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Floristic Diversity, Richness and Distribution of Trentepohliales (Chlorophyta) in Neotropical Ecosystems

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Floristic Diversity, Richness and Distribution of Trentepohliales (Chlorophyta) in Neotropical Ecosystems Braz. J. Bot (2017) 40(4):883–896 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40415-017-0390-3 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Floristic diversity, richness and distribution of Trentepohliales (Chlorophyta) in Neotropical ecosystems 1 2 1 Nadia M. Lemes-da-Silva • Michel V. Garey • Luis H. Z. Branco Received: 7 December 2016 / Accepted: 7 April 2017 / Published online: 28 April 2017 Ó Botanical Society of Sao Paulo 2017 Abstract Trentepohliales is one of the most diverse and the species composition was variable among the areas. abundant algal group of the terrestrial microflora in tropical Partial linear regression revealed that the spatial features regions; however, information about composition, richness plus environmental features drove the Trentepohliales’ and distribution of these algae in Neotropical regions are species richness gradient. The composition of species of scarce. We described the flora and evaluated species rich- communities presented distance decay of similarity pattern, ness and composition of Trentepohliales in four Brazilian since differences in composition of such assemblages were different phytophysiognomies and analyzed the influence positively related to the distance among the areas. In this of environmental and spatial factors on species richness way, the dispersion jointly with the variation of the envi- and distribution. Specimens of Trentepohliales were gath- ronmental conditions may determine the Trentepohliales ered from six natural areas in Brazil, and they were studied species composition in each ecosystem. according to their vegetative and reproductive morpho- logical traits. We applied tests to evaluate the richness and Keywords Community structure Á Distance decay pattern Á similarity in species composition in the different environ- Green algae Á Terrestrial algae ments: rarefaction curves to compare richness; dendrogram with Jaccard’s index to evaluate the similarity of species composition; Mantel’s test to detect the influence of the Introduction spatial geographic distance on the assemblages; and partial linear regression to analyze the influence of the spatial and Photosynthetic microorganisms living in terrestrial envi- environmental factors on species richness. Thirty-three ronments consist of a set of heterogeneous organisms, morphospecies were recorded; most of them in one loca- belonging to several evolutionary lineages (Rindi et al. tion and none was observed occurring in all sampled areas. 2009). Green algae and cyanobacteria are known as the Rainforest areas showed the highest species richness and best succeeded algal groups inhabiting the terrestrial environments, although other groups, as Heterokontophyta, Electronic supplementary material The online version of this are also diverse (Lo´pez-Bautista et al. 2007). Trente- article (doi:10.1007/s40415-017-0390-3) contains supplementary pohlialeans are very common among the terrestrial green material, which is available to authorized users. algae and constitute one of the most diverse and abundant algal group of the terrestrial microflora in tropical regions & Nadia M. Lemes-da-Silva [email protected] (Lo´pez-Bautista et al. 2007). Trentepohliales belongs to Ulvophyceae and comprises 1 Departamento de Zoologia e Botaˆnica, Universidade Estadual one family, Trentepohliaceae, five (Cephaleuros, Phy- Paulista (UNESP), R. Cristo´va˜o Colombo, 2265, copeltis, Stomatochroon, Trentepohlia and Printzina) or six 15054-000 Sa˜o Jose´ do Rio Preto, Brazil genera (including Physolinum) according to morphological 2 Laborato´rio de Ecologia de Metacomunidades, Instituto criteria and depending on the classification system chosen, Latino-Americano de Cieˆncias da Vida e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Integrac¸a˜o Latino Americana, Av. and about 100 species have been recognized (Guiry and Tancredo Neves 6731, 85867-970 Foz do Iguac¸u, Brazil Guiry 2017). This algal group exhibits diverse forms, 123 884 N. M. Lemes-da-Silva et al. including branched filaments, pseudoparenchymatous and reduced thallus (Chapman 1984;Lo´pez-Bautista et al. 2002). Despite trentepohlialeans can be found in a range of environments, comprising tropical and temperate regions, they have been usually referred to humid tropical forest around the world, indicating that these regions may be a more suitable environment to the development of the ter- restrial algae (Lo´pez-Bautista et al. 2007). Records of Trentepohliales can be found for almost all continents, including Australia (Cribb 1958, 1963, 1970, 1989), Eur- ope (Rindi and Guiry 2003; Rindi et al. 2003), Africa (Rindi et al. 2006; Allali et al. 2013), Asia (Islam 1960; Jose and Chowdary 1980; Panikkar and Sindhu 1993; Neustupa and Sejnohova´ 2003; Neustupa 2005) and America (Tracanna 1989; Rindi et al. 2005; Rindi and Lo´pez-Bautista 2008; Rindi et al. 2008). In Brazil, infor- mation on Trentepohliales diversity is compiled in only three specific surveys, all of them carried out in Atlantic forest areas from Sa˜o Paulo State (Akiyama 1971; Bicudo Fig. 1 Map showing sampling locations for Trentepohliales. Brazil- and Santos 2001; Lemes-da-Silva et al. 2010). These sur- ian states (gray) where the sampling areas are located (black dots). (1 veys presented a very diversified Trentepohliales flora, and SMSP—Serra do Mar State Park; 2 INP—Itatiaia National Park; 3 the expansion of the sampling is essential to enhance the CJR—Campos do Jorda˜o Region; 4 SPFF—Sa˜o Paulo forest knowledge of this algal group diversity. fragments; 5 SCNP—Serra da Canastra National Park; 6 CVNP— Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park) The patterns of geographic distribution and of the communities’ richness of the Trentepohliales and the Electronic supplementary material): savannah, in the states greatest part of terrestrial algae are poorly understood in of Minas Gerais (Serra da Canastra National Park—SCNP) world scale, mostly due to the lack of knowledge on their and Goia´s (Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park— biodiversity (Rindi et al. 2009). Tropical regions comprise CVNP); and Atlantic rainforest, comprising three ecosys- ecosystems, such as savannah and mixed forest, which are tem types—(1) rainforest, in the states of Sa˜o Paulo (Serra underserved on the knowledge of Trentepohliales diversity. do Mar State Park—SMSP) and Rio de Janeiro (Itatiaia Thus, while the richness of Trentepohliales in tropical National Park—INP); (2) mixed forest, in the state of Sa˜o forests is remarkably high (Rindi and Lo´pez-Bautista 2008; Paulo (Campos do Jorda˜o municipality and surrounding Rindi et al. 2008), information about this flora in different region—CJR); and (3) seasonal semideciduous forest, in ecosystems remains to be produced, as well as evaluations the state of Sa˜o Paulo (forest fragments spread throughout on different aspects of species distribution. northwestern region of the state—SPFF). Considering the poor knowledge of Trentepohliales in Neotropical regions, the aims of this study were: (1) to Savannah biome is the second largest biome in Brazil, access the floristic biodiversity, species composition and covering the central territory of the country, and is recog- richness of Trentepohliales, covering different Brazilian nized as the richest savannah of the world (Klink and ecosystems; (2) to evaluate the influence of selected envi- Machado 2005). It is characterized by predominantly dried ronmental conditions on species occurrence and richness climate, outstanding seasonality and herbaceous, shrub and distribution; and (3) to investigate the role of the space tree formations (Ribeiro and Walter 1998). Atlantic forest (distance) on the similarity of floristic composition of covers the littoral region along Brazilian coast (Barbosa Trentepohliales among the localities. and Thomas 2002) and is composed by a set of forest formations (ombrophilous rainforest, mixed forest, semideciduous seasonal forest and deciduous seasonal Materials and methods forest). Due to latitudinal, longitudinal, topography and climate gradients, the Atlantic forest shows changes in Study area – Samples of Trentepohliales were gathered vegetation whereas it maintains a degree of homogeneity between 2009 and 2010, in six natural areas, including two (Barbosa and Thomas 2002). This study covered three biomes, savanna and Atlantic forest, distributed in south- vegetation types in Atlantic forest: rainforest, mixed forest eastern and Midwestern Brazil (Fig. 1, appendix 1 of and seasonal semideciduous forest. While rainforest areas 123 Floristic diversity, richness and distribution of Trentepohliales (Chlorophyta) in… 885 exhibit a warm and wet climate without a dry season, (Legendre and Legendre 1998). The value of the cophe- seasonal semideciduous forest presents high temperatures netic correlation index (r) was calculated to each algo- but seasonal climate with a relatively severe dry season rithm, and a cophenetic correlation coefficient was (generally from April to September) (Morellato et al. 2000; calculated to analyze the extent to which the resulting Oliveira Filho and Fontes 2000). The mixed forest or dendrogram represents the original similarity matrix; this Araucaria forest is characterized by the presence of the aimed to select the better algorithm for this dataset, i.e., the Brazilian pine (Araucaria angustifolia Kunze), a gym- one that graphically keeps the greatest amount of the nosperm, and it is distributed along the subtropical, dis- information in the triangular matrix. Besides, the consis- playing a wet climate and low temperatures in the coldest tence of each branch in the dendrogram was
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