 2012 underscores the critical role that IXPs Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) are key to realizing and the accompanying infrastructure play in this goal in that they enable local traffic exchange and the establishment of strong and sustainable access to content. To document this role, in 2012, the Internet ecosystems. Internet Society commissioned a study to identify and quantify the significant benefits of two leading African This development produces significant day-to-day IXPs at the time: KIXP in Kenya and IXPN in Nigeria. value—the present COVID-19 crisis magnifies one such The Internet Society is pleased to publish this update benefit in the smooth accommodation of sudden of the original study. -
Submarine Cables
SUBMARINE CABLES The business of constructing and then maintaining DLA Piper is one of the largest global law firms in and selling capacity over submarine fibreoptic cables the world. We have a particular focus on this sector is fascinating, and is absolutely fundamental to and are very familiar with its specific idiosyncrasies modern day communications. The sector has its own and requirements. Whether it’s negotiating a new unique challenges due to the extraordinarily rapid consortium agreement, arranging finance, undertaking pace of development in transmission technologies pre-investment due diligence, advising on taxation as well as the timescales and levels of investment matters, dealing with regulatory matters, purchasing required to build new systems. infrastructure or capacity (on a lease or “IRU” basis) or advising on the effects of insolvency we have sector-specific experience which we don’t think can be matched by any other law firm in the world. UNRIVALLED SECTOR EXPERTISE ■ Advising Main One in connection with the extension of their existing West African cable system to other Offering outstanding legal support to the industry requires countries in the region. a complex mix of international law, financing, tax, regulatory, property and commercial expertise. It requires ■ Advising Broadband Infraco, one of the principal a thorough understanding of the sector in all its aspects, investors in the (consortium) West Africa Cable and it requires experience going back many years. System (WACS) in relation to its investment in WACS. The bulk of the work was to help them sell a significant Our unrivalled international network matches perfectly percentage of their entitlement under the consortium’s the international nature of the business, and allows the construction and maintenance agreement (the firm to provide timely and relevant advice to submarine “C&MA”) to another African telecoms operator. -
Before the FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Washington, D.C
Before the FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Washington, D.C. In the Matter of EDGE CABLE HOLDINGS USA, LLC, File No. SCL-LIC-2020-____________ AQUA COMMS (AMERICAS) INC., AQUA COMMS (IRELAND) LIMITED, CABLE & WIRELESS AMERICAS SYSTEMS, INC., AND MICROSOFT INFRASTRUCTURE GROUP, LLC, Application for a License to Land and Operate a Private Fiber-Optic Submarine Cable System Connecting the United States, the United Kingdom, and France, to Be Known as THE AMITIÉ CABLE SYSTEM JOINT APPLICATION FOR CABLE LANDING LICENSE— STREAMLINED PROCESSING REQUESTED Pursuant to 47 U.S.C. § 34, Executive Order No. 10,530, and 47 C.F.R. § 1.767, Edge Cable Holdings USA, LLC (“Edge USA”), Aqua Comms (Americas) Inc. (“Aqua Comms Americas”), Aqua Comms (Ireland) Limited (“Aqua Comms Ireland,” together with Aqua Comms Americas, “Aqua Comms”), Cable & Wireless Americas Systems, Inc. (“CWAS”), and Microsoft Infrastructure Group, LLC (“Microsoft Infrastructure”) (collectively, the “Applicants”) hereby apply for a license to land and operate within U.S. territory the Amitié system, a private fiber-optic submarine cable network connecting the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. The Applicants and their affiliates will operate the Amitié system on a non-common-carrier basis, either by providing bulk capacity to wholesale and enterprise customers on particularized terms and conditions pursuant to individualized negotiations or by using the Amitié cable system to serve their own internal business connectivity needs. The existence of robust competition on U.S.-U.K., U.S.-France, and (more broadly) U.S.-Western Europe routes obviates any need for common-carrier regulation of the system on public-interest grounds. -
The Story of Subsea Telecommunications & Its
The Story of Subsea Telecommunications 02 & its Association with Enderby House By Stewart Ash INTRODUCTION The modern world of instant communications 1850 - 1950: the telegraph era began, not in the last couple of decades - but 1950 - 1986: the telephone era more than 160 years ago. Just over 150 years 1986 until today, and into the future: the optical era ago a Greenwich-based company was founded that became the dominant subsea cable system In the telegraph era, copper conductors could supplier of the telegraph era, and with its carry text only — usually short telegrams. During successors, helped to create the world we know the telephone era, technology had advanced today. enough for coaxial cables to carry up to 5,680 simultaneous telephone calls. And in today’s On 7 April 1864, the Telegraph Construction and optical era, fibres made of glass carry multi- Maintenance Company Ltd, better known for most wavelengths of laser light, providing terabits of of its life as Telcon, was incorporated and began its data for phone calls, text, internet pages, music, global communications revolution from a Thames- pictures and video. side site on the Greenwich Peninsula. Today, high capacity optic fibre subsea cables For more than 100 years, Telcon and its successors provide the arteries of the internet and are the were the world’s leading suppliers of subsea primary enablers of global electronic-commerce. telecommunications cable and, in 1950, dominated the global market, having manufactured and For over 160 years, the Greenwich peninsula has supplied 385,000 nautical miles (714,290km) of been at the heart of this technological revolution, cable, 82% of the total market. -
Paving the Way for Accession II Focus on Macro-Economic Statistics: Barbara Jakob Talks to Key Eurostat Officials
letin of European Statistics M ' -~*i "VÍ Statistical Office of the European Communities SIGMA 4 ■ 1997 Sigma the bulletin of European statistics produced in Luxembourg by Eurostat Chief editor Daniel Byk Assistant chief editor Fons Theis Editorial team John Wright Barbara Jakob Annika Östergren Steffen Schneider Assistant Virginie Benoit Layout Claudia Daman Technical aspect pioneers Quentin Masquelier Cover Frédéric Guyon Pictured here ¡n Luxembourg are some of the first trainees Published by from national statistical institutes and statisticsproviding Office for Official Publications of the European agencies in Central Europe sponsored to work at Eurostat Communities This studyplacement scheme of up to six months started in Catalogue number January 1996 in the framework of the Phare programme. It CAAB97004ENC will extend to up to 30 trainees at a time.Aim is to famil © ECSCECEAEC Brussels · Luxembourg 1997 iarise Central European countries' NSIs with the workings of the European statistical system. Printed in Luxembourg Views expressed in Sigma are those of the authors, not roup worked in Eurostats Directorate B, gaining experience in necessarily those of the European Commission KtaaBal statistics, balance of payments and nonfinancial accounts. Sigma is available free of charge from: FronTlefttoright: Andrus Alber, Bank of Estonia; Ilona Cserhati, Brian CSO;Youlia Antonova, Bulgarian NSI;and Pal Pozsonyi, Eurostat Press & Communications Team Hungarian CSO. Room B3/079 |ean Monnet Building From lefttoright: Miloslav L2920 Luxembourg Fax: 352 4301 35349 Chlad, Czech Statistical Office, who worked in E4 on regional accounts; Jordan Totev, Bulgarian NSI, and Anne Herm. -
2013 Submarine Cable Market Industry Report
submarine telecoms INDUSTRY REPORT 2013 Authored by Submarine Cable Industry Report Issue 2 March 2013 Copyright © 2013 by Submarine Telecoms Forum, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced by any means, graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping or by any information storage retrieval system without the written permission of the publisher except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Submarine Telecoms Forum, Inc. 21495 Ridgetop Circle Suite 201 Sterling, Virginia 20166 USA www.subtelforum.com ISSN: pending 2 Disclaimer: While every care is taken in preparation of this publication, the publishers cannot be held responsible for the accuracy of the information herein, or any errors which may occur in advertising or editorial content, or any consequence arising from any errors or omissions, and the editor reserves the right to edit any advertising or editorial material submitted for publication. If you have a suggestion, please let us know by emailing [email protected]. 3 Table of Contents 1. Foreword 10 2. Introduction 11 3. Executive Summary 13 4. Worldwide Market Analysis and Outlook 18 4.1 Overview of Historical System Investment 20 4.2 2008 – 2012 Systems in Review 20 4.3 Systems Investment in 2013 and Beyond 21 5. Supplier Analysis 25 5.1 System Suppliers 25 5.2 Upgrade Suppliers 26 6. Ownership Analysis 28 6.1 Financing of Current Submarine Systems 28 7. Regional Market Analysis and Capacity Outlook 31 7.1 Transatlantic -
The Relationship Between Local Content, Internet Development and Access Prices
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL CONTENT, INTERNET DEVELOPMENT AND ACCESS PRICES This research is the result of collaboration in 2011 between the Internet Society (ISOC), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The first findings of the research were presented at the sixth annual meeting of the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) that was held in Nairobi, Kenya on 27-30 September 2011. The views expressed in this presentation are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of ISOC, the OECD or UNESCO, or their respective membership. FOREWORD This report was prepared by a team from the OECD's Information Economy Unit of the Information, Communications and Consumer Policy Division within the Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry. The contributing authors were Chris Bruegge, Kayoko Ido, Taylor Reynolds, Cristina Serra- Vallejo, Piotr Stryszowski and Rudolf Van Der Berg. The case studies were drafted by Laura Recuero Virto of the OECD Development Centre with editing by Elizabeth Nash and Vanda Legrandgerard. The work benefitted from significant guidance and constructive comments from ISOC and UNESCO. The authors would particularly like to thank Dawit Bekele, Constance Bommelaer, Bill Graham and Michuki Mwangi from ISOC and Jānis Kārkliņš, Boyan Radoykov and Irmgarda Kasinskaite-Buddeberg from UNESCO for their work and guidance on the project. The report relies heavily on data for many of its conclusions and the authors would like to thank Alex Kozak, Betsy Masiello and Derek Slater from Google, Geoff Huston from APNIC, Telegeography (Primetrica, Inc) and Karine Perset from the OECD for data that was used in the report. -
Engineering of the BRICS Engagement” Is a Valuable Addition to the Growing Literature on the Various Issues Critical to the BRICS
ENGINEERING ofthe BRICS ENGAGEMENT AnMVIRDCWorldTradeCentreMumbaiResearchInitiative he concept of a World Trade Centre in Mumbai was born Tof a vision of Sir M. Visvesvaraya, on June 26, 1970, epitomizing a strong conviction that India's future prosperity lay in trade, industrial research and development. He anticipated the need for India's industrial development through research and development in the fields of education, trade, investment and the economy as a whole, with the motto clearly being, ‘Prosperity through trade’. WTC Mumbai serves as a corollary to India's challenges in the areas of economy and trade, virtually growing beyond the ambit or scope of the government and trade promotion organizations. At the time, there was felt the need of a concept of World Trade Centre at a global level which could create the necessary linkages in various sectors of the economy across countries of the world. The World Trade Centre addresses the key issues of International Development through educational programmes, research & publications, tenant facilities and an array of trade activities. The promoters of WTC Mumbai developed the idea and concept of the Centre in a unique tripartite partnership of state, government and the private sector. In due course, WTC Mumbai was registered under the Indian Companies Act, 1956 as a Section 25 not- for-profit company named M. Visvesvarya Industrial Research and Development Centre (MVIRDC). MVIRDC's prime objective is to conduct research and development and its ancillary objective is establishment of WTCs in India and abroad. From there on WTC Mumbai continues to be a living testimony with a promise to excel and go beyond in every field and to take on the challenges of the future. -
A Life Cycle Assessment of Fibre Optic Submarine Cable Systems Craig
Twenty thousand leagues under the sea: A life cycle assessment of fibre optic submarine cable systems Craig Donovan Stockholm 2009 KTH, Department of Urban Planning and Environment Division of Environmental Strategies Research – fms Kungliga Tekniska högskolan Degree Project SoM EX 2009 -40 www.infra.kth.se/fms Twenty thousand leagues under the sea: A life cycle assessment o f fibre optic submarine cable systems Abstract Submarine cables carry the vast majority of transcontinental voice and data traffic. The high capacity and bandwidth of these cables make it possible to transfer large amounts of data around the globe almost instantaneously. Yet, little is known about the potential environmental impacts of a submarine cable from a life cycle perspective. This study applies Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology to collect and analyse the potential environmental impacts of a submarine cable system within a single consistent framework. The system boundary is drawn at the limits of the terminal station where the signal is transferred to, or from, the terrestrial network. All significant components and processes within the system boundary have been modelled to account for the flow of resources, energy, wastes and emissions. Data quality analysis is performed on certain variables to evaluate the effect of data uncertainties, data gaps and methodological choices. The results highlight those activities in the life cycle of a submarine cable that have the largest potential environmental impact; namely, electricity use at the terminal station and cable maintenance by purpose-built ship. For example, the results show that 7 grams of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO 2 eq.) are potentially released for every ten thousand gigabit kilometres (10,000Gb·km), given current estimations of used capacity. -
Before the BUREAU of OCEAN ENERGY MANAGEMENT U.S. DEPARTMENT of the INTERIOR Washington, D.C
Before the BUREAU OF OCEAN ENERGY MANAGEMENT U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Washington, D.C. In the Matter of Information Collection: Prospecting for OMB Control No. 1010-0072 Minerals Other Than Oil, Gas, and Sulphur on the Outer Continental Shelf MMAA104000 and Authorizations of Noncommercial Geological and Geophysical Activities; Proposed Collection for OMB Review; Comment Request COMMENTS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SUBMARINE CABLE ASSOCIATION Kent D. Bressie Danielle J. Piñeres HARRIS, WILTSHIRE & GRANNIS LLP 1919 M Street, N.W., Suite 800 Washington, D.C. 20036-3537 +1 202 730 1337 tel Counsel for the North American Submarine Cable Association 2 March 2015 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY To implement the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act, comply with the Paperwork Reduction Act, and safeguard U.S. national-security and economic interests, the North American Submarine Cable Association (“NASCA”) urges the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (“BOEM”) to modify its information collection in form BOEM-0134 in order to ensure protection of submarine cables, the critical infrastructure that provides almost all international telecommunications and Internet connectivity for the United States and domestic connectivity for Alaska, Hawaii, and various U.S. territories. BOEM should require applicants for permits or other authorizations for geological and geophysical prospecting or scientific research on the U.S. outer continental shelf (“OCS”) related to minerals other than oil, gas, and sulphur (collectively, “mineral prospecting activities”) to identify submarine cables in the vicinity of planned activities and explain how planned mineral prospecting activities will not “unreasonably interfere with” current and planned submarine cables and will ensure compliance with federal laws regarding damage to submarine cables. -
Towards an Adaptive Socio-Technical Broadband Growth and Penetration (BGP) Framework: a Case of SADC
------ M06007065iEl 7 Towards an adaptive socio-technical Broadband Growth and Penetration (BGP) framework: A case of SADC. KARIKOGA GOREJENA 24878553 Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Information Systems) at the Mafikeng Campus of the North-West University 2018 -11 - 1 4 p.ee ~•o.: \ NOkTH-WEST U1JtvE.R5iTY Supervisor: Prof Nehemiah Mavetera Co-supervisor: Dr Mthulisi Velempini • OORTI< -WEST UHWERSITT ® YUNIBESITI YA BOKONE-BOPHIRIMA NOORDWES-UNIVERSITEIT COPYRIGHT: All rights are reserved by Karikoga Gorejena and the North West University, South Africa. DECLARATION I do here by declare that Towards An Adaptive Socio-Technical Broadband Growth and Penetration (BGP) Framework: A case of SADC is my work and hereby present it for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Information Systems at the North West University, South Africa. This work has not been submitted to any university or educational institution before for examination. All materials consulted have been duly acknowledged through referencing . .......~~~ .... ...... ......................... .................... ... .. .. .. ... Karikoga Gorejena ii DEDICATION I dedicate this work to all the 3rd World people of all ethnic backgrounds whose potential has not been maximised and whose dreams became a nightmare due to the unforgiving circumstances around their birthplaces. l also dedicate this work to my late parents Mr 0 . and Mrs K. Gorejena. To Clara Mauwa, Ruth, Prince and Daniel Gorejena. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge God Almighty for enabling me to live beyond human ability and for insightful nuggets captured in this work. Thanks Dad. My graceful gratitude goes to my promoters, Prof N. Mavetera and Dr M. -
Morris Township, New Jersey 07962-1295 Telephone: 973.326.7600 | Fax: 973.644.2726 | TTY Relay: 7-1-1
300 Mendham Road | P.O. Box 1295 | Morris Township, New Jersey 07962-1295 Telephone: 973.326.7600 | Fax: 973.644.2726 | TTY Relay: 7-1-1 www.morrisparks.net THE MORRIS COUNTY PARK COMMISSION DISTRIBUTION OF PARK COMMISSION MAY 24, 2021 MEETING MINUTES 1. President Stuart Lasser 2. Vice President Richard Seabury, III 3. Vacant 4. Commissioner Julie C. Baron 5. Commissioner Betty Cass-Schmidt 6. Commissioner William A. Cogger 7. Commissioner Jonathan Kalafer 8. Commissioner Edward G. McCarthy 9. Commissioner Mathew Tal 10. Executive Director David D. Helmer 11. Board of County Commissioners Liaison Thomas J. Mastrangelo 12. File – 2 THE MORRIS COUNTY PARK COMMISSION MINUTES 300 Mendham Road Morris Township, New Jersey President Lasser called to order the 908th meeting of the Morris County Park Commission at 5:00 p.m. on Monday, May 24, 2021, held “Virtually via WebEx. Executive Director Helmer then read the following notice: PURSUANT TO N.J.S.A. 10:4-6 et seq., adequate notice of this virtual meeting being held at 5:00 p.m. on Monday, May 24, 2021 has been provided by notifying the Daily Record and The Star-Ledger by way of Legal Notice and Sunshine Notice, posting said notice in the Administration Building of the Morris County Park Commission, at the County Courthouse, by filing a copy of the same with the Morris County Clerk, and by posting an Agenda and direction to submit public comments on the Morris County Park Commission website. Each notice provided direction on how to access virtual meeting and also directed people to MCPC website at www.morrisparks.net/commission/public meetings where directions and the Agenda may be viewed.