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The Respiratory System RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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The Respiratory System RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The Respiratory System RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Primary functions Major functional events Pulmonary ventilation Diffusion of O2 & CO2 between alveoli & blood Transport of O2 & CO2 in blood and body fluids Regulation of ventilation 2 Respiratory Gasses What essential function does O2 serve? How is CO2 produced and why do we need to get rid of it? 3 True or false: The oxygen you breathe in gets converted into carbon dioxide that you then breathe out. A) True B) False 4 Review of Respiratory Structures Upper vs. lower respiratory tracts Thoracic cavity Diaphragm See Fig. 37-8 5 Review of Respiratory Structures Respiratory tree Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveolar sacs Alveoli 6 See Fig. 37-8 Review of Respiratory Structures Structural characteristics Cartilage Cilia Mucus glands Smooth muscle See Fig. 37-8 7 Review of Respiratory Structures Respiratory membrane Blood-air barrier Epithelial characteristics Type I cells Type II cells Produce surfactant 8 See Fig. 37-8 Review of Respiratory Structures Pleurae (membranes) Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Pleural cavity Serous fluid Lungs “float” in pleural cavities 9 Fluids in the respiratory system have all of these functions except… A) Reducing friction of lung against chest wall B) Reducing surface tension in the lung C) Allowing gasses to diffuse across epithelium D) Transporting metabolic fuels to body tissues 10 Mechanics of Breathing Boyle’s Law P1V1 = P2V2 The pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume volume, pressure = inhalation volume, pressure = exhalation Air moves from area of high pressure to area of low pressure 11 Mechanics of Breathing Muscular events during inspiration Diaphragm contracts & flattens inferiorly External intercostals contract & elevate rib cage thoracic volume Fig. 37-1 12 Mechanics of Breathing Muscular events during expiration Diaphragm relaxes & moves superiorly External intercostals relax, rib cage depressed thoracic volume Normal breath - recoil due to elasticity of lungs/thoracic cage Fig. 37-1 13 Mechanics of Breathing Heavy breathing Inspiration Raise rib cage Exhalation Compress rib cage Fig. 37-1 14 Mechanics of Breathing Thoracic pressures Intrapulmonary pressure (alveolar pressure) Pressure within alveoli Equalizes with atmospheric pressure 15 Mechanics of Breathing Thoracic pressures Intrapulmonary pressure (alveolar pressure) Intrapleural pressure Pressure of fluid within pleural cavity < alveolar pressure Low pressure created by fluid draining into lymphatic capillaries Fluid/pressure causes visceral pleura to “stick” to parietal pleura as thoracic cavity expands, lungs expand Elasticity of lungs causes recoil, aids expiration Equalization with alveolar pressure = collapse 16 Mechanics of Breathing Thoracic pressures Intrapulmonary pressure (alveolar pressure) Intrapleural pressure Transpulmonary pressure Difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures Represents the elastic forces of the lungs 17 Thoracic Pressures Fig. 37-1 18 Environmental pressure equalizes with which of the following pressures? A) Transpulmonary pressure B) Pleural pressure C) Alveolar pressure D) All of the above 19 Lung Compliance Relationship of lung expansion and transpulmonary pressure Every 1 cm H2O increase in transpulmonary pressure results in 200 ml expansion in lung volume Characteristics determined by elastic forces of lungs Elasticity of lung tissue Surface tension within alveoli 20 Lung Compliance Tissue elasticity High percentage of elastic fibers in connective tissue of lungs Elastin & collagen Stretched during expansion then recoil 21 Lung Compliance Alveolar surface tension Alveolar surfaces covered with fluid Forms water-air surface Increases rate of gas diffusion Creates tension between water molecules Cohesive forces of water Surface tension Surfactants decrease surface tension Interfere with water cohesion Degree of recoil reduced 22 Lung Compliance Factors reducing lung compliance Reduced tissue elasticity Reduced surface tension Increased airway resistance Mucus buildup Bronchial constriction 23 Lung compliance is affected by all of the following except… A) Alveolar surface tension B) Elastic forces of lungs C) Airway resistance D) Size of alveoli 24 Pulmonary Volumes Tidal volume (VT) Normal inspiration/expiration Fig. 37-6 ~ 0.5 L Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) Air forceably inspired beyond VT ~ 3 L 25 Pulmonary Volumes Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) Air forcibly expired beyond V T Fig. 37-6 ~ 1.1 L Residual volume (RV) Air that cannot be forcibly expired ~ 1.2 L 26 Pulmonary Capacities Inspiratory capacity (IC) Max. air inspired after normal expiration Fig. 37-6 TV + IRV ~ 3.5 L Functional residual capacity (FRC) Air remaining in lungs after normal expiration ERV + RV ~ 2.3 L 27 Pulmonary Capacities Vital capacity (VC) Max. air inspired after normal expiration Fig. 37-6 IRV + TV + ERV ~ 4.6 L Total lung capacity (TLC) VC + RV ~ 5.8 L 28 Other Respiratory Measurements Minute respiratory volume Amount of air moved into respiratory passages each minute TV (ml) x respiratory rate (bpm) Dead space Air filling respiratory passages but not reaching gas exchange areas ~ 0.15 L 29 The amount of air remaining in your lungs after a normal expiration is the… A) Expiratory reserve volume B) Functional residual capacity C) Total lung capacity D) Residual volume 30 Determining Respiratory Volumes Functional residual capacity (He dilution method) Fill spirometer with known vol of air + known vol of He Expire normally then breathe from spirometer Air remaining in lungs = FRC Fig. 37-6 [He] diluted by FRC gasses Calculate degree of dilution 31 Determining Respiratory Volumes Residual volume and total lung capacity Use FRC value RV = FRC - ERV TLC = FRC + IC or VC + RV Fig. 37-6 32 Determining Respiratory Volumes Dead space Breathe normally then take deep breath of pure O2 Exhale into nitrogen meter First air expired = dead space all O2 [N2] as alveolar air is expired [N2] plateaus as original alveolar concentration reached Area to left of curve = dead air space 33 Fig. 37-7 Alveolar Ventilation Rate at which “new” air reaches gas exchange area Good index of effective ventilation AVR (ml/min) = frequency x (VT - dead space) E.g., AVR = 12 b/min x (500 ml/b - 150 ml/b) = 4200 ml/min What this indicates… Slow/deep breaths ventilation E.g., AVR = 10 b/min x (700 ml/b - 150 ml/b) = 5500 ml/min Rapid/shallow breaths ventilation E.g., AVR = 15 b/min x (300 ml/b - 150 ml/b) = 2250 ml/min 34 If you want to increase the amount of new air in the lungs, you should… A) Breathe more quickly B) Breathe more deeply 35 Gas Exchange Across Respiratory Membranes Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures Total gas pressure = sum of partial pressures of gasses within the mixture 36 Gas Exchange Across Respiratory Membranes Partial pressure of atmospheric gasses (sea level) mmHg % N2 597.0 78.62 O2 159.0 20.84 CO2 0.3 0.04 H2O 3.7 0.50 Total 760.0 100.00 See Table 39-1 37 Gas Exchange Across Respiratory Membranes Henry’s Law When a gas mixture is in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in proportion to its partial pressure and relative to its solubility in the liquid conc. of dissolved gas partial pressure = solubility coefficient solubility, more gas can dissolve without building up excess partial pressure 38 Gas Exchange Across Respiratory Membranes Solubility coefficients of important respiratory gasses PO2 0.024 PCO2 0.570 PCO 0.018 PN2 0.012 PHe 0.008 39 Gas Exchange Across Respiratory Membranes Diffusion coefficient Relative rates at which different gasses at same pressure levels will diffuse Depends on molecular weight of the gas & solubility O2 1.0 CO2 20.3 CO 0.81 N2 0.53 He 0.95 40 Gas Exchange Across Respiratory Membranes Diffusing capacity Volume of gas that will diffuse through the membrane each minute at a partial pressure difference of 1 mmHg 41 Diffusing Capacity O2 (at rest) ~ 21 ml/min/mmHg Pressure difference across membrane ~ 11 mmHg O2 diffusion = 11 x 21 = 230 ml/min (same as use rate) 42 Fig. 39-10 Diffusing Capacity O2 (during exercise) ~ 65 ml/min/mmHg (max) ~ 3x increase due to… Increased pulmonary circulation (dilation) Increases diffusing capacity Increased ventilation- perfusion ratio 43 Fig. 39-10 Diffusing Capacity CO2 ~ 400-450 ml/min/mmHg (at rest) Theoretical ~20x O2 Pressure difference across membrane > 1 mmHg Less pressure difference but higher solubility & diffusion coefficients Fig. 39-10 44 The diffusing capacity of a membrane for a particular gas depends on all of these except: A) diffusion coefficient of the gas B) pressure difference of the gas across membrane C) thickness of membrane D) absolute concentration of the gas in the blood 45 Alveolar Air Composition differs from atmosphere Humidified Continual diffusion of CO2 into alveoli Continual diffusion of O2 into blood See Table 39-1 46 Alveolar Air Only partially replaced FRC ~2.3 L, only ~350 ml “fresh” air enters alveoli Takes multiple breaths (16+) to completely replace Slow replacement important to prevent sudden changes in gas concentration in the blood Fig. 39-2 47 Alveolar air is replaced slowly, over the course of ~16 breaths, because… A) the volume of air breathed in is small in relation to dead space B) the volume of air breathed in is small in relation to the functional reserve capacity C) the old air prevents new air from coming into the lung
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