Cinderella: When does translation become transformation? when one thing becomes another? Transformation is at the heart of the Cinderella story. In the The story of Cinderella has captured our imaginations for version many of us know well – the Perrault ‘glass slipper’ tale centuries. The tale of a young woman living in misfortune, that was adapted by Disney – the evening of the ball is filled with whose circumstances are changed with the help of a lost slipper, magical transformations: the pumpkin turns into a carriage; the mice become is evident in many different cultures. The story has been horses; and Cinderella herself finds her outfit transformed by the Fairy Godmother translated into lots of languages but, with each new translation, until she becomes almost unrecognisable. These objects look completely different the story is adapted for new readers. These new readers will but something of their old identity remains: Cinderella is still herself, even in a new have different backgrounds and cultural traditions. As a result, outfit, and even the pumpkin is still visible in the shape of the carriage. when translators are thinking about telling the story of Cinderella in a different culture, they must consider whether to So let’s imagine the Fairy Godmother as a kind of translator. She takes some objects change features of the story to suit a new audience. or animals and performs an act of magic to turn those objects into something new. In a sense, this is what the translator is doing – waving a magic wand of language to create something new, which still contains a residue of the old. This raises the question: is translation a form of transformation? Does translation just create a copy of the original or something completely new?

Think about or discuss with a friend the following questions:

• Do you think translation is a form of transformation? Does it create a copy or something new? • Can a film version of Cinderella be considered a ‘translation’ of the original story? Image by Gustave Doré, Histoires • If we agree that translation is a process of transformation, does it have a ou contes du temps passé (1864) responsibility to stick to the original story, or does it have the freedom to make changes? At what point does the original story become unrecognisable? • Who is the true ‘author’ of the Cinderella story? French Cinderella German Cinderella Ancient Greek Cinderella

Here are some variants The version of Cinderella we are The Grimm brothers’ 19th-century version of the tale, One possible origin story of Cinderella comes of the Cinderella story. probably most familiar with in the Aschenputtel, is more gruesome. The stepsisters from the Ancient Greek geographer Strabo, in West is Charles Perrault’s 1697 even cut off part of their feet to make them fit the 7BC. In this version, an eagle steals the shoe of These are just a version, Cendrillon. This was the first slipper! There is no Fairy Godmother, but Cinderella the Greek courtesan Rhodopis and takes it to handful – there are version to introduce what are now is helped by a tree that grants her wishes. At the end the King of Egypt, who launches a search for hundreds more all over recognisable elements of the story – of the story, birds pluck out the stepsisters’ eyes to the shoe’s owner. He finds Rhodopis and the pumpkin, the fairy godmother, punish them for their evil deeds. marries her. the world! and the iconic glass slipper. Korean Cinderella

Caribbean Cinderella The Korean Cinderella is named Pear Blossom, after a pear tree her father plants when she is born. Her stepmother tries to get Robert D. San Souci’s Cendrillon: A Caribbean rid of her by setting her impossible tasks, Cinderella is a Creole version of the story. In this, the such as filling a jar with water even though carriage is made from a breadfruit, rather than a the jar has a hole in it. Pear Blossom is helped pumpkin, and Cendrillon’s slippers are bright pink by some animals: a frog, some sparrows, and and embroidered with roses. an ox. Pear Blossom accidentally drops her sandal into a stream, and it is found by a Nigerian Cinderella magistrate who decides to marry Pear Blossom. Obi Onyefulu’s Chinye: A West African Folktale shares some similarities with Cinderella, but the main character in this story, Cambodian Cinderella Chinye, is not motivated by a wish to marry a prince. Sent by her stepmother to fetch water, Chinye is protected from the forest The Cambodian Cinderella is called Angkat. The magical creature in this version is a fish Angkat is kind to, which her by animals. An old woman asks her to enter a hut where there stepsister kills. The spirit of Virtue tells Angkat to put the fishbones under her mat at night. When she wakes up, are gourds on the ground, and pick up the smallest gourd. golden slippers have appeared in their place. A bird steals one of the slippers and takes it to a prince, who decides the Chinye does this and finds the gourd is full of jewels. Her jealous slipper’s owner will be his bride. He marries Angkat, but her jealous family scheme to make her come home, and they stepsister tries to do the same but chooses the biggest gourd, kill her. Later, a red-leafed banana plant grows up in the very spot where Angkat was killed. Angkat’s father chops down which causes a terrible storm to break. Chinye's stepsister and the plant and spreads pieces of it around the forest. In every place a piece lands, a bamboo shoot grows. One day, the stepmother lose their possessions in the storm and flee. Chinye prince is on a hunting trip in the forest and decides to sleep in the bamboo grove. There, he hears Angkat’s voice uses her new wealth to help her village. whispering that she is still with him. Angkat returns to him and her family are banished. Different Cinderellas Cinderella and mistranslation

Consider the different ways the Cinderella story has been told in There is an urban legend that the famous glass slipper in lots of countries around the world. Why do you think this story Perrault’s French version of the story was a result of a appeals to so many diverse cultures? mistranslation.

Each version of Cinderella adds new details. In French, the word for glass is ‘verre’, while the old French word for ‘fur’ was • Why do you think the Caribbean Cinderella’s carriage is made ‘vair’. Since the two words sound similar, some people assumed that Perrault from a breadfruit? Why are her slippers pink and not made of meant to refer to a fur slipper, but that this was misheard or wrongly translated. glass? In fact, this assumption is wrong, and the original version by Perrault does mean • Why do animals appear in lots of versions? to refer to a slipper of glass or ‘verre’ – which adds an extra touch of magic! • What do you think is the significance of the fish in the Korean Cinderella? Or the eagle in the Ancient Greek Cinderella? • Do you think it is important that the West African Cinderella is not looking for a prince? Is she more of a feminist than the other Cinderellas? Draw an outfit for a twenty-first-century Cinderella to wear to a dance. Your If you had to write a twenty-first-century Cinderella, what Cinderella can be from any country and changes would you make to modernise the story? Do you think can be any gender. the Cinderella story will still exist in one hundred years? Or one thousand? How might it have changed? Explain why you have chosen that outfit.

Which ordinary everyday objects could the Fairy Godmother ...... use to make...... • the carriage ...... • the horses ...... • the coachmen ...... Would the Fairy Godmother herself even be a fairy, or could it ...... be some other kind of magical creature? ......