Notas Sobre El Estilo El Último Entuerto Que Conviene Desfacer Es El Que Habla De King Como De Un Cineasta “Sin Estilo”

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Notas Sobre El Estilo El Último Entuerto Que Conviene Desfacer Es El Que Habla De King Como De Un Cineasta “Sin Estilo” Notas sobre el estilo El último entuerto que conviene desfacer es el que habla de King como de un cineasta “sin estilo”. Si por estilo se entiende llamar la atención sobre la cámara, forzar los ángulos, montar aparatosos encuadres y hacer notar el trabajo del director, King es, en efecto, un director sin estilo. Algunas de sus películas, como Deep Waters, adoptan además una forma visual aparentemente anodina, que puede pasar por impersonal si a la carencia de atractivos externos se une una extrema funcionalidad narrativa, como sucede en dos de sus obras fundamentales, I’d Climb the Highest Mountain y Wait Till the Sun Shines, Nellie. Un examen detallado de estas y otras películas revela la existencia de una personalidad cinematográfica muy acusada, aunque no llamativa ni evidente. Más que afanarse en la búsqueda de un estilo propio, King intentó desarrollar a lo largo de su carrera un lenguaje que se correspondiese, visual y narrativamente, con los modos de sus personajes, por lo general inteligentes y discretos, observadores y dinámicos, inconformistas y sensibles a los cambios que se producen en su entorno. Conforme avanzaba su obra, películas y personajes fueron haciéndose progresivamente más complejos, sin que King violentara por ello su estilo, cada vez más refinado y transparente, permeable a los avances técnicos (el sonido, el color, la pantalla ancha) pero no a las modas ni a retóricas pasajeras. Tal vez por ello, o por una fidelidad a su propia visión, las bases del estilo visual de King apenas experimentaron variaciones significativas a lo largo del tiempo, de hecho Tol’able David podría haberse rodado en 1951 y I’d Climb the Highest Mountain treinta años antes sin que el espectador hubiera notado el menor desajuste. Si hiciéramos la misma prueba con todos los directores que triunfaron en el mudo y en el sonoro, pocos nos parecerían tan poco “evolucionados” como King. Tal vez sólo Walsh, Borzage y DeMille, ni siquiera Browning o Dwan, menos aún Wellman o Hawks, que ya pertenecen a otra generación. Por otro lado, King, al igual que Ford, maduró muy lentamente. Aunque sus primeros logros no se hicieron esperar, su estilo fue creciendo poco a poco, ganando sus primeros centímetros en Tol’able David y alcanzado una temprana madurez en Stella Dallas. Ambos escalones, y otros situados en la segunda mitad de los años 20, nos conducirán a la perfección tranquila de State Fair y a la comedida grandeza de One More Spring, dos películas dedicadas a la gente humilde que marcarían otros tantos hitos en el cine norteamericano de los primeros años del sonoro. En ellas, King parece esconderse detrás de sus personajes, haciendo que su mirada invisible sirva de cauce a la historia, dando como resultado una explícita renuncia al discurso, a la intervención “deus ex machina”. Las únicas intromisiones de King son por defecto y tienen que ver con el respeto a los personajes. Así, en One More Spring no asistiremos al suicidio del banquero, cómicamente frustrado; en The Snows of Kilimanjaro se nos escamotea la caída por las escaleras de Cynthia, y en Wait Till the Sun Shines, Nellie, el momento elidido es la fuga de la protagonista con Ed Jordan. De las terribles consecuencias de esos actos sólo tendremos conocimiento después. Otro director habría sugerido la idea de un formidable escarmiento para el suicida (nada menos que vivir), castigos ejemplares para la mujer que provoca su aborto o para la que coge un tren con destino al adulterio. King recurre a la elipsis no por cobardía, sino por pudor. Le interesan más las consecuencias de esos actos que los actos en sí. Su educación le impide señalar con el dedo y su ética como director, acusar a los personajes. Rebasado el ecuador de los años 30, King frisaba ya el medio siglo y era dueño de sus recursos. In Old Chicago comienza con un responso en los campos de Illinois cuya composición y empleo de la luz evocan una poética pasada, la de Griffith y Murnau, la de los pioneros escandinavos y Tol’able David. Al revés que otros de sus colegas, King decidió mirar hacia adelante, asumir el progreso como harían Fulton o Stanley, pero respetando siempre los hallazgos de sus precursores y los fundamentos culturales que habían contribuido a forjar su visión cinematográfica. Como vimos antes, el director de Ramona comenzaba a moverse por entonces entre fronteras, amalgamando géneros y abordando con seguridad complejas tramas repletas de personajes (In Old Chicago, Alexander’s Ragtime Band). Pero fue con la llegada de la nueva guerra cuando ¿sin querer? se enfrentó al desafío que suponía rodar una película total como The Song of Bernadette (por otro lado tan representativa de la política del estudio, entroncada además formalmente con How Green Was My Valley [¡Qué verde era mi valle!, John Ford, 1941], que había fotografiado el mismo operador, Arthur Miller). Sin Bernadette y Wilson, King difícilmente habría conquistado ese prodigio de organización dramática que es Twelve O’Clock High. Con esta película, King dejó atrás el tono impostado de su película anterior, Prince of Foxes, pero también la linealidad narrativa de películas como Captain from Castile, que parecen descritas en un solo trazo. Por simpatía con el decorado, el estilo visual del director se vuelve no ya austero, sino espartano. La densidad dramática de este filme (inimaginable en el hombre que unos años antes había rodado Margie) casa con una mirada cinematográfica más interesada ahora por la reflexión que por la acción, por lo que sucede en el interior de los personajes que por la dimensión externa de sus actos. (...) Como otros maestros del cine, el director de Untamed fue depurando su mirada hasta combinar varias informaciones dentro del encuadre, un arte que hoy ya parece perdido. Películas como I’d Climb the Highest Mountain, The Gift of the Magi y Wait Till the Sun Shines, Nellie invitan a pensar que King no había dejado totalmente atrás el cine de los años 30 y 40. A mi modo de ver la irrupción del CinemaScope no sólo supuso un aldabonazo en la conciencia estética del director (cuyo clasicismo exigía un nuevo estimulo para alcanzar la modernidad), sino que aquilató su mirada cinematográfica y condujo su estilo visual hacia una serena apoteosis. Frente al muralismo balbuciente y al prurito académico de las primeras películas en pantalla ancha, King parece familiarizado desde el principio con el nuevo formato, como demuestra King of the Khyber Rifles, a mi juicio la primera gran película en CinemaScope y una de las más fascinantes del director desde el punto de vista formal. (...) De algún modo el nuevo formato y el tratamiento del color que llevaba aparejado ayudaron a King a soltar algunos lastres impuestos por el “look” de la Fox en los años 40, valores de producción que incidían en la textura algo tosca y pesada de Chad Hanna, la augusta, casi marmórea presencia de Wilson; la pátina relamida de Margie (explotada a conciencia por Natalie Kalmus) o la tonalidad homogénea de Captain from Castile. (...) Si el término no hubiera sufrido tantos abusos, habría que hablar de estilización a propósito de las películas rodadas por King entre 1953 y 1961. Una estilización exenta de retóricas y manierismos, que surge en consonancia con los modos del director. La naturalidad del encuadre, la misteriosa (por invisible) regulación del espacio dramático, el diálogo entre los distintos planos visuales y la sensible y matizada dirección de actores hablan del grado de maestría alcanzado por el cineasta en el último tramo de su carrera. Sólo con un criterio superficial se podrá juzgar distante o lejana su puesta en escena, atenta siempre a la evolución de los personajes y al más anecdótico de sus gestos (...). Si King les sitúa en los espacios, generalmente amplios y bellos, es para concederles una libertad de acción que en el fondo no tienen. De este modo –y sin necesidad de recurrir a primeros planos, abandonados tras The Snows of Kilimanjaro– King gana la distancia justa para explorar las tensiones internas de sus personajes, recortados contra un mundo que habla una lengua distinta, la lengua de la banalidad y del placer, exasperante para quien carece de paz. Así también consigue revelar los efectos derivados de erosiones múltiples, bien sean las producidas por la espera y el paso del tiempo (The Bravados), la conciencia del fracaso (Beloved Infidel), la necesidad de ser aceptado (This Earth Is Mine) o la convivencia con la pareja (Tender Is the Night). La aparente lejanía de las últimas películas de King no es otra cosa que un intento por abrir el arco dramático y buscar la máxima amplitud de registro. De hecho su obra parece encaminada a esa explayación total de la mirada, que en los últimos instantes adquiere una cualidad casi aérea. Aunque no soy muy optimista, espero haber deshecho algunos equívocos y ayudado a comprender por qué Henry King me parece uno de los directores más importantes del cine norteamericano, si no el más completo, seductor y dúctil de cuantos nacieron entre la frontera canadiense y la mexicana. La historia del cine, y quienes la han escrito o copiado, le deben no ya una disculpa, sino el reconocimiento que su cine merece y aguarda una filmografía recorrida por obras maestras como State Fair, Alexander’s Ragtime Band, The Song of Bernadette, Twelve O’Clock High, I’d Climb the Highest Mountain, David and Bathsheba, Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing, The Bravados o Beloved Infidel. David Livingstone no quiso ser rescatado y es posible que King tampoco lo deseara hoy. Al fin y al cabo, él no era el explorador perdido, sino el viajero que iba en busca de la verdad a través de mares, ríos y continentes, aquel al que los nativos llamaban Bula Matari: el que rompe las piedras, o bien El que abre camino.
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