Le Edizioni Dell'apocolocyntosis (1513-1808)

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Le Edizioni Dell'apocolocyntosis (1513-1808) UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI MILANO Dottorato in Scienze del Patrimonio Artistico, Letterario e Ambientale Le edizioni dell’Apocolocyntosis (1513-1808): linee di storia di una tradizione testuale Relatore Professor Giovanni Benedetto Tesi di Olivia Montepaone A mio nonno 2 Indice • Prefazione I. L’Apocolocyntosis: storia del testo e fortuna p. 5 II. Metodi e scopi p. 10 III. Edizioni consultate p. 19 • Parte I: Le edizioni dell’Apocolocyntosis 1. L’editio princeps (1513) p. 22 2. Beato Renano: le edizioni del 1515 e la nuova edizione del 1529 p. 27 3. L’APOKOLOKUNTWSIS di Celio Secondo Curione (1557) p. 48 4. Il testo senza note di Marc-Antoine Muret (1585) p. 65 5. L’edizione di Faber al centro della Repubblica delle Lettere (1587) p. 73 6. I Coniecturarum seu Variarum lectionum libri di Godefroy (1590) p. 90 7. L’edizione enciclopedica di Gruter (1594) p. 92 8. L’edizione del 1602 p. 107 9. Il Seneca di Lipsio (1605) p. 111 10. Le note di Pontanus e D. Heinsius (1619) p. 114 11. Libertus Fromondus (16321; 16522) p. 126 12. Le edizioni di Gronovius nel secolo d’oro olandese (16491; 16582) p. 137 13. L’edizione veneziana e le note di Schefferus (1675) p. 160 14. L’edizione anonima del 1702 p. 171 15. I versi dell’Apocolocyntosis (1713) p. 177 16. Seneca, Lipsio e Cunaeus (1720) p. 180 17. Spott-Gedichte (1729) p. 193 18. L’Apocolocyntosis nell’Illuminismo francese (1778/1781) p. 208 19. L’edizione antiquaria di Guasco (1787) p. 222 20. Die Vergötterung des Kaisers Claudius (1790) p. 237 21. La scoperta dei codici (1808) p. 245 3 • Parte II: L’evoluzione del testo senecano tra il 1513 e il 1808 I. Le interpolazioni dell’editio princeps p. 261 II. Le varianti tra il 1513 e il 1808 p. 267 III. Per un nuovo apparato critico p. 338 • Conclusioni p. 341 • Bibliografia p. 344 • Indice dei nomi p. 356 4 Prefazione I. L’Apocolocyntosis: storia del testo e fortuna L’operetta satirica scritta da Seneca poco dopo la morte dell’imperatore Claudio (54 d. C.)1 deve la sua sopravvivenza ad un numero piuttosto esiguo di codici: sono in totale quarantotto i testimoni che conservano l’Apocolocyntosis, dei quali i tre più antichi (S, V e L, di datazione dal IX-X al XII sec.), tutti discendenti dal medesimo archetipo, sono codici primari mentre gli altri quarantacinque sono recenziori, a partire da S e L (famiglie s e l), giacché V non sembra aver dato discendenza2. Si tende in genere a ritenere che l’opera sia stata copiata in quanto scambiata per una ‘divinizzazione’ vera e propria, anziché per satiram: l’accostamento dell’Apocolocyntosis a testi agiografici ovvero alle opere ‘morali’ di Seneca, molto frequente nei manoscritti, porta infatti a ritenere che la vera natura del testo, complesso e poco noto, non sia stata colta. I codici principali la tramandano sempre accanto ad opere edificanti, vite di santi e testi moraleggianti, ossia in una posizione difficilmente spiegabile se non si ammette questo fraintendimento3. La conoscenza dei codici dell’Apocolocyntosis, prima dell’editio princeps uscita a Roma nel 1513, è difficile da ricostruire; è noto che alcuni umanisti come Petrarca, Boccaccio, Salutati e Valla ne avevano contezza, ma l’opera è citata molto raramente e le testimonianze su di essa si limitano a brevi cenni4. Quando invece fu pubblicata l’edizione romana (1513), la satira conobbe una grandissima e duratura popolarità, sia di per se stessa – dando luogo a dibattiti su paternità, titolo e genere dell’opera – che come fonte d’ispirazione letteraria nei secoli. Si parla generalmente di una riscoperta dell’Apocolocyntosis dopo il 1513, ma, a fronte 1 Per quanto concerne datazione, paternità e obiettivi dell’opera cf. C. F. RUSSO (ed.), L. Annaei Senecae APOKOLOKUNTWSIS, Firenze 19853. 2 Sullo stemma codicum e per una descrizione dettagliata dei testimoni cf. R. RONCALI, Divi Claudii Apocolocyntosis, Lipsiae 1990 pp. VI-XXV, e L. D. REYNOLDS (ed.), Texts and Transmission: a Survey of the Latin Classics, Oxford 1983, pp. 361-362. 3 Cf. P. T. EDEN, The manuscript tradition of Seneca’s Apocolocyntosis, «CQ» 29 (1979), pp. 149-161 precisamente p. 150 e R. RONCALI Silenzi e misteri nella satira di Seneca, «Paideia» 53 (1998), pp. 281-295, particolarmente pp. 289-295, in cui si afferma che la presenza dell’Apocolocyntosis accanto a vite di santi o scritti apocalittici nei codici risale probabilmente ad un processo di antologizzazione occorso tra VI e VII secolo e che «chi operava queste associazioni di scritti non leggeva forse tutto il conenuto, ma si atteneva ad alcune linee fondamentali che avevano in primo luogo il cielo come punto di riferimento e gli inferi come alternativa ad esso» (p. 290). La studiosa prosegue la sua disamina individuando diversi punti di contatto a livello tematico tra la satira le visiones, che permettono di spiegare il fraintendimento ed il conseguente accostamento di questi testi così diversi tra loro. 4 Cf. RUSSO, L. Annaei Senecae cit., p. 131, e particolarmente P. T. EDEN (ed.), Seneca. Apocolocyntosis, Cambridge 1984 pp. 19-22. Su Valla cf. L. Valle Emendationes quorundam locorum ex Alexandro ad Alfonsum primum Aragonum regem a c. di C. MARSICO, Firenze 2009, pp. 169-171. Pascasio Radberto conosceva bene l’Apocolocyntosis, della quale ricalca direttamente alcuni passi nel suo Epitaphium Arsenii seu Vitae Walae, come ricordato da Eden (p. 19), ma di questo primo ‘imitatore’ della satira senecana gli editori tra XVI e XVIII secolo non sembrano avere contezza; R. Roncali riporta sia la porzione del testo di Radberto contenente citazioni della satira sia in apparato le lezioni che tale testo reca, cf. RONCALI, Divi Claudii cit. 5 del silenzio quasi totale nei secoli precedenti e della fama straordinaria acquisita in seguito all’edizione principe, è forse più appropriato parlare di una scoperta tout court da parte della comunità letteraria. Se da un lato la fortuna della satira menippea tra gli umanisti dal XVI secolo in avanti è già stata esplorata5, manca uno studio sistematico delle edizioni dell’Apocolocyntosis. Le edizioni della satira proliferarono nel corso del XVI, XVII e XVIII secolo, sia che essa fosse inclusa negli Opera omnia di Seneca, sia che fosse accostata a testi umanistici, ovvero stampata da sola. Tali edizioni furono indissolubilmente legate alla fortuna del modello letterario dell’Apocolocyntosis giacché gli editori della satira sono spesso autori di menippee essi stessi. Un’utile rassegna delle principali stampe è stata realizzata da M. C. Alfani: la studiosa brevemente ripercorre la storia editoriale della satira senecana, tracciando un percorso essenziale dalla princeps al Novecento e soffermandosi sui commentatori ed editori più importanti6. Le edizioni della satira tra XVI e XVIII secolo si possono definire ‘umanistiche’, utilizzando un termine non del tutto appropriato poiché inadatto a descrivere un arco cronologico così ampio come quello preso in esame, e tuttavia utile a distinguere queste edizioni da quelle prodotte con l’avvento dell’Altertumswissenschaft, che si possono già chiamare ‘moderne’. Com’è noto, con l’affermarsi di metodologie di studio rigorosamente scientifiche, si trascurarono i lavori dei secoli precedenti e si ripartì da basi diverse, avendo a disposizione un nuovo punto ‘zero’ per l’edizione dei classici, rappresentato dai manoscritti: le edizioni prodotte prima del XIX secolo, declassate a contributi di minore importanza, vennero trascurate, e così si persero anche i risultati positivi ottenuti da coloro che avevano lavorato sulla satira dall’Umanesimo in poi. Recentemente la ricerca si è volta a riconsiderare queste più antiche tappe della tradizione dei classici: come si può vedere da alcuni esempi qui di seguito discussi, sono stati prodotti svariati lavori dedicati alla storia editoriale di autori classici nell’arco temporale che 5 Per quanto riguarda specificamente l’Apocolocyntosis cf. R. RONCALI, L’Apocolocyntosis nel Cinquecento: da Erasmo all’elezione di Enrico IV, «QS» 6 (1980), pp. 365-379; I. A. R. DE SMET, The Legacy of the Gourd Re- examined: the Fortune of Seneca’s Apocolocyntosis and its Influence on Humanist Satire, in R. DE SMET (ed.), La Satire humaniste. Actes du Colloque international des 31 mars, 1er et 2 avril 1993, Brussels 1994, pp. 49-75; e I. A. R. DE SMET, Menippean Satire and the Republic of Letters 1581-1655, Genève 1996. Su Luciano cf. per esempio M. BAUMBACH, Lukian in Deutschland. Eine forschungs- und rezeptionsgeschichtliche Analyse vom Humanismus bis zur Gegenwart, München 2002. 6 M. C. ALFANI, L’apoteosi del divo Claudio in Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma. Seneca: mostra bibliografica e iconografica, a c. di F. NIUCCIA – C. SANTUCCI, Roma 1999, pp. 49-75. Interessanti osservazioni si trovano anche in C. SANTINI, Introduzione al cap. VI sull’Apocolocyntosis in Seneca. Una vicenda testuale, a c. di T. DE ROBERTIS e G. RESTA, Firenze 2004, pp. 329-332. 6 precede le edizioni moderne con il fine di recuperare e discutere la grande quantità di materiale disponibile finora trascurato7. Particolarmente interessante a tal proposito è il recente volume di V. Berlincourt sulla Tebaide di Stazio8: Berlincourt prende in esame la «tradition exégétique» ed il «monde des savants» (pp. 4-5) che ne fu artefice, inquadrando dunque la serie dei commenti su Stazio entro la dapprima nascente, poi florida realtà della Res Publica Litterarum. Dopo aver passato in rassegna le figure dei commentatori in ordine cronologico, la studiosa analizza a livello teorico l’approccio dei commentatori tra XVI e XVII secolo, individuando temi precisi comuni a tutti gli editori; il volume prende dunque la forma di uno studio generale sui metodi degli editori savants, considerando tutti gli aspetti principali della pratica del commento, e utilizzando le edizioni di Stazio a mo’ di esempio. Assai interessante è la sezione in cui Berlincourt discute il ruolo del commentario a Stazio entro l’evoluzione del sistema educativo, sia a livello linguistico che morale, con un progressivo spostamento da una visione dell’opera come veicolo di valori predeterminati, all’interesse legato strettamente al testo in sé.
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