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Properties of Solids

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Properties of Solids PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS (Function values at 288 K. Note: there is little variation in the thermal capacity of metals, even when molten) Substance Note Melting Boiling Melting Boiling Density Thermal Sound Thermal Thermal Solar Emissivity temp. temp. enthalpy enthalpy (mass) expansion speed(**) capacity conductivity absorptance (hemispherical, (linear*) (normal) bolometric) α 6 c α ε Tf Tb hsl hlv ρ .10 c k 3 -1 K K kJ/kg kJ/kg kg/m K m/s J/(kg K) W/(m K) - - 1) Alumina 1 2300 3200 1070 3980 7 5600 840 33 0.1..0.25 0.3..0.5 2) Aluminium 2 933 2790 395 10 700 2710 24 5500 896 220 0.1..0.15 0.05 3) 2) Aluminium alloy A7075 3 750 2810 23.4 6300 960 134 0.1..0.15 0.05 Asbestos 4 1420 2400 1050 0.15 0.95 5) Asphalt 5 400 2000 200 920 0.7 0.9 0.9 Ash 6 640 800 0.07 7) Bakelite 7 430 1400 40 1000 1 0.9 0.94 Beryllium 8 1580 2740 900 33 000 1850 11 12800 1850 190 0.5..0.7 0.18 Brass 9 1200 8780 20 4600 400 150 0.03..0.25 Brick 10 1970 10 3600 800 0.7 0.6 0.9 Bronze 11 1300 8800 18 400 50..80 12) 12) Carbon fibre composite 12 400 1500 2 1100 20 0.85 0.85 Cement mortar 13 3000 20 670 0.3 0.6 0.9 Charcoal 14 240 840 0.05 0.95 0.95 Clay & pottery 15 1000 920 1.3 0.4 0.95 Coal 16 3910 1400 1000 0.17 0.95 0.80..0.95 Concrete 17 2100..3000 8..14 4300 653 1.5 0.6 0.8 Copper 18 1358 2830 205 4800 8910 17 3800 390 395 0.2..0.5 0.05 Cork 19 100 2000 0.05 0.7 20) 20) Diamond 20 4700 4100 3510 0.8 12000 500 2000 0.02 21) Elastomer (rubber) 21 400 1100 200..300 1600 2000 0.1 0.9 0.9 Glass (optical) 22 4000 6 500 1.4 Glass (pyrex) 23 2230 3 5600 840 1.1 0.9 Glass (quartz) 24 1970 2230 2650 0.55 5700 780 1.5 0.93 Glass (window) 25 1400 2500 9 5600 820 0.8..1.1 0.1 0.9 Glass (wool) 26 52 657 0.038 Granite 27 1510 2600..2800 6..10 6000 830 2.5..3 0.45 28) 28) Graphite 28 4760 4100 9000 30000 2260 5..10 1200 750 120 0.95 0.80 Ice 29 273 373 333 2260 920 50 3500 2040 2.3 0.3..0.5 0.92 Invar 30 1770 8100 1.2 4700 460 11 0.4 Iron (cast-) 31 1800 3000 290 6300 7200 9..12 5000 420 40 0.3 0.2..0.6 Leather 32 1000 1500 0.16 0.7 0.95 Magnesium 33 923 1360 350 1730 26 5800 1000 160 0.2..0.5 34) Marble 34 1170 2700 12 3800 880 2.6 0.4 0.90 35) Methacrylate (PMMA) 35 400 1180 60..70 2700 1600 0.19 0.9 Nickel 36 1720 3100 298 6400 8900 13 6000 440 90 0.2 0.05 37) Paper 37 550 900 1500 0.07..0.13 0.3 0.95 Plaster 38 2290 900 0.83 0.9 Platinum 39 2040 4100 114 2600 21470 9 3300 130 70 0.09 40) Polyethylene 40 320 920 180..400 2000 2300 0.35 0.9 41) 41) Polystyrene foam 41 360 40 70..130 2300 1300 0.035 0.9 42) Polyurethane 42 360 25..150 150 1120 0.025 0.9 43) Polyvinylchloride (PVC) 43 360 1400 90..180 2300 960 0.10 0.9 Salt 44 1075 1690 515 2900 2170 44 850 6.5 Sand & soil 45 1970 2230 1600 0.5 900 0.3..0.6 0.4..0.8 0.6..0.9 46) Sapphire 46 2310 3250 1050 3980 5..6 700 35 0.2 0.02 Silicon 47 1687 3530 1650 10600 2330 2.3 8400 710 150 0.7 0.70 Silver 48 1235 2430 110 2350 10500 20 3700 235 425 0.02 Snow 49 273 100..500 2000 0.05..0.2 0.2 0.85 Sodium 50 371 1160 113 4250 970 71 3200 1200 140 51) Steel (carbon-) 51 1810 3100 290 6300 7800 12 5100 500 52 0.2 0.2..0.6 52) Steel (stainless-) 52 1700 3000 280 6300 7850 15..17 5100 500 17 0.4 0.2..0.3 Teflon (PTFE) 53 650 2150 100..200 1400 1030 0.25 0.12 0.85 Tin 54 505 2870 60 2500 7300 23 3800 230 70 0.05 55) Titanium 55 1940 3600 295 8900 4530 9 6100 610 22 0.4..0.7 0.2..0.5 Uranium 56 1410 4400 38 1800 19050 14 3400 120 28 Uranium oxide 57 3140 4100 10970 24 240 7.9 0.85 58) Wolfram 58 3695 5800 285 4200 19400 4.5 5200 130 180 0.45 0.09 Wool, hair 59 50..150 1360 0.05 60) 60) 60) Wood (oak) 60 550 750 50 3800 2390 0.17 0.35 0.9 61) 61) Wood (pine) 61 450 35 3400 2700 0.15 0.6 0.9 Wood-dust 62 190 0.05 0.75 *Linear thermal dilatation. Volumetric expansion coefficients, as used for liquids and gases, are three times the value of linear expansion coefficients. **The speed of sound in solids depends on propagation mode and solid shape. Values here compiled apply to longitudinal-wave (i.e. pressure wave, or P-wave) along thin solids (rods, bars, pipes); values for bulk solids are some 20% higher. Sound propagation as transversal waves (i.e. shear waves, or S-waves) are some 40% lower (e.g. for a mild steel rod c=5100±100 m/s, but for a steel block c=6000±100 m/s, and c=3100±100 m/s for shear waves. 1) Alumina (Al2O3, M=0.102 kg/mol) is a typical refractory material (i.e. resistant to very high temperatures). Conductivity decreases a lot with temperature (k=120 W/(m·K) at 100 K, k=50 W/(m·K) at 200 K, k=12 W/(m·K) at 500 K, k=5 W/(m·K) at 1500 K).. See also sapphire properties. 3 2) Aluminium (Al, M=0.027 kg/mol, a face-centred-cubic crystal, is seldom used pure. The liquid at the melting point has ρL=2360 kg/m (notice a rather large 6% volume increase on melting), -6 αL=125·10 1/K, cL=1130 J/(kg·K), kL=90 W/(m·K), σ=0.86 N/m, µ=1200 µPa·s. Thermal conductivity of pure aluminium may reach k=237 W/(m·K) at 288 K, and decreases to k=220 W/(m·K) at 800 K; at cryogenic temperatures, k=50 W/(m·K) at 100 K, increasing to a maximum of k=25∙103 W/(m·K) at 10 K and then decreasing towards zero proportionally to T, with k=4∙103 W/(m·K) at 1 K ). Aluminium alloys may have k=100..200 W/(m·K); e.g. see A7075 below. Emissivity may vary a lot, from 0.05 if polished, to 0.8 if hard anodised or dew-covered, or even ε=0.85 if black anodised. Solar absorptance also may vary from 0.09 if polished to 0.4 if hard anodised; aluminium foil gets hot under sunshine because α/ε=0.15/0.05>1). Aluminium paint may have ε=0.3 when bright and ε=0.6 when dull. -6 -6 3) A7075 is an aluminium alloy with 6%Zn, 2.5%Mg, 1.5%Cu, ), with Tmelting=750 K but Tfreezing=900 K; α=23.4∙10 1/K at 25 ºC (α=25.2∙10 1/K at 200 ºC). Aluminium alloys are designated by 4 figures related to composition: 1xxx if Al>99%, 2xxx with Cu, 4xxx with Si, 5xxx with Mg, 7xxx with Zn). Duralumin (Al-2024: 4.4%Cu, 1%Mg, 0.75%Mn, 0.4%Si) has Tf=775 K, ρ=2770 3 kg/m , cp=875 J/(kg·K) and k=174 W/(m·K), increasing to k=188 W/(m·K) at 500 K; it was the most common aerospace alloys, but were susceptible to stress corrosion cracking and are increasingly replaced by 7000 series (mainly Al-7075). 4) Asbestos is a plait of Mg3Si2O5 fibres. It is rarely use nowadays after its dust was found to be carcinogenic. 5) Asphalt here refers to the solid residue of crude-oil distillation, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mix (e.g. 85%C10%H5%S) also known as bitumen, and used as a water-prof layer in buildings. Notice, however, that the main use of asphalt is as a binder in road paving, asphalt concrete (often shorted to asphalt), a composite material with asphalt (the binder) and gravel (ceramic aggregates) with higher density (2300..2500 kg/m3, higher thermal conductivity (1..3 W/(m·K))), and higher heat capacity (1000..1300 J/(kg·K)). Asphalt (the binder) gets soft and may creep when warm (but it may oxidise and get stiffer under strong sunshine), and gets brittle at freezing temperatures; it is handled as a viscous liquid at about 150 ºC.
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