Rights Reserved Women 1 S Intercollegiate Athletics in The
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© 1977 JOANN KAREN RUTHERFORD ALL RIGHTS RESERVED WOMEN 1 S INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS IN THE UNITED STATES: A GEOGRAPHICAL EXAMINATION 1971-1977 By JOANN KAREN RUTHERFORD Bachelor of Science in Education Pittsburg State University Pittsburg, Kansas 1971 Master of Science Eastern New Mexico University Portalesi New Mexico 1972 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION July, 1977 WOMEN'S INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS IN THE UNITED STATES: A GEOGRAPHICAL EXAMINATION 1971-1977 Thesis Approved: 997330 ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For the continuous daily support, love and devotion from the beginning of my life, I sincerely dedicate this study to my parents, Don and Marithta Rutherford. It is through their constant teaching, guidance, and utmost concern that they have shown me the beauty in life combined with learning. In special gratitude, my sincere thanks to my sister, Kaye Rutherford, who shared and enhanced all of these experiences. Also I would secondly like to note a special remembrance to my grandfather, Joe Gobl, Sr., now deceased, for the life long memories he gave to me and wisdom in knowing the foreseeable future. In honorable mention special gratitude to my step-grandmother, Mrs. Bernice Gobl for her assistance and dedication in the past and present and finally throughout the culination of this study. The writer wishes to acknowledge her major adviser, Dr. John F. Rooney, Jr. for his introduction to the geography of sport. It is through this thought-provoking area he has relinquished much guidance, stimulating thought, assistance and continued support throughout this study. Appreciation is also rewardingly due a most gracious and always understanding member of my committee, Dr. Betty Abercrombie. She has always devoted herself in helping others with unmeasurable deed, loyalty, guidance and enduring faith. Her complete support and iii inspiring motivation have been very valuable in this study. I also wish to express my sincere appreciation to the Chairman of my Committee, Dr. A. B. Harrison, and also Dr. Thomas Karman, committee member, whose valuable assistance will always be remembered. Also, to all my colleagues and the administrative staff at Oklahoma State University, thank you for all the encouragement, assistance and enlightenment. Special gratitude is given to the many friends that have sincerely given their time, interest and continued faith every day. My deepest appreciation is expressed to each one of them. I would also like to extend a note of thanks to Velda Davis for her excellent work and advice in the typing of this manuscript. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION . 1 II. A.I.A.W. - ASSOCIATION FOR INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS FOR WOMEN 12 Significance of the Study lJ Limitations of the Study 14 Definition of Terms •••• . 14 Design and Methodology • • • • . 16 Methodology . 16 Procedure . 18 III. A BRIEF HISTORY OF WOMEN IN SPORT . 21 History and Sport • • • • • • • • • • • • • 21 Sport and Society • • • • • • • JO IV. ANALYSIS OF DATA AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS . 39 Analysis of Data •••• . 42 Participation of Patterns 42 Number of Sports per State . 46 Number of States per Sport . 48 Contests per Sport by State . 53 Budget Data ••••• . 67 National Tournament Results . 74 Scholarship Data ••••• . 84 Regional Tournament Participation 91 V. CASE STUDIES ON NATIONAL AIAW WINNERS . 119 The Basketball Elite 119 Delta State, Cleveland, Mississippi 122 California State University at Fullerton, California •••••• 123 Golf . 123 Arizona State University at Tempe, Arizona • • • • • • • • • • • • 123 Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina • • • • • • • • • • • • • 124 Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida 126 Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida . 126 v Chapter Page Gymnastics • • • • • • • • • • • 127 Southern Illinois University, 'Carbondale, Illinois 127 Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Indiana . 128 Track and Field . 129 Texas Woman's University, Denton, Texas • 129 University of California, Los Angeles, California • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 129 Badminton 131 Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 131 California State University, Long Beach, California • • • • • • • • • • • 131 University of Wisconsin, Lacrosse, Wisconsin • • • • • • • • • • • • 132 Pasadena City College, Pasadena, California • 133 Volleyball • • • • • • • • • • • 133 University of California, Los Angeles, California • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . 133 Texas Women's University, Denton, Texas • 134 University of California, Santa Barbara, California • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 134 Swimming • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 135 Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 135 University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 135 University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 136 Towards Exploration ••••••••••••••• 137 VI. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMM!j;NDATIONS 140 Conclusions 140 Recommendations 142 A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ,APPENDIXES APPENDIX A - RESPONDING PROGRAMS AS DISPLAYED IN FIGURE 1 150 APPENDIX B - QUESTIONNAIRE . 158 APPENDIX C - PURPOSES OF AIAW .. 166 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page I. Number of Sports Offered in AIAW Sports Competition Team or Individual 43 II. Number of Sports Offered in Each State 44 III. Sports per Region . 47 IV. Number of Contests Played per State (Mean) V. Budget Data 68 VI. National Championships 76 VII. Schools Offering Scholarships 87 VIII. Time Spent per Contest . 95 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Intercollegiate Women's Athletics Location Reg:ional Divisions by Study Respondents. 40 2. Intercollegiate Women's Athletics Participation by State •••• . J. Intercollegiate Women's Athletics National Tourna~ent Results • • • • • • • • • • • • • 52 4. Intercollegiate Women's Athletics Scholarships by Institutions • • • • • • • • • • • • • 85 5. Intercollegiate Women's Athletics Regional Tournament Participation by State 92 6. Intercollegiate Women's Athletics National Tournament Participation by State 93 viii CHAPTER, I INTRODUCTION "Perhaps all women athletes should be mountain climbers, because the plight of women in sports programs is clearly an uphill struggle (Dunkle, Women's Athletics~' articl.e 1 (1). 11 For many years in the United States, there has been no sharper example of discrimination than that which operated against girls and women who took part in competitive sports, desired to take part, or would have if society did not scorn such endeavors. No matter what age, education, race, talent, or riches, the fe~ale's right to play competitive sports has been severely restricted. The funds, facilities, coaching, rewards, and honors allotted women is grossly inferior to those granted men. In many places absolutely no support was given to women's athletics, and females are barred from participatiQn. A female who, despite handicaps and discouragements, persisted in her athletic interests was not likely to be congratulated on her sporting desires and grit. She was more apt to be subjected to social and psych0logical pressures, the effect of which was to cast doubt on her morals, sanity, and womanhood. Athletics are a sensitive issue for many people. Athletics both reflect and perpetuate the ideas people have about what is right for boys to do and what is ri~ht for girls to do. Sex stereotypes are often deeply ingrained and confronting them head-on can be difficult. 1 2 Boys are supposed to be strong and aggressive, both physically and emotionally. Women, on the other hand, are supposed to be weak and passive, both physically and emotionally. So the myth goes, and myths die hard. Why aren't women encouraged to participate in athletics? Gilbert suggests that the traits associated with athletics "excellence- achievement, aggressiveness, leadership, strength, swiftness, self confidence--are often seen as being in contradiction with the role of 2 women." The college woman, who cannot practice in her university's multi million-dollar gymnasium, has no offer of financial assistance, finds equipment scarce and elderly, and must sell raffle tickets to pay · travel expenses, exemplifies current conditions. There has been a publicly announced, publicly supported notion that sport is good for people, that sports develop better citizens, build vigorous minds and bodies, and promotes a better society. Yet many females 0;.f this country's population find that this credo does not apply to them. Perha~s the real problem is that some in our society believe only men are people and women are something less. 3 But one need only look around to see that things are changing, which allows more and more women to break from tradition. The health and nutrition movement focuses on the body and is emphasizing the need for everyone to get exercise. As :we can see through the ·nie dia, women' s liberation is opening up participation for women in many areas: economics, politics and sports. "The most positive sign of change," says Carol Gordon, P~st President of the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW), "is that people are taking a critical look 3 4 at the situation and coming to grips with the idea of women's sports." The Association of Intercollegiate Athletic.s for Women (AIAW) provides leadership for initiating and maintaining standards of excellence in women's intercollegiate athletic programs. Title IX of the 1972 Education Act forbids colleges from dis- criminating against any person, including women, in any program, including athletics. The law reads, "No