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The History of Galveston's Concrete Ships

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The History of Galveston's Concrete Ships THE HISTORY OF GALVESTON’S CONCRETE SHIPS A Thesis by DOROTHY ANNE ROWLAND Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Chair of Committee, Kevin Crisman Committee Members, Donny L. Hamilton Zachary Grasley Head of Department, Cynthia Werner December 2018 Major Subject: Maritime Archaeology and Conservation Copyright 2018 Dorothy Rowland ABSTRACT Selma is one of three World War I concrete shipwrecks in the Galveston area. While the other two are not identified, one of them is likely the Durham. This research explores how and why these ships ended their service here, and looks at the different methods used for the creation of early concrete ships and the differences in their performance. Selma, one of twelve Emergency Fleet Corporation ships, had a much different design than Durham, but both of the ships were out of use quickly after launch. Selma ran aground and damaged its bow; it was subsequently taken to Galveston for repairs that never occurred. Durham proved to be a very poor sailor, but remained afloat for many more years before becoming a fishing pier in Galveston. Both of these ships have histories of re-use that last beyond their abandonment. This research focuses on the history and construction of Selma and Durham. The text discusses the developments that lead to the development of these ships and how they fared after construction. Additionally, visual survey of how the condition of Selma has changed over time is included. ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my parents. My father who always encourages and believes in me, and my mother who was always supportive and inspiring. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee chair, Dr. Kevin Crisman, and my committee members, Dr. Donny Hamilton, and Dr. Zachary Grasley, for their guidance and support throughout the course of this research. The faculty of the Nautical Archaeology Program who were always available to for help or advice. Thanks also go to the Texas Historical Commission, Amy Borgens, and Sarah Linden for their help and support with the visual survey. Without their help parts of this thesis would not have been possible. Special thanks to Ken and Bonnie Cox, the family of Pat A. Daniels, and the SS Selma Association for sharing their stories, knowledge, and past research. Finally, thanks to my family and friends who have encouraged and supported me in this journey, especially Uncle Wayne for his financial support. Special thanks to the science ducklings for being wonderful friends as we went through the trials of writing theses together. iv CONTRIBUTORS AND FUNDING SOURCES Contributors This work was supervised by a thesis committee consisting of Professor Kevin Crisman, advisor, and Professor Donny Hamilton of the Department of Anthropology and Professor Zachary Grasley of the Department of Engineering. The survey data in Chapter 4 was collected with the help of the Texas Historical Commission, Amy Borgens, and Sarah Linden. All other work conducted for the thesis was completed by the student independently. Funding Sources There are no outside funding contributions to acknowledge related to the research and compilation of this document. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER II HISTORY ................................................................................................ 3 Beginnings of Concrete Ships ............................................................................ 3 Early Concrete Ships in Europe ......................................................................... 5 Emergency Fleet Corporation ............................................................................ 8 SS Selma ............................................................................................................. 12 Other Concrete Ships and Shipwrecks ............................................................... 23 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER III CONSTRUCTION OF WORLD WAR I CONCRETE SHIPS ............ 33 Construction of Earliest Concrete Vessels ......................................................... 33 Construction of the Emergency Fleet Corporation ............................................ 39 Construction of the Selma ................................................................................... 44 Durham and Darlington ...................................................................................... 47 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 50 CHAPTER IV VISUAL SURVEY OF SS SELMA ........................................................ 52 Circa 1940-1960 ................................................................................................... 52 2007 ...................................................................................................................... 58 2012 ...................................................................................................................... 65 2018 ...................................................................................................................... 69 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION ........................................................................................ 77 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 79 APPENDIX A ................................................................................................................. 83 APPENDIX B ................................................................................................................ 86 APPENDIX C ................................................................................................................ 88 vi LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1 First concrete rowboat made by Joseph Lambot ..................................... 3 Figure 2 Ninety-food barge built in Mobile, Alabama from 1912 ........................ 5 Figure 3 SS Selma being launched in Mobile, Alabama ....................................... 13 Figure 4 View of Selma stranded on the Tampico jetty from the deck of the SS John D. Rockefeller ............................................................................ 14 Figure 5 Reinforcing timbers on Selma to allow it to be sailed to Galveston ....... 16 Figure 6 Hull portion of SS Durham or Darlington .............................................. 24 Figure 7 Concrete wreck off Bolivar peninsula ..................................................... 30 Figure 8 Concrete wreck off North Jetty ............................................................... 30 Figure 9 Design of 7,500 ton concrete tankers ...................................................... 39 Figure 10 Selma at sea ............................................................................................. 45 Figure 11 Section of Aransas Pass ship being shifted to a horizontal position ....... 49 Figure 12 Deck of Selma facing aft ......................................................................... 53 Figure 13 Stern deck of Selma from amidships ....................................................... 54 Figure 14 Stern deck of Selma ................................................................................. 55 Figure 15 Deck of Selma, view aft .......................................................................... 56 Figure 16 Inside Selma superstructure ..................................................................... 57 Figure 17 View of Selma from port side, 2007 ....................................................... 58 Figure 18 Selma amidships, view aft, 2007 ............................................................. 59 Figure 19 View of Selma amidships from starboard with partial view of lower foredeck, 2007 ......................................................................................... 59 vii Figure 20 View of Selma amidships from starboard, 2007 ..................................... 60 Figure 21 View of Selma from starboard stern, 2007 .............................................. 60 Figure 22 Selma from the stern, 2007 ...................................................................... 61 Figure 23 Selma from the port side, 2007 ................................................................ 62 Figure 24 Selma, bow from port side, 2007 ............................................................. 63 Figure 25 Close up of Selma name port, 2007 ......................................................... 64 Figure 26 Close up of Selma name starboard, 2007 ................................................ 64 Figure 27 Selma, viewed from bow, 2007 ............................................................... 65 Figure 28 Selma, viewed from bow, 2012 ............................................................... 66 Figure 29 View of ship’s name from starboard, 2012 ............................................. 67 Figure 30 View of Selma bow from port side, 2012 ................................................ 68 Figure 31 View of Selma amidships port side, 2012 ............................................... 68 Figure 32 View of Selma from stern, 2018 .............................................................. 69 Figure 33 View of Selma’s stern to amidships from port
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