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Breast Lesions in Children and Adolescents Pictorial Essay | Pediatric Imaging https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2018.19.5.978 pISSN 1229-6929 · eISSN 2005-8330 Korean J Radiol 2018;19(5):978-991 Breast Lesions in Children and Adolescents: Diagnosis and Management Eun Ji Lee, MD, Yun-Woo Chang, MD, PhD, Jung Hee Oh, MD, Jiyoung Hwang, MD, Seong Sook Hong, MD, PhD, Hyun-joo Kim, MD, PhD All authors: Department of Radiology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 04401, Korea Pediatric breast disease is uncommon, and primary breast carcinoma in children is extremely rare. Therefore, the approach used to address breast lesions in pediatric patients differs from that in adults in many ways. Knowledge of the normal imaging features at various stages of development and the characteristics of breast disease in the pediatric population can help the radiologist to make confident diagnoses and manage patients appropriately. Most breast diseases in children are benign or associated with breast development, suggesting a need for conservative treatment. Interventional procedures might affect the developing breast and are only indicated in a limited number of cases. Histologic examination should be performed in pediatric patients, taking into account the size of the lesion and clinical history together with the imaging findings. A core needle biopsy is useful for accurate diagnosis and avoidance of irreparable damage in pediatric patients. Biopsy should be considered in the event of abnormal imaging findings, such as non-circumscribed margins, complex solid and cystic components, posterior acoustic shadowing, size above 3 cm, or an increase in mass size. A clinical history that includes a risk factor for malignancy, such as prior chest irradiation, known concurrent cancer not involving the breast, or family history of breast cancer, should prompt consideration of biopsy even if the lesion has a probably benign appearance on ultrasonography. Keywords: Pediatric breast; Child; Adolescence; Normal development; Fibroadenoma; Gynecomastia; Cyst; Phyllodes tumor; Sonography INTRODUCTION breast and benign tumors. Second, malignancies in children and adolescents are very rare (1-5). Breast cancers in Breast lesions in children and adolescents are rare and adolescents account for 0.1% of all breast cancers and less different from adult breast disease in several respects. than 1% of all pediatric cancers (1-3, 6). Third, the clinical First, breast disease in children and adolescents includes imaging approaches used for management of breast lesions mainly benign lesions related to normal development of the in children and adolescents differ from those used for early detection of breast cancer in adults, given that children and Received January 25, 2018; accepted after revision April 4, 2018. This work was supported by Soonchunhyang University research fund. adolescents rarely have malignant lesions (1-3, 7, 8). Given Corresponding author: Yun-Woo Chang, MD, PhD, Department these differences, management of breast disease in children of Radiology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, 59 and adolescents should be different from that in adults. Daesagwan-ro, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 04401, Korea. Most pediatric breast lesions are managed conservatively. • Tel: (822) 709-9396 • Fax: (822) 709-3928 • E-mail: [email protected] Interventional treatment may affect developing breast buds This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of in children and adolescents, so should be recommended the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License cautiously based on clinical and imaging features (1, 2, 7). (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in Radiologists should be aware of the characteristics of any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. pediatric breast disease and recognize the differences 978 Copyright © 2018 The Korean Society of Radiology Breast Lesions in Children and Adolescents between children and adults for the purposes of appropriate scan, the cartilaginous portion of a rib can mimic a breast evaluation and management. In this article, we review mass. A rib located posteriorly in the pectoralis muscle the differential diagnosis of breast lesions in children shows strong posterior acoustic shadowing, appearing as and adolescents, including development of benign and an elongated lesion in the longitudinal scan. Occasionally, malignant disease, and make recommendations for their patients complain of a prominent costochondral junction management. as a palpable mass (Fig. 1). Cooper’s ligaments, which are normal structures, show posterior shadowing. Any of these Imaging Evaluation of the Pediatric Breast structures might be misinterpreted as an abnormality. It is possible to identify such findings on US as normal by An imaging evaluation of the adult breast is performed removing the posterior shadowing via adjustment of the for early diagnosis of breast cancer. Mammography can angle of the transducer and controlling the pressing pressure diagnose malignant disease with microcalcifications; hence, (1, 8). The nipple also creates a strong posterior acoustic it is the first imaging modality. However, mammography shadow and can be misinterpreted as a subareolar mass. is not generally performed in the pediatric population Appropriate compression and angulation of the transducer because the mammary glands in developing adolescents can eliminate posterior acoustic shadowing, allowing are highly sensitive to ionizing radiation and adolescents an anatomic structure to be easily recognized as normal have dense breasts with profuse fibroglandular tissue. on real-time US. A fat lobule is occasionally seen as an Therefore, ultrasonography (US) is the preferred method isoechoic solid mass, especially in the breast parenchyma. because it can detect lesions in dense breast tissue and However, the fat lobule can be seen as a normal structure does not expose pediatric patients to ionizing radiation (1, by rotating the transducer and confirming its integration 2, 7, 8). Psychological issues should be kept in mind when with the surrounding normal fat tissue (9). performing breast US in girls and teenagers, who may react When CT scans are used for examination of thoracic sensitively to breast examinations, so require appropriate disease in pediatric patients, breast lesions could be found screening with provision of reassurance and comfort. US incidentally (Fig. 2) (1, 2). Magnetic resonance imaging examinations can be performed using a high-resolution (MRI) of the breast is not widely used in pediatric patients, 15–17-MHz linear probe. A useful landmark for defining the but can facilitate surgical planning and identification posterior boundary of the breast is the pectoralis muscle (1, of vessel or lymphatic anomalies at various anatomic 3). Radiologists should know the pitfalls associated with the sites (Fig. 3A, B) (1, 2, 8). As in adults, breast masses in normal anatomic structures seen on US. A rib or nipple may pediatric patients can be assessed morphologically and be mistaken for an abnormal lesion. On a cross-sectional hemodynamically using breast MRI. A B Fig. 1. 3-year-old girl with palpable lesion in left breast. A. On ultrasonographic image, normal chostochondral junction is seen in scan of palpable area. Note that rib is located posterior to pectoralis muscle (arrow), showing posterior acoustic shadowing (arrowhead). No abnormality is noted in breast parenchyma. B. Plain chest radiograph showing cleavage of left fifth rib at costochondral junction, suggestive of bifid rib (arrow). kjronline.org Korean J Radiol 19(5), Sep/Oct 2018 979 Lee et al. Normal Development of the Breast adolescence and is known as thelarche. Hormones affect the development of breast buds in adolescent girls. Estrogen The female breast undergoes two stages of development. hormones are involved in elongation and differentiation The first stage starts at weeks 5–6 of fetal gestation. of the ducts while progesterone hormones promote Epidermal cells invaginate and the primary mammary ridge development of the terminal lobules. The mean age of onset starts to grow from both axillae to the inguinal region. of thelarche is 9.8 years. Premature thelarche is defined Involution of milk lines occurs except at the level of the as onset before 8 years of age and delayed thelarche is fourth intercostal space where the normal breast buds defined as onset after 13 years of age (Fig. 4) (1-3, 8, form. The remaining breast buds at the fourth intercostal 11). Early development of the breast may occur alone space evolve into secondary buds and then into branching or in association with precocious puberty. Idiopathic lactiferous ducts in the parenchyma of the breast. A small premature thelarche may occur in girls aged 1–3 years; mammary pit forms on the skin surface overlying the this is not associated with precocious puberty and usually breast buds and develops further into a nipple-areolar regresses, so it is sufficient to reassure the patient and complex (1-3, 7, 8). Bilateral subareolar nodules are caregiver (Fig. 5). When hypoechoic subareolar breast buds common in neonates. These are temporary manifestations are identified on US without other signs of precocious of physiologic wedge-shaped development in response to puberty, clinical follow-up is sufficient and no further maternal hormones and disappear within 12 months (Fig. imaging or intervention is needed (1-3, 8). However, if 3C). The breast buds are often asymmetric
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