MIMBAR, Vol. 35 No. 2nd (2019)

Conflict Prevention Between Immigrants And Local Community In Bogor, West

1 2 BAMBANG WAHYUDI, MAY MAY MAYSARAH

12 Defense University, Komplek IPSC Sentul Bogor, Indonesia email: [email protected]; 2 [email protected]

Abstract. This research examines the conflict prevention between immigrants and the local community in Cisarua, . This research uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach supported by secondary data. Theories and concepts are used to analyze the conflict prevention between immigrants and local residents in Cisarua, West Java and reveal various factors supporting and inhibiting conflict prevention. This research result shows that potential conflict from the presence of foreign immigrants is still at a low level of conflict escalation and has not yet caused a dangerous situation. The potential for conflict arises from several aspects, such as ideology, socio-cultural, economic, and legal. Keywords: conflict, early system, immigrants.

Introduction The presence of foreign refugees in Indonesia raises problems including the The existence of foreign immigrants or formulation of refugee management policies refugees in a country is a global phenomenon. based on the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Their presence brings about a variety of Protocol on refugees (Krustiyati, 2012), issues, such as psychological adaptation the impact of asylum seekers’ stopover on and family dynamics, legal adaptation, transnational crime in Indonesia (Prahenti, the acceptance of local community, local 2013), and the complexity of refugees issues government policies related to their existence based on the perspective of Islamic and and job opportunities, adaptation process and International law (Yuliatiningsih, 2013). social capital of second-generation refugees, refugees social networks, a revival of refugees However, the issues concerning conflict diaspora and protection of refugees, social and conflict resolution in interactions between conflicts (Newman and Joanne, 2003) the local community and foreign refugees have not received widespread attention As a global reality, the existence of among researchers in Indonesia. Although, foreign immigrants also happens in Indonesia. in fact, cultural and ethnic differences as a Until 2014, the number of foreign immigrants pre-universal condition of the emergence of (legal and illegal) living in Indonesia reached conflicts between them have been fulfilled 10.340 people (UNHCR, 2014). The report also (Gudykunst, 2003: 295). In addition, conflict noted that 80% were illegal immigrants who is one of the global academic issues as a have been left at the Immigration Detention logical consequence of the existence of foreign Center (Rudenim). The rest were legal refugees in a country. refugees who were allowed to live in shelters. These foreign refugees, especially those Conflict always happen because human from the Middle East, placed Indonesia as a beings cannot avoid internal feud in the goals, stopover location before heading to Christmas interests, values, and beliefs possessed. Island, Australia (Alvi 2014). It is predicted Conflicts can occur either between individuals that the number of foreign immigrants will (interpersonal), between groups (intergroup), continue to increase considering the conflict or even on a large scale (interpersonal). Small in African and Asian countries (UNHCR, in conflicts between individuals can develop into Syahrin, 2014). large-scale conflict with protracted violence

Received: 2019-08-20, Revised: 2019-09-27, Accepted: 2019-12-27 Print ISSN: 0215-8175; Online ISSN: 2303-2499. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v35i2.5033 Accredited Sinta 2 based on the decree No.10/E/KPT/2019 until 2024. Indexed by DOAJ, Sinta, Garuda, Crossreff, Dimensions

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and result in the complete destruction of a This study offers a conflict management society or a nation (Bar-Tal, 2011; Galtung, model called Conflict Early Warning Systems 2004). (CEWERS). As a form of an information system, CEWERS functions to gather and This study describes the conflict analyze information from crisis areas. The prevention between foreign immigrants and results of this analysis are then used to local community in Cisarua, , anticipate the escalation of conflict with West Java. Many foreign immigrants, with violence, to develop strategic responses the main destination to Australia, was found to the existing crisis, and to provide an in Bogor as their transit area. Moreover, the optional view of important actors for decision- transit duration of illegal foreign immigrants making purposes (Institut Titian Perdamaian, may reach several years. The conflict 2005:7). As an information system, CEWERS prevention between immigrants and local also plays a role in gathering and analyzing communities should have been carried out information about conflict situations, whether as an early warning effort for the conflict it is a potential conflict or actual conflict. In that might occur due to differences in these fact, CEWERS approach facilitates how to set two customs and cultures of people living in criteria for selecting influential actors at the Cisarua, Bogor. The search in various literature national, regional, and international levels shows that various conflict resolution models that can promote peace. offered to prevent conflict from happening. One of the main principles for conflict Galtung (1969) developed a model resolution to be able to reach the root of that combines conflict, violence, and peace conflict triggers is cooperation (Christie and (Deutsch (1973 in Davidson & Wood, 2004). Winter, 2001). The CEWERS approach adopts Some researchers also developed a conflict that principle through the elements and resolution model based on competitive nature of its networks. According to Institut processes (Johnson and Johnson, 1996). Titian Perdamaian (2005:18), by having the Davidson and Wood (2004) developed Conflict nature of a network, CEWERS approach will Resolution Model-Australia (CRMA) as an facilitate the exchange of information or ideas alternative model of conflict resolution in with actors involved in a conflict. More than Australia. However, seeing the characteristics the exchanges of information, CEWERS will patterns of interaction between foreign also detect the pattern, effectiveness, and immigrants and the local community in efficiency of coordination in the early conflict Indonesia, such as marriages, culture (ethnic prevention system. Of course, ideally, the and religious) differences and neglect of network consists of a selected group of people formal law, the methods of preventing social who act collectively and by using existing conflicts that arise also become specific and networks, they can jointly prevent the violent contextual. Thus, the conflict resolution conflict in an area (Institut Titian Perdamaian models mentioned above tend to be irrelevant 2005: 63). and unadaptive to the Indonesian context. For this purpose, a conflict resolution approach Another distinctive characteristic of or model should have the capacity enable the CEWERS approach in explaining conflict to anticipate the escalation of conflict with prevention is the emphasis on dynamic violence, develop strategic responses to the features in conflict prevention and resolution existing crisis, and provide optional views (Malik, 2014). This approach provides space on important actors who can be targeted for for situation analysis, both in conflict and decision-making purposes. post-conflict conditions. In other words, the CEWERS approach emphasizes the cohesive According to Ganson & Wennman (holistic) aspect of understanding the conflict. (2016), conflict prevention is an effort to Conflicts can arise from the escalation of increase the level of stability and decrease ignored-conflicts, triggers of conflict that have the vulnerability that has long been in qualified or the effectiveness of provocateurs, place and suppress social systems. The both sporadically or jointly. Malik further factor that creates tension (stress factor) isolated five components in conflict prevention, is the root cause of conflict as well as being namely escalation and de-escalation, conflict the orientation of every conflict resolution factors, conflict actors, stakeholders, and effort. Thus, conflict prevention can also be political will from the authorities (Malik, interpreted as a form of system resilience in 2014). The five components are interrelated, identifying and resolving conflicts in society contribute to each other and influence each from its roots. other in the occurrence of conflict and peace.

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Various scenarios can occur in a articles and mass media. The selection dynamic framework based model of conflict of informants is done by using purposive prevention. First, the level of escalation will sampling technique. The informant’s criteria contribute to conflict and peace. If the conflict are those who are directly involved or escalation increases in the form of tensions interested in the presence of local immigrants and mass mobilization, then there will be a in Cisarua, Bogor, West Java. crisis between parties concerned to resolve The subjects of this study are the the conflict that may continue in the form of Ministry of Home Affairs, the Ministry violent actions, either limited or on a mass of Manpower, the Ministry of Law and scale causing casualties. Accordingly, it can Human Rights, UNHCR, IOM, Bogor Regency be said that the escalation has an influence on Government, Bogor Regency Manpower and the occurrence of conflict development. Vice Transmigration Office, Bogor Regency National versa, if the escalation has been detected and Unity and Politics Agency (BAKESBANGPOL), controlled, deliberations or meetings may be Bogor Regency Immigration Service, Bogor held to resolve conflicts so that tensions and District Police, Military Command District of crises can be mitigated. Thus, the condition Bogor 0621, foreign immigrants, and local called conflict de-escalation can encourage community in Cisarua Bogor, West Java. peace establishment. However, the decrease The objects of this study are the conflict in escalation will not necessarily make the prevention efforts, factors that obstruct and problem of a conflict resolved. Second, support the realization of conflict prevention conflict factors can have implications for and coordination between institutions in the emergence of triggers, accelerators, implementing the conflict prevention between and roots of conflict. The three points give foreign immigrants and local communities in different weights to conflict prevention Cisarua, Bogor, West Java. efforts. Third, conflict actors (provocateurs, vulnerable groups, and functional groups) This study uses data analysis methods contribute greatly to escalating conflict. by reducing data. The data obtained is Fourth, stakeholders that play roles in written in the form of a report or detailed stopping the conflict and preventing the data, then compiled based on the data spread of conflict. Fifth, the political will of received, reduced, summarized, selected the the authorities in initiating conflict resolution main things, and focused on the important that has occurred completely. This includes things. This will provide a sharp picture of publishing legal or policy products that the observations as well as making it easier can prevent and resolve conflicts. In the for researchers to find additional data if Indonesia context, normatively, there is a law needed. Data analysis was also carried on Handling Social Conflict, that is Law No. out by the method of data presentation. 7 of 2012 and also Presidential Instruction The obtained data from data reduction are No. 1 of 2014 concerning the handling of categorized according to the main problem internal security disturbances, as well as and made in the form of a matrix to make various ministerial decrees related to the it easier in finding patterns of relationships management and savings of resources. between one data and another. Then, the data were analyzed by using the inference and verification method. Data that has been Research Methodology systematically reduced and presented will be concluded temporarily. These preliminary This research departs from the post- conclusions need to be verified. The verifying positivism approach that is categorized technique is a triangulation of data sources, based on qualitative research. Research data methods, peer discussions and member sourced from data collection (primary data) checking. Finally, this research conducts and indirect data sources (secondary data). data analysis by making final conclusions. Primary data collection is done through in- Final conclusions are based on the verified depth interviews with informants involved in conclusions which are obtained after the data the process of implementing the Government collection is completed. of Indonesia policy, foreign immigrants in the study site, as well as the local community This study applies a test of validity and affected by the arrival of the immigrants. reliability of the data through triangulation which is done by gathering different data Meanwhile, secondary data were sources and examining the evidence from obtained from a review of reports of central these sources and then using them to and regional immigration, books, journals,

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establish a coherent justification of themes. the conflict potential is even greater with the violation of local wisdom committed by foreign Results and Discussion immigrants. In addition, it was found that The results of the study found several their ideological factors (immigrants) also had indicators of conflict potential from the an influence here; they brought a different presence of foreign immigrants in Cisarua, understanding of nationalism which was in Bogor West Java. The indicators of conflict contrast with the ideology of Pancasila. These potential are divided into three aspects: changes also affect different religious creeds legal, socio-cultural, and ideological. From at the same time, continuing long interaction the legal aspect, the indicators are criminal with the local community which will probably acts and misuse of refugee identity. From lead to conflict potential. the socio-cultural aspect, the indicators The local community claims to be are ethnics of courtesy that is against local restless with behavior of the immigrants wisdom, differences in community’s religious because is not in accordance with the understanding, and the differences in the values ​​of the local community. One of the time of activity. While, from the aspect of most troubling behavior is prostitution that ideology, the indicator is the ideology of a emerged b ecause of their presence. This radical Islamic state that is contrary to the also brings the potential to cause horizontal ideology of Pancasila. In the end, the problem conflict in the community. also had an impact on security that resulted in a non-military threat. Conflict Potential of Socio-Cultural Aspects Conflict Potential from the Aspects of Ideology Differences in culture and daily habits make the local community feel disturbed by Ideological differences are often used the immigrants’ existence which may lead to as a reason for conflicts in various regions a commotion. The local community in Cisarua in Indonesia. Ethnic, Religious, Racial and disagrees with the existence of the refugees, Intergroup (SARA) is considered to be a firstly because of differences in ethics. sensitive issue that can easily trigger a Regardl ess of their economic differences, conflict. Not only different religions can they ar e still sensitive and understanding cause a conflict, but even one religion has compared to refugees and asylum seekers. different opinions that can trigger conflicts. It is similar to what happened in Cisarua, Bogor. Cultura l ethics between the local Even though both the local community and communi ty and immigrants is certainly foreign immigrants alike embraced Islam, different, such as the customs of courtesy, there are times when they have differences politeness, which the immigrants do not have. in understanding and creed. Many Cisarua The local communities in the village have rules residents are more adherent to the beliefs of and ethics on how to establish relationships the ahlussunnah wal jamaah, or in general, with other people, and those are forbidden to following the Sunni, while the refugees mostly be violated. It turns out that immigrants do follow the Shia. not have any manners at all. The ethic of local is often violated when the immigrants try to Conflict potential with ideological tempt the women in the village, something settings may also occur if there are differences which can provoke citizens’ commotion. These in conducting worship activity. For example, cultures and daily habits differences can lead in the case of treatment of a corpse, certain to commotion. teaching requires the procession of bathing and corpse prayer, while the other considered From the practice occurred in Cisarua that corpse prayer is not required because Subdistrict, the two possibilities of the Avruch the person has already prayed during his or theory (1998) did occur, i.e. cultural difference her life. can lead to conflict and cultural differences can lead to new cultural adjustments. Besides Such differences can also lead to conflict. that, t he form of cultural acculturation in If these conditions continue to occur in the Cisarua Subdistrict was often found in places community, it is likely that the community with nu ances of the Middle East because would get angry over this matter. In addition until now Cisarua Subdistrict was visited by to differences in religious understanding immigrants and also tourists from of Middle between local communities and refugees, Eastern countries. There is one place in

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Cisarua Subdistrict which is famous for the not apply when the refugee commits a nickname of Arab village or “Warung Kaleng dangerous non-political crime outside the (can stall)”, precisely in the Village of North refugee country before his entry into other Tugu. countries as refugees. In addition, this article also does not apply if the refugee commits an action that is contrary to the principles of the Conflict Potential of Economic Aspects United Nations. When refugees commit crimes in transit countries, they must automatically The main factor of conflict is usually due comply with the national laws where the to economic reasons. The difference in the refugees are located. Unfortunately, Indonesia social status of the community may trigger is not a member state in the 1951 Convention disputes that lead to conflict and violence. The on Refugees. entry of foreign immigrants to Cisarua region had an impact on the economic conditions In this research process, it was found of the local community. For example, local that the fact of the 1951 Convention caused communities feel that there is a social gap jealousy of local communities to refugees. due to the new economic cycle. Foreign Social jealousy arises because immigrants immigrants tend to carry their habits from always get help and special treatment their original place to where they are now. because they are protected by conventions which makes them more dominant. In the Conflict potential can be addressed end, what happened was mutual jealousy among others by addressing income inequality between parties which also reinforced that is still quite striking. The problem of divisions or potential conflicts. This study poverty is a problem that must be solved also found business competition between systematically. Increasing people’s welfare hotel owners and a small rent house (mes through comprehensive economic programs in Bahasa), or what was commonly called becomes a necessity by relying on the a community house where the rented-place potential sources that exist in the region. The became an immigrant shelter. The business presence of foreign immigrants with different competition also raises the pros and cons of treatment from the local government will Cisarua local community themselves. foster social jealousy in the community. In that way, if it is left unchecked, the conflict In general, this research concludes that potential will turn into real conflict and even the presence of foreign immigrants does not violence. create a life-threatening conflict potential. However, the potential of conflict remains or is at the level of vulnerability but not a Conflict Potential from Legal Aspects major threat. Actually, the conflict potential may arise between the local communities The potential for legal conflict is still on a themselves, particularly the residents who mild scale, namely the existence of differences have a rent-house business. They are being inhabits. However, if it is left unchecked, the pro and support these immigrants because possibility of friction resulting in prolonged they get benefits from them. Meanwhile, conflict is also very likely to occur. Violations other residents and community leaders who of the law that are often carried out by do not have a rented house business reject refugees usually occur because refugees the existence of these immigrants and feel feel that their existence is protected by a disturbed by their daily activities. Arguably, it convention, so that they feel immune to the is all about economic factors. Unfortunately, law and can act arbitrarily, including violating with the weak oversight from the government, the rule of law in Indonesia. The cases often according to other informants, this problem occur are destruction, sexual harassment, and of immigrants has the potential to become a theft. When they were scolded by the local major problem. The lack of supervision also community, the refugees argued that they indicates that the problem of immigrants is were protected by conventions; their status still far from being prioritized in the urgency in Cisarua is refugees that have the right to of government policy. Thus, the potential for be protected. Due to this misunderstanding, conflict, or what is called as “coals in the husk”, one of them may lead to friction with the local is not considered high political consideration community. for the Indonesian government, even though In further analysis, the 1951 Convention there are obvious things indicated the on Refugees under Article 1 F (b) and (c) potential conflict. The Indonesian government regulated that protection of refugees does needs to respond to this matter and resolve

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it without the need for a specific policy. The Directorate General of Immigration or P2MP2S. resignation of immigrants made the number of In addition, different legal instruments were immigrants moved to another area. The local also found that the P2MP2S desk had held informant explained that data on immigrants meetings with various ministries for the has not been calculated yet since there are preparation of the Presidential Regulation restrictions in recording refugees as they in the handling and handling of refugees. frequently move around. However, this Presidential Regulation is only an SOP, not a primary solution. Specifically, it is clear that the direction of law enforcement Discussion is not hesitant, and confident in carrying out the task because of the existence of the legal The great potential of tourism in Cisarua umbrella (law protection). Subdistrict makes it a tourist destination, especially for foreign tourists. The number of foreigners is increasing with the presence of Implementation of CEWERS in the immigrants (refugees) and asylum seekers Prevention of Potential Conflicts who are placed in Cisarua District, so that this area becomes a place for intercultural between Immigrants and Local meetings. Such a situation creates an Communities in Cisarua opportunity for ingroups and outgroups to The phenomenon of interaction between emerge as Sandole (2009) theorized. foreign immigrants and local communities This difference in identity opens up occurred in Cisarua Subdistrict reinforced opportunities for social conflict between the theory of Kevin Avruch regarding ethnic foreign immigrants and local communities in communal conflict (Avruch, 1998). This theory Cisarua, Bogor, West Java. This proposition holds that there are several possibilities of the is reinforced by Liatin (as cited in Ishak, implications of cultural change for conflict. 2013) that ethnic identity refers to a group On the one hand, the sensitivity of cultural with certain characteristics including culture, change can lead to social instability and that language, religion, and race. Also, identity may lead to conflict. On the other hand, the may determine the existence of a group possibility of changes in cultural values ​​can among other groups. prove the ability to adapt to the new situation, and individuals who carry local culture can Various methods are used in dealing use cultural resources to accommodate. with potential conflicts between foreign Koentjaraningrat (2005) revealed that immigrants and local communities in Cisarua, there were seven elements of universal Bogor, West Java. For example, legal culture, namely language, knowledge system, issues categorized as a mild level such as social system or social organization, living squabbles and quarrels between residents and equipment and technology systems, living immigrants are handled by the Kamtibmas livelihood system, religious system, and (peace and order in society), Babinsa, and arts. Poetra (2001) also added that some influential community leaders. Another anthropologists considered there were three method is the deliberation approach. If it is outcomes of an acculturation process, namely related to technical issues of displacement, acceptance, adaptation, and reaction. the handling of potential conflict prevention is done by providing guidance and counseling, Considering the conceptualization especially for caregivers or those who bring of Glaslie›s Conflict Escalation Model, the immigrants to local communities, such as potential conflict between local immigrants and UNHCR, IOM, CWS, or JRS. The presence local communities is at the level of “polemic of these institutions makes it easier to debate” and “action not words”. The debate take conflict prevention measures because is only limited to bickering and suspicion, not structures that block, such as language, will involving physical deeds or serious criminal be penetrated. cases. The escalation completion stage at the “polemic debate” escalation level is carried out Regarding the handling at the level of by negotiation or mediation with the parties policymakers, this study found there was and still does not involve the role of other an asymmetry between institutions dealing parties to resolve the existing problems. Some with the problem of foreign immigrants or existing stakeholders have also been able to refugees. Among them are the Ministry of make efforts at the level of resolution in the Foreign Affairs, UNHCR, the Coordinator of form of deliberations, meetings with villagers, Human Development and Culture (PMK), the and other forms of deliberation. In the stage

416 ISSN 0215-8175 | EISSN 2303-2499 MIMBAR, Vol. 35 No. 2nd (2019) level of “action not words”, conflict prevention the local government to be resolved. If such a is carried out by mediating efforts involving small conflict caused by the differences is not third parties, including community leaders, resolved yet from the beginning, it would lead the refugee supporting organizations, and to a major. Conflict escalation can be detected officials to solve them. from the beginning because social conflicts never occur suddenly. All conflict indicators Seeing the potential of existing conflicts, can be seen in the process scheme below one of the prevention solutions is the in figure 2 and should have been prevented CEWERS approach to prevent and minimize from the beginning (this concept through the impact. If conflict escalation reappears, processing results from various sources). some other ideas are offered. First, the need for cooperation among parties (networks) involved in conflict potential between foreign immigrants and local communities. In this study, the emphasis is on collaboration between institutions in dealing with refugee issues in Cisarua Subdistrict. The early detection system is also regulated in Article Figure 2. Conflict Process Scheme 6 paragraph (1) and (2) Law number 7 of 2012 concerning Handling of Social Conflicts Conclusions stating that conflict prevention is carried out to maintain peaceful conditions in the In general, this study shows that the community, establish a system for amicable potential conflict from the presence of foreign dispute resolution, reduce potential for immigrants is still at a low level of conflict conflicts, and build an early warning system. escalation and has not caused dangerous In paragraph (2), it is also emphasized conflicts yet. The results showed that the that the prevention is carried out by the potential conflict arises from several aspects, Government, Regional Government, and such as ideology, socio-cultural, economic, the community. Second, place the issues and legal. Potential conflicts are currently of conflict as the initial basis in determining included at the polemic debate level. The methods of resolving conflicts. Third, actor CEWERS approach is one of the ideas to analysis for mapping the parties involved in prevent and minimize the impact if conflict handling conflicts. It is important to determine escalation arises by taking into account the which actors are triggering or vulnerable cooperation between parties (networks) groups that are easily influenced. Because involved in potential conflicts between that group must later be managed so that foreign immigrants and local communities. conflict does not descend into violence. Collaboration on preventing conflict potential is carried out by all parties including the Government, Regional Government, Toda, Toga, and the community. Handling potential conflicts between immigrants and local communities in Cisarua is carried out by mediation, negotiation, and an early warning system. Conflict prevention system, in this case, only runs at the district level, whereas at the central level there are Kemenkopolhukan, Kemenkumham, Kemenlu, UNHCR, IOM, and JRS that do not Figure 1. CEWERS Scheme work as expected so that the early system for preventing conflict is still far from perfect. Based on the CEWERS concept in figure 1 (Titian Perdamaian: 2005), conflicts can basically be prevented from the beginning References when escalation has not yet increased. Avruch, Kevin, (1998). Culture & Conflict The early detection system starts from Resolution, Washington DC: United States conditioning situations (escalation of conflict Institute of Peace Press. into de-escalation). In Cisarua, minor conflicts Bar-Tal, D. (2011). Intergroup conflict and related to foreign immigrants and local their resolution: A social psychological communities should have been the focus of perspective. New York: Taylor & Francis

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