DOCSLIB.ORG

Breastfeeding and Breast Milk

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Breastfeeding and Breast Milk BREA FROM A Multi Published Family L Please tell us what you think Dear reader, Thank you very much for your interest in our book. We would appreciate it if you could take a few minutes to answer a couple of questions. Thank you again and enjoy reading the book. Warm regards, Family Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Last name First name Email Please confirm this field. We can only accept the questionnaire with your confirmation. Thank you. I agree to the Privacy Policy https://www.larsson-rosenquist.org/en/legal/ What do you find most interesting about the book and how do you work with it? How did you hear about the book? Please share any additional feedback: This might also be interesting for you: Information about LactaPedia – a glossary of lactation for science and medicine: www.LactaPedia.com Information about LactaMap – an online lactation care support system: www.LactaMap.com Please send the questionnaire Please use the latest Adobe Reader version independently to [email protected] of your system software (Windows, Linux, Mac OS X). To send: click on the button To download Adobe Reader: click here. You can keep current on developments in the field of breastfeeding and breastmilk by subscribing to our newsletter: https://www.larsson-rosenquist.org/newsletter Family Larsson Rosenquist Foundation – February 2020 Foundation Larsson Rosenquist Family © Bibliografical data of the German National Library (Deutsche Important note: Medicine is an ever-changing science Nationalbibliothek) undergoing continual development. Research and clinical The German National Library (Deutsche Nationalbibliothek) experience are continually expanding our knowledge, in lists this publication in the German National Bibliography; particular our knowledge of proper treatment and drug detailed bibliographic information can be found on the in- therapy. Insofar as this book mentions any dosage or appli- ternet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. cation, readers may rest assured that the authors, editors, and publishers have made every effort to ensure that such references are in accordance with the state of knowledge at the time of production of the book. © 2018 Georg Thieme Verlag KG Nevertheless, this does not involve, imply, or express any Rüdigerstr. 14 guarantee or responsibility on the part of the publishers in 70469 Stuttgart respect to any dosage instructions and forms of applica- Deutschland tions stated in the book. Every user is requested to ex- amine carefully the manufacturers’ leaflets accompany- www.thieme.de ing each drug and to check, if necessary in consultation with a physician or specialist, whether the dosage sched- Printed in Germany ules mentioned therein or the contraindications stated by the manufacturers differ from the statements made in the Editorial Office: Lingua-World GmbH, Köln present book. Such examination is particularly important Drawings: Martina Berge, Stadtbergen; Nadja Stadelmann, with drugs that are either rarely used or have been newly Luzern released on the market. Every dosage schedule or every Cover design: Thieme Group form of application used is entirely at the user’s own risk Cover graphic: Nadja Stadelmann, Luzern and responsibility. The authors and publishers request Typesetting by Druckhaus Götz GmbH, Ludwigsburg every user to report to the publishers any discrepancies or Printed by Westermann Druck Zwickau GmbH, Zwickau inaccuracies noticed. If errors in this work are found after publication, errata will be posted at www.thieme.com on ISBN 978-3-13-220401-0 123456 the product description page. Also available as an e-book: Some of the product names, patents, and registered de- eISBN (PDF) 978-3-13-220411-9 signs referred to in this book are in fact registered trade- eISBN (epub) 978-3-13-220421-8 marks or proprietary names even though specific reference to this fact is not always made in the text. Therefore, the appearance of a name without designation as proprietary is not to be construed as a representation by the publisher that it is in the public domain. This book, including all parts thereof, is legally protected by copyright. Any use, exploitation, or commercialization outside the narrow limits set by copyright legislation with- out the publisher’s consent is illegal and liable to prosecu- tion. This applies in particular to photostat reproduction, copying, mimeographing or duplication of any kind, trans- lating, preparation of microfilms, and electronic data proc- essing and storage. 39 4 How Breastfeeding Works: Anatomy and Physiology of Human Lactation Melinda Boss, MPS, B.Pharm, Senior Research Fellow; Peter E. Hartmann, E/Prof, PhD, BRurSc milk are considered in a functional context. The ! Expected Key Learning Outcomes removal of milk from the mammary gland is also ● Setting the Scene The history of the understanding of the reviewed, including milk ejection and the infant anatomy and physiology of lactation suck-swallow-breathe reflex. This chapter covers ● The processes of lactation changes occurring over the lactation cycle from ● The production and regulation of milk sup- conception, secretory differentiation during preg- ply nancy, secretory activation after birth, the endo- ● How the complexity of lactation benefits crine and autocrine regulation of lactation, and fi- both mother and baby nally involution and the return of the mammary gland to its resting state. 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Background In 1840, Astley Cooper published a book titled “On “ the Anatomy of the Breast”. His anatomical dissec- In 1758 Carolus Linnaeus, the father of taxono- ” tions of the lactating breast are still used in text- my , grouped into one class both aquatic and land books to this day. This is in part due to the diffi- animals with the capacity to produce milk for culty in obtaining specimens (lactating women their young: Mammalia. The selection of this term rarely donate their bodies to science) and partly was unusual because it was only directly applica- due to a lack of scientific interest in this fascinat- ble to half the animals in this class, namely fe- ing organ. Thus, Cooper’s work stands out as the males. Indeed, he ignored other biological traits exception and his book provides a sound founda- (such as hair, sweat glands, and three ear bones) tion for the understanding of mammary anatomy that are specific to all mammals. Wet nursing, the and physiology. He rightly deserves to have the practice of mothers breastfeeding another moth- ’ ligaments of the breast, Cooper’s ligaments, er s infant, was widely practiced at that time. Spe- named in his honour. This chapter addresses his- cifically, rich families paid poor mothers to breast- torical as well as current knowledge of lactation, feed their babies. Diaries of rich mothers suggest “ ” including a detailed review of Cooper’s work and that they reluctantly accepted this cuckoo-like how this developed our current understanding. behaviour because they had been convinced that it His dissections remain the seminal work on the was best for their babies. Wet nursing was preva- “ ” gross anatomy of the human breast and many of lent in the better classes in Sweden and other his preparations have been reproduced here to il- European countries. Linnaeus was strongly op- lustrate the structure of its parenchyma, together posed to wet nursing. It is said that he chose the with its innervation, blood, and lymphatic supply. term, Mammalia, because he wanted to emphasize In addition, the anatomy of the lactating breast that young mammals should be suckled by their forms the basis for a detailed consideration of the own mothers. Today, our current knowledge of the physiology of human lactation. The historical de- importance of breastfeeding to both the mother ’ velopment of the current knowledge of the mech- and her infant reinforces the wisdom of Linnaeus anisms involved in the synthesis and secretion of choice of the term, Mammalia. 4 – How Breastfeeding Works 40 ▶ Fig. 4.1 Changes in the propor- tion of infants who were breastfed in 7 high-income countries from 1938 to 80% 1980. (Reproduced from Hartmann, 10 P.E. et al. Human lactation: Back to nature. Physiological Strategies in 60% 4 5 Lactation. Symposia of the Zoologi- 6 9 cal Society of London. 337–368, 40% 8 1984) 2 1 3 20% Incidence of breastfeeding Incidence 11 12 0% 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 Time (years) (1) at 3 months of age, Australia (from Wilmot, 1973) (2) at 2 months of age, Sweden (from Hofvander & Sjolin, 1971) (3) at 3 months of age, Poland (from Vahlquist, 1975) (4) at 1 week of age, U.S.A. (from Martinez & Nalezienski, 1981) (5) at 1 week of age, Canada (from M. E. Thomson & Brault-Dubuc, 1981) (6) at 1 week of age, United Kingdom (from Sloper, Elsden & Baum, 1977) (7) at 1 week of age, Australia (from Hartmann, Kulski, Rattigan, Prosser & Saint, 1981) (8) at 3 months of age, Sweden (from WHO, 1981) (9) at 3 months of age, Hungary (from WHO, 1981) (10) at 3 months of age, Australia (from Hitchcock & Owles, 1980) (11) at 2 months of age, Denmark (from Biering-Sørensen, Hilden & Biering-Sørensen, 1980) (12) at 3 months of age, United Kingdom (from Vahlquist, 1975) The abandonment of breastfeeding in the 19th The active marketing of “safe” infant formula and 20th centuries seems to have been associated under the erroneous belief that scientifically de- with the development of condensed cow’s milk in veloped formula was either better or equivalent to 1853 and evaporated cow’s milk in 1885. Pasteur- breastmilk for the nourishment of babies, enabled isation and the home icebox also decreased the the lower socioeconomic classes to use this “pock- risk of contamination of infant formula with mi- et wet nurse” and follow the example set by the crobiological pathogens. By the 1920s and 1930s richer classes. The decline in breastfeeding was ar- evaporated cow’s milk was widely available at af- rested in 1972 in most high-income countries fordable prices and several clinical studies sug- ▶ Fig.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Polythelia -Six Nipples in Amiddle Varun Arunagiri in the Accessory Nipples
    Stanley Medical Journal CASE REPORT - GENERAL SURGERY Polythelia - Six Nipples in a middle aged woman Varun Arunagiri(1), Kothai Anbalagan(1) Abstract Vol 3 | Issue 2 | April - June | 2016 - June 2 | April 3 | Issue Vol Supernumerary nipples are more than two nipples which normally exist in humans. Polythelia or supernumerary nipple is a rare condition with higher prevalence in males than in females with the ratio of 1.7:1. The maximum reported number of nipples in a person with Polythelia is seven in a male. The usual presentation of Polythelia is with three nipples. Here is an image of Polythelia in a 40 year old female presenting with six nipples without lactation from the supernumer- ary nipples and any other anomalies. She has breast fed her two children. Key-words: Polythelia; Supernumerary Nipples; Mammary ridge; Kajava Classification; Clear cells of Toker. Key Messages: 1. Polythelia is a benign condition with chances of malignancy in the accessory nipples. 2. Constant follow-up is needed when the patient says lump in the region of accessory nipple. 3. Lactation during the pregnancy is common. INTRODUCTION: reported number of nipples in a person with Polythelia is seven in a male. The usual presentation of polythelia is with Polythelia is a congenital anomaly of the breast three nipples where in there are accessory nipples along the milk line Mammals have six to seven nipples, which are apart from the normal two nipples. Amazia, polymazia, common among canines and felines. It is rare to see humans Polythelia, athelia are few congenital anomalies of the nip- with more than three nipples.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of Evaluation and Management of Rare Congenital Breast Diseases Surgery Section
    Original Article DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2016/21077.8648 A Study of Evaluation and Management of Rare Congenital Breast Diseases Surgery Section RIKKI SINGAL1, SUDHIR KUMAR MEHTA2, JYOTI BALA3, MUZZAFAR ZAMAN4, AMIT MITTAL5, GUARAV GUPTA6, SAMER RUDRA7, SAMITA SINGAL8 ABSTRACT Results: Out of 32 cases: 1(3.125%) male patient had Introduction: Polymastia and polythelia may be asymptomatic unilateral and 1(3.125%) male had bilateral accessory nipple, or cause pain, restriction of arm movement, milk discharge, 7 (21.87%) females had unilateral and 1(3.125%) had bilateral cosmetic problems or anxiety. Cosmesis is the main indication accessory nipple, 1 (3.125%) diagnosed as accessory axillary for surgical excision of accessory breasts in axilla. In addition fibroadenoma in female, 16(50%) presented as unilateral and 5 it also confirms the diagnosis and allays the patient’s fear of (15.62%) had bilateral swelling in the axilla as accessory breast. harbouring a malignancy. Patients underwent surgical excision and in 8(25%) cases z- shaped incision was made in view of better cosmesis. Patients Aim: To evaluate the presentation of symptoms, investigations were followed up upto 6 months postoperatively. There were no required for diagnosis and the management to improve the residual swelling and movements of the arm over the shoulder treatment protocols in patients with breast diseases. joint were normal. In 3(9.37%) cases, wound dehiscence Materials and Methods: This retrospective study on breast occurred; in 2 (6.25%) cases lymphoedema formation was diseases presenting as supernumerary breasts and nipples seen. These were successfully managed conservatively. was conducted in the Department of Surgery between January Conclusion: As breast swellings either fibroadenoma or 2013 and January 2016 at MMIMS Research and hospital, carcinoma are common entities to come across everywhere Mullana, Ambala.
    [Show full text]
  • Diagnosis and Treatment of Accessory Breast Cancer in 11 Patients
    ONCOLOGY LETTERS 10: 1783-1788, 2015 Diagnosis and treatment of accessory breast cancer in 11 patients SHUO ZHANG1,2*, YONG-HUA YU2, WEI QU2, YONG ZHANG2* and JIA LI2 1School of Medical and Life Sciences, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan University, Jinan, Shandong 250200; 2Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, Shandong 250117, P.R. China Received August 21, 2014; Accepted May 8, 2015 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3388 Abstract. The present study aimed to investigate the clinical from the ectodermal ridges, also known as the milk lines, on characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of accessory breast the ventral surface of the body, which extend from the axillae cancer, and contribute valuable information regarding this to the inguinal regions and end on the medial aspect of the rare tumour to the current literature, ultimately facilitating thighs on each side of the body (4). Embryologically, ectopic the development of improved treatment strategies. The present breast tissue develops as a result of failed resolution of the study reported the cases of 11 patients with accessory breast mammary ridge, an ectodermal thickening that extends from cancer. The patients with accessory breast cancer were the axilla to the groin (5). Ectopic breast tissue may appear at admitted between January 2002 and June 2014, and the patient any site along the milk line, but it occurs most commonly in records were retrospectively analysed. All patients presented the axill; less commonly, it may appear in locations outside with a tumour that was localised in the axilla. Out of these of the mammary ridge, including the face, middle back, patients, there were 8 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma buttock, posterior neck, chest, vulva, hip, posterior, flank and 3 patients with invasive lobular carcinoma.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomy of the Breast Doctors Notes Notes/Extra Explanation Please View Our Editing File Before Studying This Lecture to Check for Any Changes
    Color Code Important Anatomy of the Breast Doctors Notes Notes/Extra explanation Please view our Editing File before studying this lecture to check for any changes. Objectives By the end of the lecture, the student should be able to: ✓ Describe the shape and position of the female breast. ✓ Describe the structure of the mammary gland. ✓ List the blood supply of the female breast. ✓ Describe the lymphatic drainage of the female breast. ✓ Describe the applied anatomy in the female breast. Highly recommended Introduction 06:26 Overview of the breast: • The breast (consists of mammary glands + associated skin & Extra connective tissue) is a gland made up of lobes arranged radially .around the nipple (شعاعيا) • Each lobe is further divided into lobules. Between the lobes and lobules we have fat & ligaments called ligaments of cooper • These ligaments attach the skin to the muscle (beneath the breast) to give support to the breast. in shape (مخروطي) *o Shape: it is conical o Position: It lies in superficial fascia of the front of chest. * o Parts: It has a: 1. Base lies on muscles, (حلمة الثدي) Apex nipple .2 3. Tail extend into axilla Extra Position of Female Breast (حلقة ملونة) Base Nipple Areola o Extends from 2nd to 6th ribs. o It extends from the lateral margin of sternum medially to the midaxillary line laterally. o It has no capsule. o It lies on 3 muscles: • 2/3 of its base on (1) pectoralis major* Extra muscle, • inferolateral 1/3 on (2) Serratus anterior & (3) External oblique muscles (muscle of anterior abdominal wall). o Its superolateral part sends a process into the axilla called the axillary tail or axillary process.
    [Show full text]
  • 12. Development of Axial Skeleton and Extremities. Muscles and Skin
    Z. Tonar, M. Králíčková: Outlines of lectures on embryology for 2 nd year students of General medicine and Dentistry License Creative Commons - http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ 12. Development of axial skeleton and extremities. Muscles and skin. Timeline − 19 days: somites emerge in the gastrula − 4 weeks: sclerotome cells migrate along the neural tube − 5 weeks: mesenchymal blastema of the axial skeleton − 6 weeks: mesenchymal blastema of limbs − 8 weeks: rotation of the limbs − 8 weeks: individual muscles differentiate − 10 weeks: primary ossification centres in diaphyses − 3 months: bones of the skull develop − 9 months: diaphyses ossified; secondary ossification centres emerge In general, bone tissue originates from: − the of the somitic paraxial mesoderm, namely from the ventromedial part, the sclerotome − the head non-segmented mesoderm − the somatopleuric lateral plate mesoderm skeleton of limbs − the neural crest, which differentiates into the head ectomesenchyme − mesenchyme o its cells migrate and differentiate into fibroblasts, the source of the desmogenous (intramembranous) ossification o its cells imgrate and differentiate into chondroblasts, the source of the chondrogenous ossification of the hyaline cartilage models Limbs − week 4: limb buds o somatopleuric mesenchyme differentiates into bones and connective tissues o myogenic cells, angioblasts and nerves grow in o surface ectoderm thickens into the apical ectodermal ridge − week 6: each limb is divided proximodistally into three components: o autopod
    [Show full text]
  • Embryology and Anatomy of Breast
    Embryology and Anatomy of breast ‐B.Shivraj Gen Surg 1st unit The mammary gland • Modified apocrine sweat gland. • Present in both males and females. • Female ‐> serves for lactation; secondary sexual character. • About 4% women have amazia. Embryology • Develops from the integument. • Arises from the ventral surface of the embryo.(milk line‐> thickened line of ectoderm). • Ducts and acini from ectoderm • Supporting tissue from mesenchyme. Milk line *Milk line / mammary ridge‐> Develops from base of fore limb i.e. Axilla to hind limb i.e groin. *Except @ the level of nipple, rest of It gets atrophied. *Polythelia‐> m/c site 7‐10cm Below and medial to the nipple. • Dev @ 6th week of IU life. ‐>mammary ridge • @nipple‐>ectoderm grows inward 15‐20 solid rods (rudimentary gland)‐>bulbous dilation at ends‐>alveoli • @5th month IU life‐>cords develop • @7/8th month‐>hollowing of ducts; diff as milk ducts; depression at site of nipple. • @9th month‐> alveoli become canalised • @birth‐>mesenchyme proliferation‐> nipple everts; areola becomes pigmented. • @puberty‐> 15‐20 lact ducts have 15‐20 lobules each. • Witch’s milk‐> creamy white fluid cos of circulating maternal estrogens • Colostrum‐> intial milk secreted. Rich in antibodies cos of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the duct lining. • Later stage replaced by milk high in lipid content. Location • Situated in the anterior chest wall : 2‐6rib; sternum to mid‐axillary line; surrounded by the superficial fascia; resting on the deep fascia. overlying the pectoral fascia Breast: Fatty Tissue Nipple and areola complex • Nipple‐> 4th ICS. – Smooth muscles; circular and longitudinal – Erection‐>serves milk • Areola‐>sebaceous/areolar glands – Pigmented – Has hypertrophied sweat glands‐> glands of Montomery‐>serves for protective lubrication during lactation.
    [Show full text]
  • Case Report Fibroadenoma in Ectopic Breast Tissue Mohammed EH Azoz Mass for One Year
    Case Report Fibroadenoma in ectopic breast tissue: a case report Mohammed EH Azoz ,MD*,Abdalla E Abdalla, MSc**, Mutaz M Elhassan, MD*** Department of Surgery*, Department of Anatomy**, Department of Pathology*** Kosti Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of El Imam El Mahdi-Kosti, Sudan. ورم ﻏﺪي ﻟﻴﻔﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺛﺪﻳﻲ إﺿﺎﻓﻲ ، دراﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻟﺘﻮم ﺣﺎﻣﺪ ﻋﺰوز: اﺳﺘﺸﺎري اﻟﺠﺮاﺣﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ. ﻋﺒﺪاﷲ اﻷﻣﻴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪاﷲ : ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ. ﻣﻌﺘﺰ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻟﺤﺴﻦ : اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻷﻣﺮاض. اﻟﻤﻠﺨﺺ: آﺜﺮة اﻷﺛﺪاء ، وﻳﺴﻤﻰ أﻳﻀﺎً زﻳﺎدة ﻋﺪد اﻷﺛﺪاء أو اﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ اﻟﺜﺪﻳﻲ اﻹﺿﺎﻓﻲ، وﻳﻌﺮف ﺑﺄﻧﻪ وﺟﻮد أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺛﺪﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﻊ أو ﺑﺪون اﻟﺤﻠﻤﺔ واﻟﻬﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺸﺮ. هﺬا اﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﺘﺎة ﻋﻤﺮهﺎ 24 ﺳﻨﺔ، ﺣﻀﺮت وهﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻮ ﻣﻦ ورم ﺗﺤﺖ ﺟﻠﺪ اﻹﺑﻂ اﻷﻳﻤﻦ و ورم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﺪي اﻷﻳﺴﺮ ﻟﻤﺪة ﺳﻨﺔ. أُﺧﺬت ﺧﺰﻋﺔ وأﻇﻬﺮت ﻣﻼﻣﺢ ورم ﻏﺪي ﻟﻴﻔﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺟﻠﺪ اﻹﺑﻂ اﻷﻳﻤﻦ واﻟﺜﺪي اﻷﻳﺴﺮ. ﺧﻀﻌﺖ اﻟﻤﺮﻳﻀﺔ ﻟﺠﺮاﺣﺔ اﺳﺘﺌﺼﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮرﻣﻴﻦ. وأﻇﻬﺮ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺘﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺄﺻﻠﺘﻴﻦ ورم ﻏﺪي ﻟﻴﻔﻲ ﻓﻲ آﻠﺘﻴﻬﻤﺎ. Abstract along the primitive embryonic milk lines, Polymastia, also known as supernumerary or which extends from the axilla to the groin, and accessory breast, is defined as the presence of may occur unilaterally or bilaterally(1). more than two breasts with or without a nipple Axillary breast tissue is a common variant of and areola in human beings. We report a case EBT, with a reported incidence of 2 to 6% in of a 24-year-old female presented with right women(2). It is twice as common in females as axillary subcutaneous swelling and left breast in males(3). It can be seen during or before swelling for one year.
    [Show full text]
  • Carcinoma of the Axillary Tail of Spence: a Case Series
    ANTICANCER RESEARCH 32: 4057-4060 (2012) Carcinoma of the Axillary Tail of Spence: A Case Series FEDERICO AMPIL, GLORIA CALDITO, BENJAMIN HENDERSON, BENJAMIN LI, ROGER H. KIM, GARY BURTON and QUYEN CHU Louisiana State University Health and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Shreveport, LA, U.S.A. Abstract. There is sparse information about cancer in the reports. This audit of cases is an Institutional Review Board- axillary tail of Spence (CATS). Eight hundred and thirty-nine approved outcome study. For the purpose of this report, CATS patients with breast cancer were retrospectively studied for represented tumors situated in the axillary tail of Spence (SEER the occurrence of CATS. Ten patients were identified based code 50.6) and were reported as Breast Imaging Reported and Data System (2) /BI-RADS 4 or 5 abnormalities on mammographic on detection by imaging studies. A tendency towards stage II (Figure 1) and/or ultrasonographic imaging. or III disease, and estrogen and progesterone receptor- Patient follow-up time was measured from the date of breast negative neoplasms in the older age (>45 years) group was cancer diagnosis until death or last contact. Survival was estimated observed. Management by conservative or radical surgery, according to the product-limit method of Kaplan Meier. with or without postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy, effected an estimated five-year disease-free Results survival rate of 67%, and rates of local failure, regional recurrence as well as distant metastasis of 0%, 10% and The mean age was 55.2 years (range 44-79 years) and the 30%, respectively. The treatment of CATS in accordance with majority (7/10) of patients were over 45 years old.
    [Show full text]
  • An Organotypic Assay for the Quantification and Characterization of Regenerative Primary Human Mammary Epithelial Cells
    Aus dem Helmholtz Zentrum München Institut für Stammzellforschung Direktorin: Prof. Dr. Magdalena Götz An organotypic assay for the quantification and characterization of regenerative primary human mammary epithelial cells Dissertation zum Erwerb des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften an der Medizinischen Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München vorgelegt von Jelena Linnemann aus Bielefeld 2017 Gedruckt mit Genehmigung der Medizinischen Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Betreuerin: Prof. Dr. Magdalena Götz Zweitgutachter: Prof. Andreas Ladurner, Ph.D. Dekan: Prof. Dr. med. dent. Reinhard Hickel Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 19.12.2017 Within the scope of the present PhD thesis, the following original article has been published in an international peer reviewed journal: Linnemann, J.R., Miura, H., Meixner, L.K., Irmler, M., Kloos, U.J., Hirschi, B., Bartsch, H.S., Sass, S., Beckers, J., Theis, F.J., Gabka C., Sotlar K. and Scheel C.H. (2015). Quantification of regenerative potential in primary human mammary epithelial cells. Development, DOI:10.1242/dev.123554. Abstract Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with a high degree of intra- and intertumoral diversity, which impedes accurate patient stratification, prognosis and optimal treatment. The mammary gland consists of a complex network of epithelial ducts which end in clusters of alveoli, called terminal ductal lobular units (TDLUs) which are the functional units of the mammary gland. Postnatal mammary gland development and homeostasis require an enormous regenerative output, suggesting the existence of tissue stem/progenitor cells and a high degree of cellular plasticity to ensure functional robustness, i.e. the production and secretion of milk during lactation. Therefore, the observed heterogeneity in breast cancer is likely the result of normal mammary gland architecture and functionality.
    [Show full text]
  • Bilateral Accessory Breast S Sahu, M Husain, P Sachan
    The Internet Journal of Surgery ISPUB.COM Volume 17 Number 2 Bilateral Accessory Breast S Sahu, M Husain, P Sachan Citation S Sahu, M Husain, P Sachan. Bilateral Accessory Breast. The Internet Journal of Surgery. 2007 Volume 17 Number 2. Abstract Accessory breasts or polymastia occur in 0.4-6 per cent of women and 1-3% of males. They can consist of any or all components of the breast and may be functional or non-functional. Approximately 67% of accessory breast tissue occurs in the thoracic or abdominal portions of the milk line, often just below the inframammary crease and more often on the left side of the body. Another 20% occur in the axilla. We report a case of bilateral axillary accessory breast. Excision was done under general anesthesia. INTRODUCTION Figure 1 The mammary glands are a distinguishing feature of Figure 1: Bilateral Axillary Accessory Breast mammals beginning their development early in the embryologic life. At 5 weeks of embryologic development, ectodermal mammary streaks extend bilaterally from axilla to groin. Two weeks later, a mammary ridge or milk line develops in the thoracic portion of the primitive streaks and begins to proliferate as a primary mammary bud. This primary bud subsequently begins growth downward as a solid diverticulum into the underlying dermis during the seventh week. By the 10th week, the primary bud begins to branch, yielding secondary buds by the 12th week, which eventually develop into the mammary lobules of the adult breast. Further differentiation into complete breast parenchyma occurs during the remainder of gestation. The remainder of the mammary streak usually regresses; however, incomplete involution can result in foci of accessory breast tissue anywhere along the line that extends from axilla to groin.
    [Show full text]
  • Pseudomamma of the Inguinal Region in a Female Patient: a Case Report
    CASE REPORT – OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Surgery Case Reports 12 (2015) 71–74 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal of Surgery Case Reports journal homepage: www.casereports.com Pseudomamma of the inguinal region in a female patient: A case report Spyridon Marinopoulos a,∗, Ioannis Arampatzis a, Flora Zagouri b, Constantine Dimitrakakis a a Breast Unit, 1st Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Athens University Medical School, Alexandra Hospital, Greece b Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Athens University Medical School, Alexandra Hospital, Greece article info abstract Article history: INTRODUCTION: Supernumerary breasts are relative common benign congenital anomalies. General pop- Received 20 February 2015 ulation occurrence rates vary up to 6% according to ethnicity and gender. Higher incidence is recorded Received in revised form 11 May 2015 in Asian individuals, especially Japanese. Embryonic breast development of the mammary ridge (milk Accepted 12 May 2015 line) is explained and supernumerary breast tissue resulting from involution failure of any portion of the Available online 19 May 2015 embryonic mammary folds is described. PRESENTATION OF CASE: We report a case of supernumerary breast (pseudomamma) in a female occupying Keywords: her right inguinal region that was treated in the breast unit of our hospital. Differential diagnosis, imaging Pseudomamma Supernumerary breast methods, operative approach, surgical treatment and histological verification are specified. Inguinal region DISCUSSION:
    [Show full text]
  • Matriptase Mediated C-Met Signaling in Breast Cancer Gina Lynn Zoratti Wayne State University
    Wayne State University Wayne State University Dissertations 1-1-2014 Matriptase Mediated C-Met Signaling In Breast Cancer Gina Lynn Zoratti Wayne State University, Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations Recommended Citation Zoratti, Gina Lynn, "Matriptase Mediated C-Met Signaling In Breast Cancer" (2014). Wayne State University Dissertations. Paper 949. This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@WayneState. It has been accepted for inclusion in Wayne State University Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@WayneState. MATRIPTASE MEDIATED c-MET SIGNALING IN BREAST CANCER by GINA ZORATTI DISSERTATION Submitted to the Graduate School of Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 2014 MAJOR: CANCER BIOLOGY Approved by: _____________________________________ Advisor Date _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ DEDICATION I would like to dedicate my dissertation to my parents, Edward and Kandis Zoratti. You two have inspired me throughout my life to go after what I want and have shown me the importance of following everything through to the end and giving it 110%. And, also to my husband, Jeremy Savickas. Your constant love, support and understanding is what made this body of work possible. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are numerous people and countless hours that went into making this piece of work. Although there are far too many “thank you’s” for me to write down, I would like to take the time to express my gratitude to key people that made this dissertation possible. First, I would like to thank Dr.
    [Show full text]