Morphological Examination and Phylogenetic Analyses of Phycopeltis Spp
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Plant-Parasitic Algae (Chlorophyta: Trentepohliales) in American Samoa1
Plant-Parasitic Algae (Chlorophyta: Trentepohliales) in American Samoa1 Fnd E. Erooks 2 Abstract: A survey conducted betweenJune 2000 and May 2002 on the island of Tutuila, American Samoa, recorded filamentous green algae of the order Tren tepohliales (CWorophyta) and their plant hosts. Putative pathogenicity of the parasitic genus Cephaleuros and its lichenized state, Strig;ula, was also inves tigated. Three genera and nine species were identified: Cephaleuros (five spp.), Phycopeltis (two spp.), and Stomatochroon (two spp.). A widely distributed species of Trentepohlia was not classified. These algae occurred on 146 plant species and cultivars in 101 genera and 48 families; 90% of the hosts were dicotyledonous plants. Cephaleuros spp. have aroused worldwide curiosity, confusion, and con cern for over a century. Their hyphaelike filaments, sporangiophores, and as sociated plant damage have led unsuspecting plant pathologists to misidentify them as fungi, and some phycologists question their parasitic ability. Of the five species of Cephaleuros identified, C. virescens was the most prevalent, followed by C. parasiticus. Leaf tissue beneath thalli of Cephaleuros spp. on 124 different hosts was dissected with a scalpel and depth of necrosis evaluated using a four point scale. No injury was observed beneath thalli on 6% of the hosts, but full thickness necrosis occurred on leaves of 43% of hosts. Tissue damage beneath nonlichenized Cephaleuros thalli was equal to or greater than damage beneath lichenized thalli (Strig;ula elegans). In spite of moderate to severe leaf necrosis caused by Cephaleuros spp., damage was usually confined to older leaves near the base of plants. Unhealthy, crowded, poorly maintained plants tended to have the highest percentage of leaf surface area affected by TrentepoWiales. -
Plant Life MagillS Encyclopedia of Science
MAGILLS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE PLANT LIFE MAGILLS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE PLANT LIFE Volume 4 Sustainable Forestry–Zygomycetes Indexes Editor Bryan D. Ness, Ph.D. Pacific Union College, Department of Biology Project Editor Christina J. Moose Salem Press, Inc. Pasadena, California Hackensack, New Jersey Editor in Chief: Dawn P. Dawson Managing Editor: Christina J. Moose Photograph Editor: Philip Bader Manuscript Editor: Elizabeth Ferry Slocum Production Editor: Joyce I. Buchea Assistant Editor: Andrea E. Miller Page Design and Graphics: James Hutson Research Supervisor: Jeffry Jensen Layout: William Zimmerman Acquisitions Editor: Mark Rehn Illustrator: Kimberly L. Dawson Kurnizki Copyright © 2003, by Salem Press, Inc. All rights in this book are reserved. No part of this work may be used or reproduced in any manner what- soever or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy,recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information address the publisher, Salem Press, Inc., P.O. Box 50062, Pasadena, California 91115. Some of the updated and revised essays in this work originally appeared in Magill’s Survey of Science: Life Science (1991), Magill’s Survey of Science: Life Science, Supplement (1998), Natural Resources (1998), Encyclopedia of Genetics (1999), Encyclopedia of Environmental Issues (2000), World Geography (2001), and Earth Science (2001). ∞ The paper used in these volumes conforms to the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, Z39.48-1992 (R1997). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Magill’s encyclopedia of science : plant life / edited by Bryan D. -
Cephaleuros Species, the Plant-Parasitic Green Algae
Plant Disease Aug. 2008 PD-43 Cephaleuros Species, the Plant-Parasitic Green Algae Scot C. Nelson Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences ephaleuros species are filamentous green algae For information on other Cephaleuros species and and parasites of higher plants. In Hawai‘i, at least their diseases in our region, please refer to the technical twoC of horticultural importance are known: Cephaleu- report by Fred Brooks (in References). To see images of ros virescens and Cephaleuros parasiticus. Typically Cephaleuros minimus on noni in American Samoa, visit harmless, generally causing minor diseases character- the Hawai‘i Pest and Disease Image Gallery (www.ctahr. ized by negligible leaf spots, on certain crops in moist hawaii.edu/nelsons/Misc), and click on “noni.” environments these algal diseases can cause economic injury to plant leaves, fruits, and stems. C. virescens is The pathogen the most frequently reported algal pathogen of higher The disease is called algal leaf spot, algal fruit spot, and plants worldwide and has the broadest host range among green scurf; Cephaleuros infections on tea and coffee Cephaleuros species. Frequent rains and warm weather plants have been called “red rust.” These are aerophilic, are favorable conditions for these pathogens. For hosts, filamentous green algae. Although aerophilic and ter- poor plant nutrition, poor soil drainage, and stagnant air restrial, they require a film of water to complete their are predisposing factors to infection by the algae. life cycles. The genus Cephaleuros is a member of the Symptoms and crop damage can vary greatly depend- Trentepohliales and a unique order, Chlorophyta, which ing on the combination of Cephaleuros species, hosts and contains the photosynthetic organisms known as green environments. -
Composition and Specialization of the Lichen Functional Traits in a Primeval Forest—Does Ecosystem Organization Level Matter?
Article Composition and Specialization of the Lichen Functional Traits in a Primeval Forest—Does Ecosystem Organization Level Matter? Anna Łubek 1,*, Martin Kukwa 2 , Bogdan Jaroszewicz 3 and Patryk Czortek 3 1 Division of Environmental Biology, Institute of Biology, The Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Uniwersytecka 7, PL-25-406 Kielce, Poland 2 Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gda´nsk, Wita Stwosza 59, PL-80-308 Gda´nsk,Poland; [email protected] 3 Białowieza˙ Geobotanical Station, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Sportowa 19, PL-17-230 Białowieza,˙ Poland; [email protected] (B.J.); [email protected] (P.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Current trends emphasize the importance of the examination of the functional composition of lichens, which may provide information on the species realized niche diversity and community assembly processes, thus enabling one to understand the specific adaptations of lichens and their interaction with the environment. We analyzed the distribution and specialization of diverse mor- phological, anatomical and chemical (lichen secondary metabolites) traits in lichen communities in a close-to-natural forest of lowland Europe. We considered these traits in relation to three levels of forest ecosystem organization: forest communities, phorophyte species and substrates, in order to recognize the specialization of functional traits to different levels of the forest complexity. Traits related to the sexual reproduction of mycobionts (i.e., ascomata types: lecanoroid apothecia, lecideoid Citation: Łubek, A.; Kukwa, M.; apothecia, arthonioid apothecia, lirellate apothecia, stalked apothecia and perithecia) and asexual Jaroszewicz, B.; Czortek, P. -
Neoproterozoic Origin and Multiple Transitions to Macroscopic Growth in Green Seaweeds
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/668475; this version posted June 12, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Neoproterozoic origin and multiple transitions to macroscopic growth in green seaweeds Andrea Del Cortonaa,b,c,d,1, Christopher J. Jacksone, François Bucchinib,c, Michiel Van Belb,c, Sofie D’hondta, Pavel Škaloudf, Charles F. Delwicheg, Andrew H. Knollh, John A. Raveni,j,k, Heroen Verbruggene, Klaas Vandepoeleb,c,d,1,2, Olivier De Clercka,1,2 Frederik Leliaerta,l,1,2 aDepartment of Biology, Phycology Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Ghent, Belgium bDepartment of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium cVIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium dBioinformatics Institute Ghent, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium eSchool of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia fDepartment of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic gDepartment of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA hDepartment of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA. iDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK jSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia (M048), 35 Stirling Highway, WA 6009, Australia kClimate Change Cluster, University of Technology, Ultimo, NSW 2006, Australia lMeise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium 1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] or [email protected]. -
Godere (Ethiopia), Budongo (Uganda) and Kakamega (Kenya)
EFFECTS OF ANTHROPOGENIC DISTURBANCE ON THE DIVERSITY OF FOLIICOLOUS LICHENS IN TROPICAL RAINFORESTS OF EAST AFRICA: GODERE (ETHIOPIA), BUDONGO (UGANDA) AND KAKAMEGA (KENYA) Dissertation Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaft Fachbereich 3: Mathematik/Naturwissenschaften Universität Koblenz-Landau Vorgelegt am 23. Mai 2008 von Kumelachew Yeshitela geb. am 11. April 1965 in Äthiopien Referent: Prof. Dr. Eberhard Fischer Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Emanuël Sérusiaux In Memory of my late mother Bekelech Cheru i Table of Contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………………….......…...iii Chapter 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION.................................................................................1 1.1 Tropical Rainforests .........................................................................................................1 1.2 Foliicolous lichens............................................................................................................5 1.3 Objectives .........................................................................................................................8 Chapter 2. GENERAL METHODOLOGY..............................................................................10 2.1 Foliicolous lichen sampling............................................................................................10 2.2 Foliicolous lichen identification.....................................................................................10 2.3 Data Analysis..................................................................................................................12 -
Comparative Analysis of Growth and Carotenoid Accumulation of Trentepohlia Arborum in Aerial, Subaerial, and Aquatic Cultivation
J Appl Phycol DOI 10.1007/s10811-014-0436-x Comparative analysis of growth and carotenoid accumulation of Trentepohlia arborum in aerial, subaerial, and aquatic cultivation Lin Chen & Lanlan Zhang & Wei Zhang & Tianzhong Liu Received: 17 June 2014 /Revised and accepted: 30 September 2014 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 Abstract The aerial filamentous microalga, Trentepohlia Introduction arborum (Chlorophyta), was cultured in three habitats - an aerial, a subaerial and an aquatic one - using different types of The algal genus Trentepohlia is widespread in different loca- bioreactors. The growth, carotenoid productivity, and morpho- tions such as tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions, even logic differences of T. arborum in different habitats were inves- in frigid zones (Allali et al. 2013;Nashetal.1987; Jorgensen tigated. The maximum specific growth rate (μ)ofthealga and Tonsberg 1988; Liu et al. 2012). The colonies of obtained in the logarithmic phase in the subaerial habitat was Trentepohlia generally grow on the surface of rocks, soil, 0.034 h−1. HPLC analysis also demonstrated that T. arborum walls, or tree trunks, to form a spectacular orange or red accumulated a high content of carotenoids. Zeaxanthin was the “carpet” named “Red stone” (Liu et al. 2012), because it is primary carotenoid in subaerial culture, while β,β-carotene was rich in carotenoid content, especially β-carotene (Kjosen et al. dominant in aerial culture. The maximum carotenoid produc- 1972; Czeczuga and Maximov 1996; Abe et al. 1998; tivity, 67.7 mg m−2 day−1, was reached when T. arborum was Mukherjee et al. 2010). Moreover, some carotenoids, unique cultured in the subaerial habitat under nitrogen depletion using to this group, have been found in Trentepohlia gobii a novel attached cultivation bioreactor. -
Habitat Diversity of the Genus Physolinum Printz, Burdwan, West Bengal (India)
Journal of Acharaya Narendra Dev Research Institute l ISSN : 0976-3287 l Vol-27 (Jan 2019-Jun 2019) Habitat Diversity of the Genus Physolinum Printz, Burdwan, West Bengal (India) Habitat Diversity of the Genus Physolinum Printz, barks were found in different colour in different season, Primarily the colour was green and in course of time the colour had been changed to yellow to deep orange depend upon the host or substratum. Yellow colour Burdwan, West Bengal (India) noticed especially in smooth bark whereas orange colour in rough bark. Survey explore the distribution specificity and physiological alteration of the organism in different season which gives us a clue in respective Prasanta Mallick * niche .Observation is given accordingly. Sunlight, relative humidity, and rainfall were the important factors which played a major role in determining the diversity and distribution of subaerial algal communities Abstract Rock- sample : Green form Habitat is the very important aspect of all living creatures, starts from animals to plants and from cryptogams to phanerogams. Algae are the very promising biological organism in all ecosystem especially in Plant body with less branched or unbranched, Cells are elliptical or barrel shaped, length is more than marine or fresh water habitat but also even in terrestrial -sub aerial habitat. Terrestrial habitat is basically two times than width L. 29-37 µm, W.8-12 µm , cell wall is much stratified , Partitioned wall more or less depend upon some basic component like minerals nutrients, organic matter, water and air by different transverse, no constriction. Cell contains distinct discoid chloroplast. Mature intercalary cells containing composition and sub aerial habitats depend upon the existing substratum. -
New Insights Into Diversity and Selectivity of Trentepohlialean Lichen Photobionts from the Extratropics
Symbiosis DOI 10.1007/s13199-014-0285-z New insights into diversity and selectivity of trentepohlialean lichen photobionts from the extratropics Christina Hametner & Elfriede Stocker-Wörgötter & Martin Grube Received: 7 March 2014 /Accepted: 13 June 2014 # The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Aerial green algae of Trentepohliaceae can form Keywords ITS region . Lichen symbioses . Photobionts . conspicuous free-living colonies, be parasites of plants or Phylogeny . Temperate regions . Trentepohliaceae photobionts of lichen-forming ascomycetes. So far, their di- versity in temperate regions is still poorly known as it has been mostly studied by phenotypic approaches only. We present 1 Introduction new insights in the phylogenetic relationships of lichenized representatives from temperate and Mediterranean parts of The Trentepohliaceae are a widespread family of aero- Europe by analysis of 18S rRNA and rbcL gene fragments, terrestrial green algae which differs from other green algae and nuclear ITS sequence data. For this purpose we isolated in terms of their reproductive structures, phragmoplast- the trentepohlialean photobionts from lichens representing mediated cytokinesis, the lack of pyrenoids in the chloroplast different genera. Algal cultures from lichenized and free- and other characters (Rindi et al. 2009). In particular, the living Trentepohliaceae were used to design new primers for phragmoplasts are otherwise only known from the amplification of the marker loci. We constructed a phyloge- Charophyceae and from land plants (Chapman et al. 2001). netic hypothesis to reveal the phylogenetic placements of Trentepohlia colonies and of their allied genera are frequent lichenized lineages with 18S rRNA and rbcL sequences. ITS on rocks, buildings, tree barks, leaves, stems, and fruits (Printz variation among the clades was substantial and did not allow 1939; Chapman 1984;López-Bautistaetal.2002;Chapman including them in the general phylogenetic assessment, yet and Waters 2004; López-Bautista et al. -
Antioxidant Activities of Four Dominant Species of Trentepohlia (Trentepohliales, Chlorophyta)
Internationa Journal of Complementary & Alternative Medicine Antioxidant Activities of Four Dominant Species of Trentepohlia (Trentepohliales, Chlorophyta) Abstract Research Article The evaluation of antioxidant activities of four Trentepohlia species (i.e. T. Volume 8 Issue 5 - 2017 abietina, T. arborum, T. diffracta and T. umbrina) in vitro revealed a remarkable result where all four studied species were found to be rich in phenolic compounds. Comparatively T. abietina extract contained the highest amount of Department of Botany, North-Eastern Hill University, India total phenolic compound and flavonoids content as well, and it exhibited the maximum scavenging activity with the lowest IC50. The scavenging activity of *Corresponding author: Diana Kharkongor, Algal the four Trentepohlia species extracts was observed to decrease in the following Ecology Laboratory, Centre for Advance studies in Botany, order T. abietina >T. arborum>T. diffracta>T. umbrina. Moreover, both DPPH Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, North-Eastern radical scavenging activity and superoxide anion radi¬cal scavenging activity Hill University, Shillong- 793022, Meghalaya, India, varied significantly between the four species. In case of reducing power, extracts Email: of all four species were concentration dependent where high reducing power was observed at higher concentration and gradually decreased with decrease in Received: May 05, 2017 | Published: September 01, 2017 concentration of the extracts. Comparing amongst the species, T. abietina again showed highest reducing power at all the concentrations. The result of correlation showed a positive increase in scavenging activities with increase in flavonoids content. This clearly indicated that in this case, the scavenging effect exhibited by the extract of all four species of Trentepohlia mainly the DPPH scavenging activity could be attributed to the presence of mainly flavonoids constituent. -
Mainstreaming Biodiversity for Sustainable Development
Mainstreaming Biodiversity for Sustainable Development Dinesan Cheruvat Preetha Nilayangode Oommen V Oommen KERALA STATE BIODIVERSITY BOARD Mainstreaming Biodiversity for Sustainable Development Dinesan Cheruvat Preetha Nilayangode Oommen V Oommen KERALA STATE BIODIVERSITY BOARD MAINSTREAMING BIODIVERSITY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Editors Dinesan Cheruvat, Preetha Nilayangode, Oommen V Oommen Editorial Assistant Jithika. M Design & Layout - Praveen K. P ©Kerala State Biodiversity Board-2017 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means-graphic, electronic, mechanical or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Published by - Dr. Dinesan Cheruvat Member Secretary Kerala State Biodiversity Board ISBN No. 978-81-934231-1-0 Citation Dinesan Cheruvat, Preetha Nilayangode, Oommen V Oommen Mainstreaming Biodiversity for Sustainable Development 2017 Kerala State Biodiversity Board, Thiruvananthapuram 500 Pages MAINSTREAMING BIODIVERSITY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IntroduCtion The Hague Ministerial Declaration from the Conference of the Parties (COP 6) to the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2002 recognized first the need to mainstream the conservation and sustainable use of biological resources across all sectors of the national economy, the society and the policy-making framework. The concept of mainstreaming was subsequently included in article 6(b) of the Convention on Biological Diversity, which called on the Parties to the -
Floristic Diversity, Richness and Distribution of Trentepohliales (Chlorophyta) in Neotropical Ecosystems
Braz. J. Bot (2017) 40(4):883–896 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40415-017-0390-3 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Floristic diversity, richness and distribution of Trentepohliales (Chlorophyta) in Neotropical ecosystems 1 2 1 Nadia M. Lemes-da-Silva • Michel V. Garey • Luis H. Z. Branco Received: 7 December 2016 / Accepted: 7 April 2017 / Published online: 28 April 2017 Ó Botanical Society of Sao Paulo 2017 Abstract Trentepohliales is one of the most diverse and the species composition was variable among the areas. abundant algal group of the terrestrial microflora in tropical Partial linear regression revealed that the spatial features regions; however, information about composition, richness plus environmental features drove the Trentepohliales’ and distribution of these algae in Neotropical regions are species richness gradient. The composition of species of scarce. We described the flora and evaluated species rich- communities presented distance decay of similarity pattern, ness and composition of Trentepohliales in four Brazilian since differences in composition of such assemblages were different phytophysiognomies and analyzed the influence positively related to the distance among the areas. In this of environmental and spatial factors on species richness way, the dispersion jointly with the variation of the envi- and distribution. Specimens of Trentepohliales were gath- ronmental conditions may determine the Trentepohliales ered from six natural areas in Brazil, and they were studied species composition in each ecosystem. according to their vegetative