~.v~III
PECOS BLUNTNOSE SHINER RECOVERY PLAN
Fishery Resources September 1992 Dexter, New Mexico BLUNTNOSE SHINER
RECOVERY PLAN
Prepared by The Rio Grande Recovery Team
PECOS Clark Hubbs, Leader Department of zoology University of Texas, Austin Texas
Anthony Echelle Oklahoma State University, Stiliwater, Oklahoma
Salvador Contreras-Balderas Facultad de Ciencias Bio]ogicas Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon Ciudad Universitaria, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
David Propst New Mexico Department of Game and Fish Santa Fe, New Mexico
Gary Garrett Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Heart of the Hills Research Station Ingram, Texas
James Brooks New Mexico Fishery Resources U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Dexter, New Mexico
Approved:
~ Regio 1 D ector, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Date:. SEP 20 1992 DISCLAIMER Recovery plans delineate reasonable actions which are believed to be required to recover and/or protect listed species. Plans are published by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, sometimes prepared with the assistance of recovery teams, contractors, State agencies, and others. Objectives will be attained and any necessary funds made available subject to budgetary and other constraints affecting the parties involved, as well as the need to address other priorities. Recovery Plans do not necessarily represent the views nor official positions or approval of any individuals or agencies involved in the plan formulation, other than the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. They represent the official position of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service only after they have been signed by the Regional Director or Director as approved. Approved recovery plans are subject to modification as dictated by new findings, changes in species status, and completion of recovery tasks.
LITERATURE CITATIONS Literature citation should read as follows: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1992. Pecos Bluntnose Shiner Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 2, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 57 pp. Additional copies may be purchased from: Fish and Wildlife Reference Service: 5430 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 110 Bethesda, Maryland 20814 301/492—6403 or 1—800—582—3421 The fee for the plan varies depending on the number ot pages.
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Current Status:
The species is listed as threatened. Historically, this species occurred throughout the Pecos River system in New Mexico and Texas. The species has decreased drastically in abundance and range. It is now restricted to two Pecos river segments, totaling some 100 miles, in New Mexico.
Habitat Reauirements and Limiting Factors:
The Pecos bluntnose shiner occurs only in permanent flowing waters of the Pecos River. Impoundments, manipulated water flows, contaminants, and introduced species are major threats to this species survival.
Recovery Obiective: Stabilization.
Recovery Criteria: Maintain viable populations throughout the 100 miles of habitat where the species still occurs.
Actions Needed: 1. Monitor existing populations. 2. Maintain and enhance existing populations. 3. Reintroduce fish into historic habitats. 4. Enforce statutes that protect existing populations and their habitats. 5. Develop and implement public information program.
Costs ($000): Year Need 1 Need 2 Need ~3 Need 4 Need 5 Total 1993 22.5 216.0 30.0 13.0 13.0 294.5 1994 22.5 364.0 30.0 13.0 10.0 439.5 1995 22.5 310.0 35.0 13.0 8.0 388.5 1996 22.5 156.0 25.0 13.0 7.5 224.0 1997 22.5 97.0 25.0 15.0 7.5 167.0 1998 22.5 85.0 20.0 15.0 7.5 150.0 1999 22.5 85.0 20.0 15.0 7.5 150.0 2000 22.5 85.0 20.0 15.0 7.5 150.0 2001 22.5 85.0 20.0 15.0 7.5 150.0 2002 22.5 85.0 20.0 15.0 7.5 150.0
Total Cost to Stabilize: 225.0 1,568.0 245.0 142.0 83.5 2,263.5
Date of Stabilization: If stabilization has been achieved, delisting objectives will be determined in 2002.
2.2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Disclaimer i Summary ii Table of Contents iii
PART I - INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction 1 Phylogeny and Nomenclature 2
Description 2 Distribution 3 Historic 3 Current 3 Reasons for Decline 7 Ecology 8 Major Threats 9 Conservation Efforts 13
PART II - RECOVERY 15 Objective 15 Step-down Outline 15
Narrative 19 Literature Cited 31
PART III - IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE 37
iii PECOS BLUNTNOSE SHINER RECOVERY PLAN
-. PARTI
Introduction
The Pecos bluntnose shiner (Notropis sinus pecosensis) is one of two subspecies of Notro~issimus (Cope). The other subspecies, the Rio Grande bluntnose shiner, li. ~. sinus, is presumed extinct (Chernoff et al. 1982, Miller et al. 1989, Bestgen and Platania 1990). The Pecos bluntnose shiner is restricted to the Pecos River of New Mexico (Hatch et al. 1985) and is federally listed as threatened (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1987). Critical habitat for this subspecies includes two sections of the Pecos River in New Mexico. The first section begins approximately 10 miles (16 kin) south of Fort Sumner, DeBaca County, and extends approximately 64 miles (103 kin) downstream into Chaves County. The second section is between Hagerman and Artesia in Chaves and Eddy counties and is approximately 37 miles (60 kin) long, (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1987). The subspecies is also protected as endangered under Chapter 68 of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Code and is listed as endangered by the Texas Organization for Endangered Species (Anonymous 1987). It is listed as endangered (Group 2), by the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish (N.M. State Game Commission, Reg. No. 624 and amendments). The Pecos bluntnoae shiner is considered endangered by the American Fisheries Society (Williams et al. 1989).
1 Phylogeny and Nomenclature
Notropip sinus was first described as Alburnellus sinus by Cope (in Cope and Yarrow 1875), based upon a series of specimens obtained from the Rio
Grande near San Ildefonso, New Mexico. Jordan and Gilbert (1883) assigned the species to the genus Cliola, but Evermann and Kendall (1894) placed it in Notropis. Roster (1957) believed a similar, undescribed species occupied the Pecos River in New Mexico. Chernoff et al. (1982) described the Pecos form as a new subspecies, Notropis sinus pecoserisjs, and distinguished it from the nominate subspecies, li. ~. sinus, the Rio Grande form. Several workers (Hubba 1957; Roster 1957; Hubbs and Echelle 1972; Miller 1976) have considered Notro~ia orca (the phantom shiner), which inhabited the lower Rio Grande in New Mexico, Texas, and Mexico, a synonym of ~j.sinus. However, Chernoff et al. (1982) demonstrated that Notro~is orca is a valid species.
Description
Notro~issinus pecosensis is a moderate—sized shiner separable from co—occurring shiners by its robust body, blunt and rounded snout, and large, slightly subterminal mouth that usually extends even with the pupil. The eye is relatively small and the caudal pedunc].. comparatively deep (Sublette et al. 1990). Pharyngeal dentition is usually 2,4—4,2
(Chernoff et al. 1982); anal fin rays number 8-10, with a mode of 9; and lateral—line scales number 33—38. Based upon a 1990 collection (S.P. Platania, University of New Mexico, personal communication) the Pecos bluntnose shiner may attain a total length (TL) of 90 mm (63 mm standard length (SL]). The species is pallid gray to greenish-brown dorsally and
2 whitish ventrally. A wide, silvery lateral stripe (dusky in preserved specimens) extends from the pectoral girdle to the caudal base. Pelvic and anal fins lack pigmentation, dorsal and pectoral fins have small black flecks along rays, and the caudal fin is variably pigmented (Chernoff et al., 1982).
Distribution
Historic Distribution
The Pecos bluntnose shiner inhabited the mainstream Pecos River from Santa
Rosa downstream to the vicinity of Carlsbad, New Mexico (Hatch et al., 1985) (Fig. 1). This subspecies has not been recorded in the Texas portion of the Pecos River.
Collection records attest to the historic abundance of the species. For example, one collection (UNM 1388) made in 1939 from the Pecos River near Fort Sumner contained 1,482 bluntnose shiners. Hatch et a].. (1985) sampled the same area in 1981 and collected only four bluntnose shiners.
Current Distribution and Status
Currently the Pecos bluntnose shiner survives in the Pecos River below
Lake Stunner downstream to the upper end of, and seasonally in, Brantley Reservoir (Fig. 2). Within this river reach, abundance of the species is uneven (Brooks et al. 1991). The largest populations occur in seepage areas of the river upstream from the U.S. Highway 70 crossing to Fort Sumner and, to a lesser extent, in the reach between Hagerman and Artesia.
The Pecos bluntnose shiner is now much less common than it once was. The
3 Rsw~*
R.sefv~t I ~—Notr~âs!~!!!~!
Notropis simus
ReserVOif R.serv*
Shift Chadod~~ 4. 0 50 100 ~lr,t-~ Km
Fig. 1. Historic distribution of the b].untnose shiner. NotroD simus. Solid circles are historic collection sites a
and cross-hatched areas indicate verified and probabl range. Presumably, the species once inhabited the Ri Grande and Pecos R~verdownstream to their confluence goals Ross Rssvvoir
Soato Ross I
5~*wRsssnsw
Forl $tw I I I 0 50 Km
Rssvell ic~3.
Artesis
8z~nfl.yR.s.rvor
A~.~onR,ssr,* C~lsbod
I
?EW M~X1C0 —. .— ._ .~. ~ ~ J TEXAS *.4 ~vU R.wisi
Fig. 2. Current distribution of the Pecos bluntnose shiner,
N~t~p~4gsimus.pecosensis.Open circles indicate historic collection sites and solid circles indicate
extant populations. Shaded areas designate critical habitat. 5 largest collection reported by Hatch et al. (1985) contained only 76 individuals. Collections made in 1986 at five historic sites contained a total of 131 Pecos bluntnose—shiners (Platania, pers. corn.). Additional collections of ~. ~. ~cosensis have been made systematically during monitoring surveys downstream of the U.S. 70 bridge, 1986—1991. These sites include the U.S. 70 highway crossing (52 — 1987, 35 — 1988, 74 —
1989, 142 — 1990, 169 — 1991) and Lake Arthur Falls (288 — 1986, 58 —
1987, 85 — 1989, 31 — 1990, 14 — 1991) (J.E. Brooks, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, pers. comm.).
Brooks et a].. (1991) summarized all known historic collection data and compared them with more recent collections made during 1986—1990. ~. ~. ~ecosensis was collected from all previously known localities downstream of Fort Sumner, plus eight additional locations not previously sampled. Brooks et a].. (1991) found that N. s. pecosensis numerically comprised 3.7 percent of the total number of all shiners collected (five species) from the Pecos River during 1990, compared to 22.4 percent for all collections prior to 1980 (four species). In the river reach between Fort Sumner and Roswell, all size and age classes of Pecos bluntnose shiner were collected. Downstream of Roewell, only young—of—year and juvenile Pecos bluntnose shiner were collected from all habitats sampled. Successive seasonal sampling in the lower reach of the Pfcos River following summer runoff yield dwindling numbers of young Pecos bluntnose shiner (J.E. Brooks, unpublished field notes). Apparently, summer rainstorm events tend to displace young Pecos bluntnose shiner from the upper Pecos River into habitats downstream of Roawell (Brooks et a].. 1991).
6 Reasons for Decline
Very little is known of the specific reasons for the decline of the Pecos bluntnose shiner. Nevertheless, it is apparent that the decline is due mainly, if not exclusively, to modification of Pecos bluntnose shiner environments. Such modifications include the physical alteration of Pecos bluntnose shiner habitat and the introduction and establishment of non— native fish species. This is part of a general pattern of decline in small, short—lived fishes that are native to the large riverine waters of the Southwest (Miller 1961).
The reasons for the decline (or extirpation) of the Pecos bluntnose shiner vary among the areas. Hatch et a].. (1985) presented information that indicated stream desiccation to be the main reason for the decline of the Pecos bluntnose shiner in the Pecos River. The species occurred primarily in areas of perennial flow. Habitats in the main stream channel from several stream kilometers above the U.s. 70 bridge downstream to the Rio Hondo confluence are routinely reduced to intermittent pools during summer months (Brooks et al. 1991). Bestgen et al. (1989) discussed the recent introduction and spread of the Arkansas River shiner (Notropis airardi) in the Pecos River. Establishment of the normative ~. airardi, presumably due to stream habitat alterations caused by reservoir storage and release operations, may impact ~. ~. pecosensis throughout its occupied range. It is likely that other physical habitat modifications, pollution, and nonnative predators/competitors also have contributed to the decline of the species in the Pecos River drainage (Brooks et al. 1991).
7 Ecoloav
Hatch et al. (1985) provided-the only published information available on the general biology of the Pecos bluntnose shiner. Their study found that the species occupied most major habitats within the river, but was most common in the main channel. It was typically found in low—velocity water, 17 to 41 cm deep, over sand substrate.
Precise information on the reproductive biology of this species is lacking. Based upon recent data (Hatch et al. 1985; K.R. Bestgen and S.P. Platania, pers. comm.), Pecos bluntnose shiner spawning is probably initiated in spring and continues through early autumn. Hatch et al. (1985) reported an Age II female contained 1,049 mature or maturing ova. Bestgen and Platania (1990) analyzed reproductive data from 10 museum specimens of Rio Grande bluntnose shiner and determined a spawning season beginning in mid-June to mid-July and continuing for 4-6 weeks. Seven Age II and three Age III females contained an average of 1,883 and 2,721 ova, respectively.
In the wild, Pecos bluntnose shiner may survive 3 years, but most individuals in a population are Age I or less. Most growth is attained by the end of the first year (Age 0). Hatch et al. (1985) reported that Age O bluntnose shiners attained lengths to 32.5 mm (SL), Age I to 45.0 mm
(SL), and Age II to 56.5 mm (SL).
Pecos bluntnose shiner food and feeding habitats have not been investigated, but the species probably feeds on small aquatic macroinvertebrates, as do many other shiners (Starrett 1951; Griswold
8 1963). The gut is simple with two flexures, and the peritoneum is silvery (Chernoff et al. 1982). These attributes are common among shiners that eat small aquatic macroinvert.ebrates.
A total of 23 species of fish were collected within the current range of the Pecos bluntnose shiner by Hatch et al. (1985). Only the plains minnow (Hvboanathus plpcitus~, speckled chub (Macrhvbopsis aestivalis), Rio Grande shiner (Notropis -lemezanus), red shiner (Cyprinella lutrensis), and Arkansas River shiner (~j. qirardi) were frequently found in association with the bluntnose shiner. Bestgen et al. (1989) and Brooks et a].. (1991) collected similar species and numbers, with the most notable exception being the Arkansas River shiner (I!. airardi) being collected in relatively large numbers throughout the current range of the Pecos bluntnose shiner.
Malor Threats
Loss of permanent flow and degradation of river reaches having permanent flow are the primary known threats to the Pecos bluntnose shiner (Hatch et al. 1985, Brooks et al. 1991), Other factors, such as predation by and competition with introduced fishes and reduced water quality may also have adverse impacts upon surviving Pecos bluntnose shiner populations. But, the paucity of direct information makes consideration of such threats speculative. There is considerable evidence, however, that native fishes of the Southwestern United States are scarce in the presence of abundant numbers of introduced fishes (Williams et al. 1985).
9 Hatch et al. (1985) encountered the Pecos bluntnose shiner most commonly in two areas of permanent flow in the Pecos River which were considered to be maintained by groundwater-seepage. In these reaches of permanent flow (Fig. 2), all age groups were present except in the lower reach where Age II adults were not collected. Brooks et al. (1991) also found Pecos bluntnose shiner in both reaches but in drastically reduced numbers downstream of Roswell. Elsewhere in the historic range of the
subspecies, the river is intermittent or otherwise modified, and the shiner is uncommon or absent. The few individuals present in intermittent reaches are probably immigrants from the permanently flowing reaches. Permanent river flows, therefore, appear to be critical to Pecos bluntnose shiner survival.
The operation of Sumner Dam has significantly altered flow regimes in the upper Pecos River (U.S.G.S., 1913—1991). During the period 1913—1935,
prior to dam operations, the average number of days per year when flows were measured at less than 1 cubic feet per second (cfs) at the U.S.G.S. stream gage below Sumner Dam was zero. For the period after dam operation began, 1937—1990, measured flows less than 2. cfs occurred an average of 55.2 days per year. Although intermittent conditions in downstream reaches occurred historically, they were exacerbated greatly following
construction and operation of dams on the Pecos River.
Pecos River flows from Roswell to Brantley Reservoir are impacted by a suite of factors. Although dam and reservoir operations affect flows in this reach, groundwater and river pumping and the proliferation of the nonnative salt cedar (Tamnarix pentandra) have altered river flow also. Brooks et al. (1991) identified the reduction, by nearly half, of surface
10 flows measured near Artesia during pre—Sumner Dam conditions and after. This reduction in flows was presumably due primarily to groundwater pumping of the Roswell Artesian Basin (Fiedler and Nyc, 1933; Havenor, 1968). The initiation of metering water wells and enforcing water rights allocations by the State of New Mexico in the early 1960’s was successful in slowing the declining water table (Glen Brirn, State Engineers Office, Roswell, pers. corn.). Direct pumping from the Pecos River for agricultural use diverts water downstream of Roswell. However, volumes pumped have not exceeded evaporative and bank losses during reservoir retention (U.S.G.S. data). Channel losses during instream transport has been estimated for specific reaches of the Pecos River by the New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission and factor into scheduling of water releases. Control of salt cedar by mechanical removal along the Pecos River was evaluated by Welder (1988) and determined to be inconsequential to surface flow in the adjacent channel. The efficacy of removing salt cedar to increase surface flows is the current focus of privately initiated water conservation efforts.
Water quality contamination has been identified for the Pecos River (Schmitt and Brumbaugh, 1990; Schmitt et a].., 1990) and associated habitats (O’Brien, 1990 a,b). Those evaluations identified the elevation of dissolved heavy metals and the occurrence of organochlorine chemicals, common constituents and levels associated with agricultural water uses. Exploration and development of oil and gas reserves within the Pecos River
Basin may also affect water quality and pose water quality problems. White (1991) summarized the negative effects of petroleum chemicals on the environment. Recent efforts have been initiated by the New Mexico
Environment Department, Environmental Protection Agency, and Fish and
11 Wildlife Service to evaluate the extent of petro- and agri-chemical
pollution in the Pecos River. In addition, reduced flows from upstream reaches result in higher salinities downstream of Roswell that may affect
fish distribution (U.S.G.S. data; Brooks et al., 1991). During high flow periods (>500 cf s), salinities are reduced to low levels but increase once
reservoir releases are halted.
Non—native fish species likely compete with and prey upon various life
stages of ~j.~. pecosensis. However, potential impacts have not been quantified. Bestgen et al. (1989) documented the introduction and
expansion of ~. cmirardi. He also discussed the relevance of the establishment of the non-native fi. placitus and noted the disappearance of li• amarus in the Pecos River after these introduction of these two species of fish. It is likely that habitat changes caused by various man-related
activities favor non—native species over native fishes such as ~. ~. pecosensis. Also, the State of New Mexico has established non—native sport fisheries in all Pecos River reservoirs. The long—term impacts of introduced predators such as walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) and white bass (Morone chrysops) are unknown. The New Mexico Department of Game and Fish
is currently evaluating implications of non—native fisheries management, both live baitfish and sportfish, on the conservation of N. a. pecosensis.
ti. ~. pecosensis habitat has been lost due to impoundments. In the wild, the species does not survive long in lentic environments. Monthly
collections (May - October) from newly formed Brantley Reservoir, downstream of the now breached McMillan Dam, during its initial filling in
1989, revealed the presence of bluntnose shiner in fish collections through July. Subsequent collections in the reservoir proper did not
12 yield any bluntnose shiner (J.E. Brooks, pers. comm.). Correspondingly, in riverine habitats, the species is relatively uncommon in pools (Hatch 1982; Hatch et al. 1985). Data presented by Hatch et al. (1985) and
Brooks et al. (1991) indicated Pecos bluntnose shiner are not a regular inhabitant of the Pecos River in stream reaches immediately below dams. Reservoir tailwaters commonly disrupt native fish assemblages (Edwards 1978). Dams and reservoirs also serve as barriers to Pecos bluntnose shiner dispersal. Hatch et a].. (1985) did not find the species upstream of Sumner Reservoir nor downstream of McMillan Reservoir. Recent surveys confirm Hatch’s findings for the river upstream of Sumner Reservoir, but Pecos bluntnose shiner were collected downstream of the McMillan Dam site (Brooks et al. 1991).
Conservation Efforts to Date
In 1980, an effort was initiated to hold and rear Pecos bluntnose sn~ner at the Dexter National Hatchery and Technology Center. Ten adult shiners were seined from the Pecos River at U.S. 380 highway crossing on October 24, 1980. These fish were placed into a pond for overwinter holding and subsequently moved to an artificial stream the following spring. All fish died without successful voluntary reproduction and/or recruitment in either environment.
Mitigation for Brantley Dam on the Pecos River included providing a minimum 20 cfs continuous flow below the dam and an outflow channel to provide suitable Pecos bluntnose shiner habitat (USBR 1982). Reports of the Pecos bluntnose shiner in this area were believed by Hatch et al. (1985) to represent “baitbucket” introductions. Post—dam closure
13 collections during 1989 and 1990 in the mitigation channel and at downstream locations indicate bluntnose shiner do not occur in this reach
(Brooks et a].. 1991). -
A report by Brooks et al. (1991) provided the basis for a biological assessment by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (U.S. Department of Interior 1991) and a biological opinion (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1991) on Pecos River reservoir operations. The biological assessment and biological opinion determined there was sufficient justification to find reservoir operations culpable in the decline of Pecos bluntnose shiner. In particular, it was noted that reservoir operations significantly impacted riverine habitats above Roswell while a suite of man—caused activities, including ground-water pumping and pollution, altered downstream reaches. Subsequently, the Carlsbad Irrigation District, New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to cooperate in the study and management of Pecos River resources. Under the guidelines of the MOU, a 5-year plan was developed to guide study activities. The objectives of this study are to identify the dynamics and interrelationships of the fish community, riverine habitats, flows, and reservoir operations.
The New Mexico Department of Game and Fish has been instrumental in promoting regulation of commercial bait harvesting from the Pecos River (Schmitt 1976). Presently, commercial harvest of bait minnows from areas where Pecos bluntnose shiners occur is prohibited.
14 PART II
Objective: The goal of this recovery plan is to outline measures that must be taken to secure survival of Pecos bluntnose shiner in its current range. In addition, efforts should be made to reestablish the species in areas of historic occupancy. Delisting can be considered only when continued survival of Pecos bluntnose shiner is assured.
Step-down Outline:
1. Maintain and enhance existing Pecos bluntnose shiner populations and their habitat.
1.1. Determine biological requirements.
1.11. Determine time, location, duration of spawning, fecundity, and early life history.
1.12. Determine age and growth.
1.13. Determine food habits and relate them to food availability and habitat use patterns.
1.14. Determine seasonal and annual population dynamics
15 of Pecos bluntnose shiner and associated fishes.
1.15. Determine present distribution by conducting thorough inventories of areas where species historically occurred.
1.16. Monitor existing populations and associated aquatic habitats.
1.2. Determine habitat requirements and flow/habitat relationships.
1.21. Determine ontogenic seasonal and geographic patterns of macrohabitat use.
1.22. Determine extent of available habitat.
1.23. Determine effects of reservoir—controlled and natural flow events on habitat availability.
1.3. Determine relationship between current distribution and human modification of the Pecos River.
1.31. Determine distributional and abundance patterns in relation to impoundments.
1.32. Determine influence of pollutants upon distribution and abundance patterns.
16 1.33. Determine effects of non—native fish species interactions on distribution and abundance.
1.34. Identify other modifications that influence Pecos bluntnose shiner distribution and abundance.
1.4. Develop management strategies for protection and enhancement of existing habitat.
1.41. Protect populations and habitat through acquisition of water rights and/or conservation easements.
2. Reintroduce Pecos bluntnose shiner into suitable habitat within its historic range.
2.1. Develop a Pecos bluntnose shiner broodetock at an appropriate fish culture/research facility for a refugium population and to provide fish for research and reintroduction.
2.11. Develop propagation, rearing, and broodstock maintenance methods that ensure species integrity.
2.2. Identify and evaluate areas for potential reintroduction.
2.3. Reintroduce into suitable areas and monitor stocked populations.
3. Disseminate information about Pecos bluntnose shiner.
17 3.1. Develop an information brochure.
3.2. Utilize Arizona/New Mexico American Fisheries Society Chapter video tape on native southwestern fishes.
3.3. Develop a media (video, slide) program.
3.4. Whenever possible, take advantage of local opportunities to explain to the public the plight of the shiner and efforts being made for its recovery.
4. Enforce State and Federal laws protecting bluntnose shiner and its habitat.
4.1. Provide Section 7 consultation under the ESA and enforce State and Federal laws and regulations pertaining to take and habitat modification.
4.2. Continue prohibition of commercial minnow harvest in designated
reaches of the Pecos River.
4.21. Determine effectiveness and need for continued prohibition of commercial minnow harvest from designated reaches of the Pecos River.
18 Narrative Outline
The goal of this recovery plan. is to outline measures that must be taken to ensure survival of the Pecos bluntnose shiner in the wild and provide habitat essential for its recovery. This goal will be realized when sufficient protection is provided to ensure appropriate flows and water quality are maintained in designated critical habitat, and when additional populations of the shiner are established in suitable areas of historic occupancy. Delisting can occur only when shiner range and abundance have reached a level that localized perturbations do not jeopardize the species’ continued survival.
Prime Objective: To provide adequate protection to the Pecos bluntnose shiner and its habitat to ensure survival of wild populations in their native habitat.
1. Maintain and enhance existing Pecos bluntnose shiner populations.
The Pecos bluntnose shiner survives mainly in two sections of the Pecos River, New Mexico. Perpetuation of the species in the wild depends upon a thorough knowledge of this minnow’s life history and ecology, of which relatively little is known.
2.1. Determine biological recTuirements
1.11. Determine timing, location, and duration of spawning number of young produced, and early life history.
19
—
, The reproductive biology of the Pecos bluntnose shiner is
poorly known. Some data indicates the spawning season is prolonged, but the influence of such factors as photoperiod, water temperature, discharge levels, flow regime, and turbidity are unknown. Specific spawning sites should be ascertained. Relative reproductive contributions by age class is unknown. It is not known if negative interactions occur between Pecos bluntnose shiner and associated species during the spawning season. The effects of various instream structures and watershed modifications upon Pecos bluntnose shiner reproductive success are not known. Diagnostic features separating Pecos bluntnose shiner larvae from those of associated species should be determined. Information on larval drift ecology of Pecos bluntnose shiner is needed.
1.12. Determine age and growth.
Some data exist on age and growth of Pecos bluntnose shiner
but these were compiled from study of specimens obtained
from September 23, 1981, to February 1, 1982 (Hatch et al. 1985). A thorough documentation of age and growth in both
major populations is needed. In addition, the effects of flow regimes, instream modifications, food availability, and competition upon growth and survival are required.
1.13. Determine food habits and relate to availability and habitat use patterns.
20 Food habits investigations for the Pecos bluntnose sn3.ner have not been -conducted. These data are necessary to evaluate potential competition, relate habitat preferences to preferred foods, determine seasonal food shifts, and
develop strategies to protect forage bases.
1.14. Determine seasonal and annual population dynamics of Pecos bluntnose shiner and associated fishes.
Studies should be conducted to determine Pecos bluntnose shiner population dynamics in relation to populations of other fish in the Pecos River. A better understanding of
these relationships would permit development of more effective management strategies for recovery.
1.15. Determine present distribution by conductina thorouah inventories of areas of historic occurrence.
The present data base concerning distribution and abundance for Pecos bluntnose shiner should be expanded by conducting
a thorough inventory of all reaches of the Pecos River where the fish was known to occur historically. This
inventory should be conducted during low flows to maximize collecting efficiency.
1.16. Monitor existing populations and associated acruatic habitats,.
2]. Previous studies have identified areas or xnown occurrence
for Pecos bluntnose shiner. Those areas should be monitored for long—term status evaluations. Standardized monitoring procedures should be developed and implemented. It is anticipated systematic seining of all habitats located at specific monitoring sites on an annual basis will be the primary method of monitoring. Also included in monitoring will be an annual evaluation of habitat conditions including quantification of available habitats at monitoring sites. Population status and trends and habitat availability over time will be the focus of data
analysis.
1.2. Determine habitat requirements and flow/habitat relationships.
1.21. Determine ontogenetjc seasonal and geographic patterns of
rnacrohabitat use.
There is some evidence that the species shifts habitats as it matures (Hatch et a].. 1985). Macrohabitat use and preference studies should be conducted to describe depth, velocity, substrate, chemistry, and temperature preferences of life history stages. It is not known if seasonal shifts
occur in Pecos bluntnose shiner macrohabitat use and preference. Movement to water of different depths and velocities from one season to the next may be important
behavioral/physiological adaptation for survival in highly
22
— variable systems. Over the range or a speci.es, some differences in patterns of macrohabitat use might be expected. Description of such patterns is integral to developing appropriate management strategies.
1.22. Determine extent of available habitat.
In addition to description of patterns of macrohabitat use, it is necessary to relate habitat use to habitat availability. When defined, these data will permit some definition of macrohabitat preference of the Pecos bluntnose shiner.
1.23. Determine effects of reservoir—controlled and natural flow events on habitat availability.
Previous studies have implicated reservoir operations on the Pecos River as negatively impacting quantity and quality of water transported to downstream reaches.
Historic operations have been to store water in reservoirs until requests by agricultural users necessitate a release
designed to deliver a specified quantity of water within a minimal time frame. Once delivery is complete, water
released through the dam is discontinued.
Downstream reaches are frequently dewatered or severely diminished. Natural high flow events caused by local rainstorm activity also affect channel conditions. Studies
23 have been initiated and should be completed to icienttry channel morphology response, including habitat availability, -to various flow types and sizes.
1.3. Determine relationship between current distributional patterns and human modification of the Pecos River.
1.31. Determine distributional and abundance patterns in relation to impoundments.
It is not known to what extent regulated flows affect distribution and abundance of Pecos bluntnose shiner. Investigation of the relationship between distribution and
abundance patterns and regulated flows may demonstrate that modification of water—release schedules will enhance the status of the Pecos bluntnose shiner.
1.32. Determine the influence of pollutants upon distribution
and abundance patterns.
Point sources of pollution (irrigation return, feedlot runoff, municipal waste, and petrochemical discharges) may have detrimental effects upon Pecos bluntnose shiner. However, the level of effect of any pollutant generally is
unknown. In order to provide protective measures for Pecos bluntnose shiner, determination of adverse affects of particular pollutants is required.
24 1.33. Determine effects of nonnative fish species interactions on distribution and abundance.
Altered habitats that occur at and upstream and downstream of manmade reservoirs usually result in establishment of non—native fish species. Reservoirs provide suitable habitats for non—native piscivores that, if displaced, may prey upon native fishes in riverine habitats. Cyprinid species, non—native to the Pecos River, also may prey upon or compete with native species for various resources.
Studies have been initiated and should be completed to determine the relationships between native and non—native
specie distribution, biology, and response to natural and altered flow regimes.
1.34. Identify other modifications that influence distribution and abundance.
Groundwater pumping in the Roswell Artesian Basin has been regulated since the early 1960’s and has been identified as a negative impact to surface river flows. In addition, several water users pump from the Pecos River for
irrigation purposes. Invasion of the nonnative plant, salt cedar, has been implicated, by preliminary data, in the decline of surface and ground waters along the Pecos River. The relationship between groundwater hydrology and surface flows should be determined. The total volume of water pumped from the river is small and is currently the focus
25 of State of New Mexico actions. Salt cedar control projects have been identified and are being pursued by private interests.
14. Develop manaaement strategies for protection and enhancement of existing habitat.
Management strategies will require integration and synthesis of data gathered in the above activities. Unless protection and enhancement of existing habitat are accomplished, stabilization
of surviving populations and increased range and abundance of the species cannot be achieved.
1.41. Protect populations and habitat throuah acquisition of water rights and/or conservation measures.
Studies indicate free-flowing water is preferred by the
Pecos bluntnose shiner. Given the various demands upon a limited resource, provision for instream water of
reasonable quantity and quality is basic to the species’ survival.
2. Reintroduce Pecos bluntnose shiner into suitable habitat within its historic range.
2.1. Develop a Pecos bluntnose shiner broodstock at an apPropriate fish culture/research facility for refugium. research and reintroductory purposes.
26 To ensure species survival and maximize probability or successful reestablishment of Pecos bluntnose shiner
populations, it is necessary to have a large number of fish available. The best way to achieve this task is to develop a captive broodstock. Removal of wild stock from the Pecos River to a fish cultural facility will be necessary.
Once a broodstock has been established and propagation techniques developed, it will be possible to maintain species genetic integrity and survival, provide material for various studies, and reintroduce the Pecos bluntnose shiner to areas historically occupied.
2.11. Develop propagation, rearing, and brood stock maintenance methods that ensure species integrity.
Reproductive biology of the Pecos bluntnose shiner in the wild should be the focus of culture methodology development. Eggs are known to hatch quickly and spawning
appears to coincide with summer rainstorm—caused flow events. Methods should address timing, habitat conditions, and hatching rate. Studies of food habits should direct development of culture diet. Brood/refugium stock size and spawning methods should minimize loss of genetic material.
2.2. Identify and evaluate areas for potential reintroduction.
27 Stream reaches devoid of Pecos bluntnose shiner, but which seem to contain requisit.e.habitat, should be considered for
reestablishment of Pecos bluntnose shiner. Such areas may require specific management such as removal of exotic predators to ensure survival of stocked populations.
2.3. Reintroduce into suitable areas and monitor stocked p~p~].ations.
Once fish have been stocked, a systematic monitoring program must be initiated. The purpose of this program would be to
monitor condition of the fish, determine patterns of their dispersal, and identify physical and biological factors that
affect them.
3. Disseminate information about bluntnose shiner.
Public awareness of the recovery effort for the Pecos bluntnose shiner and basin—wide water—use issues should be encouraged. The
best way to achieve this is through an information and education program.
3.1. Develop an information brochure.
An information brochure should be produced and distributed to various groups and individuals. Production of the brochure could be done by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, New Mexico
28 Game and Fish Department, or a professional public relations firm.
3.2. Utilize Arizona/New Mexico American Fisheries Society Chapter
video tape on native southwestern fishes.
The Arizona/New Mexico Chapter of the American Fisheries Society has produced a video tape entitled Endanaered Fishes of the
Southwest. This video provides an overview of various factors that adversely affect native fishes in the Southwest. Use of this video as an educational tool should be encouraged.
3.3. Develop a media (video, slide~ program on Pecos bluntnose shiner.
A brief video or slide program concerning Pecos bluntnose shiner should be produced and made available to various groups including schools. This video should be general enough in scope to be of interest to elementary school children.
3.4. Whenever possible, take advantage of local opportunities to
explain the plight of the shiner and efforts being made for its recovery.
Recovery efforts for the species can be greatly enhanced if supported by the public and especially local residents.. They should understand that the fish is part of their natural heritage and as such should be recovered so that it can continue
29 to be a part of the native fish fauna of the Pecos River.
4 • Enforce State and Federal. laws protecting Pecos bluntnose shiner and
its habitat.
4.1. Provide Section 7 consultation unc~ the ESA and enforce State and Federal laws and regulations pertaining to take and habitat modification.
4.2. Continue prohibition of commercial minnow harvest in designated reaches of the Pecos River.
Currently, minnow harvest is prohibited by State law in the Pecos River over most of the area designated as critical
habitat.
4.21. Determine effectiveness and need for continued prohibition of commercial minnow harvest from desianated reaches of
the river.
A study should be conducted to determine if the continued prohibition of commercial minnow harvest from the Pecos River is effective in preventing negative impacts to the Pecos bluntnose shiner population.
30 Literature Cited
Anonymous. 1987. Endangered, threatened, and watch lists of vertebrates
of Texas. Texas Organization for Endangered Species. Publ. 4.
Bestgen, ICR. and S.P. Platania. 1990. Extirpation of Notropis simus simus(Cope) and Notropis orca Woolman (Pisces: Cyprinidae) from the Rio Grande in New Mexico, with notes on their life history. 0cc. Pap. Mus. Southwestern Biology 6:1-8.
Bestgen, ICR., S.P. Platania, J.E. Brooks, and D.L. Propst. 1989. Dispersal and life history traits of Notropis girardi (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), introduced into the Pecos River, New Mexico. Am. Midl. Nat. 122:228—235.
Brooks, J.E., S.P. Platania, and D.L. Propst. 1991. Effects of Pecos
River reservoir operation on the distribution and status of Pecos bluntnose shiner (Notropis simus pecosensis): preliminary findings. Rept. to U.S. fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Bureau of
Reclamation, Albuquerque, NM.
Chernoff, B., R. R. Miller, and C. R. Gilbert. 1982. Notro~isorca and Notropis simus, cyprinid fishes from the American Southwest with description of a new subspecies. 0cc. Pap. Mus. Zoo].., Univ. Mich.
698:1—49.
31 Cope, E. D. and H. C. Yarrow. 1875. Report upon the collections or fishes made in portions .of Nevada, Utah, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, during the years 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874. Rept. Geog. and Geol., Expl. and Surv. W. 100th Mend. (Wheeler Survey) 5:637—700.
Edwards, R. J. 1978. The effect of hypolimnion reservoir releases on fish distribution and species diversity. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 107:71—77.
Evermann, B. W. and W. C. Kendall. 1894. The fishes of Texas and the Rio Grande basin, considered with reference to their geographic distribution. Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. 12:57—121.
Fiedler, A.G. and S.S. Nyc. 1933. Geology and ground—water resources or the Roswell artesian basin, New Mexico. U.S. Geological Survey, Water-Supply Paper No. 639.
Griswold, B. L. 1963. Food and growth of spottail shiners and other forage fishes of Clear Lake, Iowa. Iowa Acad. Sci. 70:215—223.
Hatch, M. D. 1982. The status of Notropis simus pçcosensia in the Pecos River of New Mexico, with notes on life history and ecology. Rept. to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Endangered Species. New Mexico Dept. Game and Fish, Santa Fe.
32 M. D., W. H. Baltosser, and C. G. Schmitt. 1985. Life history and ecology of the bluntriose shiner (Notropis simus pecosensis) in the Pecos River of New Mexico. Southwest. Nat. 30:555-562.
Havenon, K.C. 1968. Structure, stratigraphy, and hydrogeology of the northern Roswell artesian basin, Chaves County, New Mexico.
Circular 93, State Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, New Mexico Hatch, Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, N.M.
Hubbs, C. 1957. Distributional patterns of Texas freshwater fishes.
Southwest. Nat. 2:89—104.
Hubbs, C. and A. A. Echelle. 1972. Endangered non-game fishes of the upper Rio Grande basin. Pp. 147—167 j~ Symposium on rare and endangered wildlife of the southwestern United States. New Mexico Dept. Game and Fish, Santa Fe, NM.
Jordan, D. S. and C. H. Gilbert. 1883. Synopsis of the fishes of North
America. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 16:1—1018.
Koster, W. J. 1957. Guide to the fishes of New Mexico. Univ. New Mexico
Press, Albuquerque, NM. Pp. 116.
Miller, R. R. 1961. Man and the changing fish fauna of the American southwest. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters 46:365—404.
33 Mi.lier, K. K. 19lb. ~n evaluation ox Setn E. Meek’s contributions to Mexican ichthyology. Fieldiana Zoo].. 69: 1—31.
Miller, R.R., J.D. Williams, and J.E. Williams. 1989. Extinctions of
North American fishes during the past century. Fisheries 14:22—38.
O’Brien, T.F. 1990a. Organochlorine and heavy metal contaminant investigation for Bitter Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Roswell, New Mexico 1986. Contaminants Report, Albuquerque Field Office, Ecological Services, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque.
O’Brien, T.F. 199Ob. Assessment of heavy metal contaminant levels in biota and sediment of the White Ranch, Roswell, New Mexico 1987. Contaminants Report, Albuquerque Field Office, Ecological Services, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque.
Schmitt, C. G. 1976. A study of bait fish sold in New Mexico in 1975.
New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, Santa Fe.
Schmitt, C.J. and W.G. Brumbaugh. 1990. National contaminant biomonitoring program: concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper,
lead, mercury, selenium, and zinc in U.S. freshwater fish, 1976—1984. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19: 731—747.
Schmitt, C.J., J.L. Zajicek, and P.H. Peterman. 1990. National contaminant biomonitoring program: residues of onganochlonine chemicals in U.S. freshwater fish, 1976-1984. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19: 748—781.
34 Starrett, W. C. 1951. Food relationships of the minnows or tne ues Moines River, Iowa. Ecology 31:216—233.
Sublette, J.E., M.D. Hatch, and M. Sublette. 1990. The fishes of New Mexico. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
393p.
U.S. Department of the Interior. 1982. Final supplement to final environmental impact statement, Brantley Project, Eddy County, New Mexico. Bureau of Reclamation, Southwest Region, Amarillo, Tx.
U.S. Department of the Interior. 1991. Final biological assessment:
Santa Rosa Lake, Lake Sumner, and Brantley Reservoir water operations, Pecos River, New Mexico. Bureau of Reclamation, Upper Colorado Region, Salt Lake City, Ut.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1987. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; determination of threatened status for the Pecos bluntnose shiner designation of its critical habitat. Federal Register 52(B4):5295—5303. February 20, 1987.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1991. Biological opinion for Pecos River water operations, New Mexico. Albuquerque, NM.
U.S. Geological Survey. 1913-1991. Water resources data — New Mexico.
35 Welder, G.E. 1988. Hydrologic effects of phreatophye control, Acme- Artesia reach of the Pecos River, New Mexico, 1967—1982. U.S.G.S. Water—resources investigations report 87-4148, Albuquerque.
White, J.(ed.). 1991. The effects of oil on wildlife. Oil Symposium, 1990. The Sheridan Press, Honover, Pennsylvania.
Williams, J.D., D.B. Bowman, J.E. Brooks, A.A. Echelle, R.J. Edwards, D.A.
Hendrickson, and J. J. Landye. 1985. Endangered aquatic ecosystems in North American deserts with a list of vanishing fishes of the region. Journal of the Arizona—Nevada Academy of Science 20 (1):1— 62.
Williams, J.E., J.E. Johnson, D.A. Hendrickson, S. Contreras—Balderas, J.D. Williams, N. Navarro-Mendoza, D.E. McAllister, and J.E. Deacon.
1989. Fishes of North America endangered, threatened, or of special concern: 1989. Fisheries 14(6):2—20.
36 GENERAL CATEGORIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULES
Definition of Priorities
1 = An action that must be taken to prevent extinction or to prevent the species from declining irreversibly.
2 = An action that must be taken to prevent a significant decline in species population/habitat quality, or some other significant negative impact short of extinction.
3 — All other actions necessary to provide for full recovery of the species.
Information Gathering - I or R (research) 1. Population status 7. Propagation
2. Habitat status 8. Migration 3. Habitat requirements 9. Predation
4. Management techniques 10. Competition 5. Taxonomic studies 11. Disease 6. Demographic studies 12. Environmental contaminant
Management - N Acquisition - A 1. Propagation 1. Lease 2. Reintroduction 2. Easement 3. Habitat maintenance 3. Management agreement 4. Predator & competitor control 4. Exchange
5. Depredation control 5. Withdrawal 6. Disease control 6. Fee title 7. Other 7. Other
37 Otner U 1. Information.and education 2. Law enforcement 3. Regulations 4. Administration
ABBREVIATIONS USED
NMGF - New Mexico Department of Game and Fish
USBR - U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
EPA - Environmental Protection Agency
SWR — State Water Resources
FWS - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
ES - Ecological Services
LE — Law Enforcement
PA — Public Affairs
FR — Fishery Resources
WR — Refuges
RE - Realty
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N - P.- N s ‘- WI N k óa 00 0 APPENDIX
Comments
Pecos Bluntnose Recovery Plan
Notice of opportunity for review and comment on the Pecos bluntnose shiner draft recovery plan was published in the Federal Register on July 9, 1992. The 60- day period for comments closed on September 8, 1992. Ten letters of comment were received; reproductions of each are provided below. All comments were considered fully. Responses were dealt with in two ways: first, editorial comments, corrections of factual errors, etc., were incorporated into the text of the plan; or second, comments concerning contents of the plan were addressed in specific responses. However, similar comments were grouped together and answered as one. Numbers occurring in the margins of the letters refer to the appropriate response or responses for that comment.
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1. Comments incorporated in the plan.
2. The Notice of Opportunity for Public Review and Comment was published in the Federal Register and in local newspapers - The formal comment period extended from July 9 to September 8, 1992. Copies of the plan were provided expeditiously once requests for the draft recovery plan were received. A recovery plan is similar to a road map in that it delineates those actions the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) believes necessary to recover the species. It does not obligate funds or personnel and is meant to be revised as new information becomes available. Revisions to the plan are appropriate at any time information becomes available that gives added insight and direction to the recovery of the species.
3. Section 4(f) (1) of .the Endangered Species Act (Act) requires that a recovery plan be prepared for all federally—listed species unless such a plan would not promote conservation of the species. Currently, Service policy requires that a draft recovery plan be prepared within 1. year, and a final plan be completed within 2 1/2 years after the species is listed. The recovery plan is the umbrella under which more detailed implementation plans fall. It should not be confused with more detailed plans such as the 5—year study plan that pertains to a specific study of the hydrology and biological effects of reservoir operations on the Pecos River. Implementation plans are building blocks that support recovery, and thus, the recovery plan.
4. Extensive efforts were made to provide the public and all other interested parties an opportunity to comment on the draft recovery plan. Preparation of a recovery plan does not require preparation of a rule, nor that a public meeting be held. However, the Service desires all information that will enhance recovery of the Pecos bluntnose shiner. Comments, verbal or written, are always welcome and may be communicated to the Dexter Fisheries Resources Office, or U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Regional Office, Division of Endangered Species Office, in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
5. Recovery of the Pecos bluntnose shiner is based on all information available that affects the well being of the species. It is not limited to any one set of factors that may have occurred in a given year.
6. A recovery plan is a document developed by, or for, the Service that sets forth goals, objectives, and tasks believed necessary to recover a federally— listed species or group of specie that occupy a given area. Recovery team members are appointed by the Service. The Service is solely responsible for the recovery plan once it is approved by the Director or Regional Director.
The Pecos bluntnose shiner recovery plan was prepared by the Rio Grande Fishes Recovery Team. Members of the recovery team appear on the signature page of the recovery plan. A recovery team is composed of a group of professionals who are recognized by their peers to be experts on the group of specie for which the recovery actions are planned. Because recovery team members are experts on the Pecos bluntnose shiner, much of the information available was prepared by team members. Therefore, it is essential that their published work be referenced. Non—Federal employees receive per diem and travel expenses from the Service. All salary expenses are borne by the team member’s employer.
53 Recovery plans do not obligate, or otherwise commit funds or personnel; nor contain authority to acquire private property. Actions taken by the Service in preparing recovery plans must comply with guidelines provided by the Attorney General and Secretary of the Interior that implement Executive Order 12630. These guidelines do not require preparation of a Takings Implication Assessment when a recovery plan is prepared.
7. Section 4(f) of the Act requires that “The Secretary.. .provide public notice and opportunity for public review and comment” on each new or revised recovery plan. A Notice of Opportunity for Public Review and Comment was published in the Federal Register on July 9, 1992. Additionally, a news release was issued on July 29, and Public Notices were carried in three newspapers: Roswell Daily Record, Carlsbad Current—Argus, and DeBaca County News.
8. The New Mexico Department of Game and Fish actively enforces all laws that pertain to the harvest of bait fish in the Pecos River. Task 4.2 of the recovery plan addresses the continued prohibition of baitfish harvest. As with many laws, constant monitoring is not possible. Therefore, some illegal activity may go undetected.
9. The riparian plant fauna throughout much of the Pecos River basin has changed. It is recognized that these changes may have influenced the quality and quantity of stream flows within the Pecos River. A brief discussion has been added to the recovery plan (task 1.34) to address this concern. It should be noted that a U.S. Geological Survey report by Welder (1988) found no significant changes in the base flows of the Pecos River that could be attributed to vegetation removal.
10. The Arkansas River shiner is a category 1 species and a candidate for listing as threatened or endangered by the Federal Government. This fish is endemic to the Arkansas River drainage and, if listed, will be protected in those streams where it historically occurred; it will not be protected in the Pecos River system.
There is a recovery plan for the Pecos gambusia that sets forth actions required to recover this fish. Recovery objectives for the Pecos bluntnose shiner and Pecos gaxnbusia are completely compatibte. The development of a recovery plan is categorically excluded from National Environmental Policy Act requirements.
11. Designation of instream flows for fish would result in a non—consumptive water use. Thus, flows would continue downstream, unimpaired by fish occupancy. Instream water use by definition does not require the diversion of water from the stream and is not covered by existing legislation that governs water withdrawls from streams in the State of New Mexico.
Modification of reservoir releases should neither increase nor decrease the total amount of water that flows down the Pecos River. The Service believes there is sufficient flexibility in the water delivery system to provide stream flows necessary for the continued survival of the native fish fauna in the Pecos River system.
12. The term “reservoir release” has been added to the plan to clarify statements made concerning displacement of fish to downstream reaches. Large 4- (adult) Pecos bluntnose shiners have been either rare or nonexistent in fish collections taken from the Pecos River downstream from Roswell, New Mexico, since 1980.
13. A discussion has been added to the recovery plan supporting the theory that “post—Sumner Dam” stream flows, downriver from Sumner Reservoir, of 1 cubic foot per second or less, occur more frequently and are of longer duration than before Sumner Dam was constructed. The impact of ground—water pumping, river pumping, salt cedar encroachment, etc., from the upper Pecos River remains relatively minor when compared to downstream reaches of the river below Roswell, New Mexico. Dams and impoundments have increased man’s ability to manipulate the normal flows of the Pecos River. By so doing, maintenance of flows in specific river reaches is not possible without affecting upstream and downstream reaches. Thus, the issue of permanent flow must include the entire river channel between Sumner Dam and Brantley Reservoir.
14. The tailwater area associated with the Fort Sumner Irrigation Diversion Dam covers the entire channel and, depending upon flow, extends approximately 10 meters away from the dam. Because of size differences, it is not realistic to compare the diversion dam with that of Fort Sumner Dam. Due to the relatively small size of the diversion dam, it is likely that tailwater impacts to downstream habitats are limited longitudinally. Pecos bluntnose shiner occur sporadically in the Fort Sumner area of the Pecos River below the U.S. 60 bridge crossing and provision of dependable water flows below the diversion dam could enable the Pecos bluntnose shiner to expand upstream.
15. All Federal agencies and all actions involving the use of Federal funds must comply with section 7 of the Act. The Army Corps of Engineers (COB) project at Santa Rosa Dam pertains to the delivery of water to Sumner Dam. Actions by the COE could affect the reintroduction of Pecos bluntnose shiner to historic habitat. Where appropriate, the COB has been added to the implementation schedule. Future revisions will be made to the plan as needed to incorporate other actions that impact the recovery of the Pecos bluntnose shiner.
16. Bestgen, K.R., S.?. Platania, J.E. Brooks, and D.L.Propst (1989) discuss the dispersal and life history of the Arkansas River shiner after its introduction into the Pecos River (see Literature Cited section). A treatise regarding the ecological requirements between the Pecos bluntnose shiner and Arkansas River shiner is covered in depth by these authors and .noted in the recovery plan. For additional insight •into the conflict between these two species of fish, the reader is directed to the referenced publication.
17. The Endangered Species Act of 1973 as amended (Act) specifies that an “experimental population” must be “. . .wholly separate geographically from non- experimental populations of the same species.” (10(j)(2)). Designation of experimental populations of Pecos bluntnose shiners in the Pecos River system is not permissible under the Act.
18. All fish species in the Pecos River that interact with the Pecos bluntnose shiner will be studied. The impact of competition and predation is discussed throughout the recovery plan and is an integral part of the recovery effort.
55 19. The Service recognizes that changes in riparian vegetation may have influenced the quality and quantity of surface water flows in the Pecos River. Task 1.34 has been added to the plan to further address this subject.
20. Two citations have been added to the Literature Cited section that support statements made in the recovery plan regarding water quality.
21. Habitats sampled at the U.S. 70 bridge crossing are primarily pools associated with bridge abutments. These collections were made following extended periods of zero water releases from Sumner Dam other than that water diverted by the Fort Sumner Irrigation District. The reach of the Pecos River upstream of the bridge crossing often dries or becomes intermittent during these periods. The 1991 fish collections followed such a period when surviving fish were concentrated in the few pools that remained.
22. One of the first steps to recovering a species is to stop the decline of the population(s). Once stabilized, the next step is to increase the species’ abundance within its historic range. Stabilization of existing populations within a reduced range is rarely sufficient to recover the species.
23. Objective 3 is devoted to public participation. The Service welcomes input from all segments of the public in recovering the Pecos bluntnose sh~i.ner.
24. Task 2.2 calls for the identification and evaluation of areas for potential reintroduction. Reaches of the Pecos River between Santa Rosa and Fort Sumner is identified in the final plan as potential habitat for reintroduction of the Pecos bluntnose shiner.
25. Task 4.21 pertains to the evaluation of the efficacy of baitfish harvest prohibition to protect the Pecos bluntnose shiner. Completion of this task would support any proposed change in baitfish regulations that would enhance recovery of the Pecos bluntnose shiner.
26. Perhaps the only man—caused and federally authorized major water—use action on the Pecos River still to be reviewed for efficiency of purpose and environmental integrity is the operation of reservoirs for consumptive uses. Data used to correlate reservoir controlled releases with distribution and status of Pecos bluntnose shiner were taken from publications referenced in the Literature Cited section. A more extensive review of those publications suggests that flow is the single most important factor in maintaining preferred habitat, fish community structure, and reproductive success. The discussion of non—f lowS related impacts was expanded to more accurately reflect the suite of impacts that occur on the Pecos River downstream of Roswell, New Mexico.
27. The purpose of the executive summary is to provide a brief (1 page) overview of actions needed to recover the species. Detail desired from a review of the executive summary can be obtained from the body of the recovery plan.
28. Figure 1, page 4, refers to the historic distribution of the Pecos bluntnose shiner since its discovery. Thus, the name McMillan Reservoir is correct. Locations referred to in the text are detailed in Brooks et al. 1991 (see Literature Cited). To include all locations on the maps would not clarify the purpose for which the maps was intended.
56 29. Comparing survival of Pecos bluntnose shiner as a lone species in an earthen hatchery pond to its survival in an assumed reservoir environment containing several species is extremely problematic and of questionable value in any recovery activity. Task 2.11 has been added to clarify the role of- captive holding and rearing actions to be pursued.
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