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An Annotated List of the Opostegidae of the Himalaya, with a Description of Pseudopostega Brevicaudata Sp

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An Annotated List of the Opostegidae of the Himalaya, with a Description of Pseudopostega Brevicaudata Sp TERMS OF USE This pdf is provided by Magnolia Press for private/research use. Commercial sale or deposition in a public library or website is prohibited. Zootaxa 3609 (2): 182–194 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2013 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3609.2.4 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DF62530E-BBFB-4DCF-8B2C-744073BFF078 An annotated list of the Opostegidae of the Himalaya, with a description of Pseudopostega brevicaudata sp. nov. (Lepidoptera: Nepticuloidea) JONAS RIMANTAS STONIS1, ANDRIUS REMEIKIS & VIRGINIJUS SRUOGA Division of Biosystematics Research, Department of Biology and Science Education, Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences, Studentu str. 39, Vilnius LT–08106, Lithuania. E-mail: [email protected]. 1Corresponding author Abstract Seven species of Opostegidae are reported from the Himalaya: Opostegoides pelorrhoa (Meyrick, 1915), Pseudopostega frigida (Meyrick, 1906), P. nepalensis Puplesis & Robinson, 1999, P. ze lo pa (Meyrick, 1905), Pseudopostega brevicaudata Remeikis & Stonis, sp. nov., Opostega chalcophylla Meyrick, 1910 and one documented but left unnamed Opostegoides species. Genital structures of all species treated herein are illustrated with photographs for the first time. Key words: Himalaya, new species, Opostegidae, Pseudopostega, taxonomy Introduction Opostegids comprise a morphologically distinct family of small, predominantly white moths whose females possess a primitive, monotrysian reproductive system, with a common terminal anogenital opening. Together with their sister family, Nepticulidae, the Opostegidae (Nepticuloidea) contain some of the smallest Lepidoptera known, with a wingspan ranging from 4−16 mm (Davis 1989; Davis & Stonis 2007). The process of documenting the world’s Opostegidae has a long but uneven history discussed in Puplesis & Robinson (1999). Many factors contribute to the Opostegidae as one of the most difficult families among all Lepidoptera to study. The small size and apparent rarity of most species of Opostegidae, coupled with the great difficulty in locating their usually well concealed plant-mining larvae, undoubtedly have hindered attempts to collect and study this group (Davis & Stonis 2007). Within the last 20 years, notable efforts have appeared to raise this family from obscurity. The first of these was a generic review of the family and world catalogue (Davis 1989), followed by an exellent review of North European fauna (Johansson et al. 1990), the first revision of Oriental Opostegidae (Puplesis & Robinson 1999), and more recently by a review and a world catalogue of Nepticuloidea and Tischerioidea (Puplesis & Diškus 2003). However, Davis & Stonis (2007) made the largest impact with their treatment of the Opostegidae of the New World, describing one new genus and 68 new species. The latter revision was shortly followed by Heppner & Davis (2009) who described one more new species from Guatemala, and by Remeikis & Stonis (Remeikis et al. 2009) who described one new species from Costa Rica and two new species from Mexico. The contributions by different authors to the species number in Opostegidae (and other related Lepidoptera) was recently reviewed by Navickaitė et al. (2011). Although the Opostegidae are global in distribution, evidence indicates that the greatest diversity occurs in continental tropical or subtropical regions (Davis & Stonis 2007). Of the currently known 202 species, approximately 88% occur in subtropical to tropical regions. Of these, 87 species (or 43% of the world fauna) are known to be restricted to the Neotropical Region, with the most outstanding diversity reported for Costa Rica (Davis & Stonis 2007). The present paper was prompted by the lack of documentation of species occurring in the Himalaya and by the lack of photographic illustrations of species described by E. Meyrick (1905, 1906, 1910, 1915) or Puplesis & Robinson (1999). Therefore, the main goal of the present study is to reassess the Opostegidae of the Himalaya based on examination of new material collected in India (in 2010) and re-examination of type material. 182 Accepted by J.-F. Landry: 10 Dec. 2012; published: 29 Jan. 2013 TERMS OF USE This pdf is provided by Magnolia Press for private/research use. Commercial sale or deposition in a public library or website is prohibited. Material and methods Adult moths were collected at light using a standard method described in Puplesis & Robinson (2000). The collecting site selected for this study in the Himalaya was Utarakand, Rishikesh, India, 30°07'N, 78°19'E, a subtropical forest at an elevation of 550–650 m. a. s. l. (Fig. 1). Genitalia were prepared following the method described by Robinson (1976). After maceration of the abdomen in 10% KOH and subsequent cleaning, male genital capsules were removed from the abdomen and mounted ventral side uppermost with the inner surface of one valva displayed. However, because of strong fusion of the valval process to the gnathos or juxta, spreading of one valva was not always possible. In such cases, rather than fragment the genitalia, they were mounted entire in the natural position, but only after a lateral view of the valva had been studied and sketched with the specimen immersed in glycerin. Because of the diagnostic importance of the ventral view of the distal lobe of the valva, we have consistently avoided spreading both valvae. The aedoeagus (if developed) was removed and mounted alongside the genital armature. Genitalia and abdominal pelts of both sexes were stained with Chlorazol Black (Direct Black 38/Azo Black) or, occasionally, Mercurochrome, and mounted in Euparal. Adults and morphological structures of the genitalia were studied and photographed using a Leica DFC 420 digital camera mounted onto a Leica DM 2500 microscope. The descriptive terminology of morphological structures follows Puplesis & Robinson (1999) and Davis & Stonis (2007). Institutional abbreviations used in the text are as follows: BMNH The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom. LUES Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences (formerly VPU), Vilnius, Lithuania. NNM Natural History Museum “Naturalis”, Leiden, The Netherlands. ZMUC Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. FIGURE 1. The collecting site selected for this study in the Himalaya in 2010 (Utarakand, Rishikesh 30°07'N, 78°19'E, a subtropical forest at an elevation of 550–650 m. a. s. l.) and the habitat of Pseudopostega frigida (Meyrick, 1906). Description of Pseudopostega brevicaudata sp.nov. Pseudopostega brevicaudata Remeikis & Stonis, sp. nov. (Figs. 12–14) Pseudopostega species 28623, Puplesis & Robinson 1999: 35–36. HIMALAYAN OPOSTEGIDAE Zootaxa 3609 (2) © 2013 Magnolia Press · 183 TERMS OF USE This pdf is provided by Magnolia Press for private/research use. Commercial sale or deposition in a public library or website is prohibited. Type material. Holotype: 1♂, NEPAL: Kathmandu, British Embassy, 1400 m, 12–13.vi.1984, Coll. Allen, genitalia slide no. 28623 (BMNH). Diagnosis. Externally very similar to Pseudopostega euryntis (Meyrick, 1907) illustrated by Puplesis & Robinson (1999), from which it differs by the small triangular proximal indentation along median fascia, darker (grey-brown) antenna, and greyish to grey hindwing. The male genitalia are most similar to that of P. frigida (Figs. 7, 8), but differs in the short lobes of uncus and stout process of gnathos (Figs. 12–14). FIGURES 2–4. Male genitalia of Opostegoides pelorrhoa (Meyrick, 1915), Nepal, Kathmandu District, Phulchoki, slide no. 28683 (BMNH). 2, genitalia capsule; 3, aedoeagus; 4, cucullar lobe. Scale bar 10 µm. 184 · Zootaxa 3609 (2) © 2013 Magnolia Press STONIS ET AL. TERMS OF USE This pdf is provided by Magnolia Press for private/research use. Commercial sale or deposition in a public library or website is prohibited. FIGURES 5–6. Female genitalia of Opostegoides sp., Nepal, 70 km W of Kathmandu, Baikuntapuri, slide no. RP1005 (LUES). 5, general view; 6, caudal part. Scale bar 10 µm. HIMALAYAN OPOSTEGIDAE Zootaxa 3609 (2) © 2013 Magnolia Press · 185 TERMS OF USE This pdf is provided by Magnolia Press for private/research use. Commercial sale or deposition in a public library or website is prohibited. FIGURES 7–8. Male genitalia of Pseudopostega frigida (Meyrick, 1906). 7, genitalia capsule, India, Utarakand, Rishikesh, slide no. RA273 (LUES); 8, gnathos, Nepal, 70 km W of Kathmandu, Baikuntapuri, slide no. RP1008 (LUES). Note: a sclerotized phallus (aedoeagus) absent in the genus Pseudopostega. Scale bar 10 µm. Description. Male (Fig. 21). Forewing length: 2.9–3.0 mm; wingspan: 6.6 mm. Head: palpi cream; frontal tuft (piliform scales on vertex), collar and scape white; flagellum grey-brown.Thorax and tegulae entirely white. 186 · Zootaxa 3609 (2) © 2013 Magnolia Press STONIS ET AL. TERMS OF USE This pdf is provided by Magnolia Press for private/research use. Commercial sale or deposition in a public library or website is prohibited. Forewing white, with broad, dark brown median fascia with small triangular indentation along proximal margin, demarcated by darker scales; apical part with black dot and two parallel strigulae. Cilia brown. Venter of forewing dark brown, except for short basal cream patch. Hindwing grey-brown; cilia pale ochreous grey. Legs mostly pale ochreous to yellowish ochre; forelegs fuscous. Female. Unknown. Male genitalia (Figs 12–14). Uncus with two very small, slender, and very widely separated lobes directed
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