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Juneteenth and the Ongoing African American Freedom Struggle

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Juneteenth and the Ongoing African American Freedom Struggle Juneteenth and the Ongoing African American Freedom Struggle Stacey Close June 19, 2021 Juneteenth Origins On June 19, 1865, Major General Gordon Granger of the Union Army announced in Galveston, Texas that slavery was ended, in accordance with the Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863. The following year, freed people from Texas spread the idea of celebration with prayers, songs, worship, and dances to celebrate the end of slavery. Dr. Lorenzo Greene, history professor, Lincoln University, born 1899 in Ansonia, CT worked for Dr. Carter G. Woodson at Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History and Dr. W.E.B. DuBois, scholar and NAACP leader Dr. Carter G. Woodson Dr. Lorenzo Greene African American Freedom Struggle Before 1865 (Enslaved people of African ancestry 1797) 19th Century Antebellum South Carolina and Enslaved Family Across Generations Connecticut, African Americans, and Voting • In 1814, William Lanson and Bias Stanley, African Americans in New Haven, protested and argued for “no taxation without representation.” • In 1818, Connecticut’s Constitution restricted suffrage to adult white men, who were age 21 and owned property worth at least seven dollars. • Between 1838 and 1850, African Americans in Connecticut offered to the state legislature 26 sets of papers arguing for the franchise. Rev. James Pennington, Hartford Pastor, and Amos Beman, New Haven Pastor, 1847: Argue for the Right of African Americans to Vote in Connecticut CT 29th Regiment, Civil War Regiment African American Church and Religion Frederick Douglass: The Voice of Lion, 1865 • “Slavery is not abolished until the black man has the ballot.” Reconstruction, 1863-68 • Historians of Reconstruction to 1935 and W.E.B. DuBois • 13th Amendment • President Andrew Johnson • 14th Amendment Radical Reconstruction and Emergence of Southern Redemption • 15th Amendment and the Right to Vote African American Men • African Americans and Republican Party in the South Black Majority? • President Ullyses S. Grant • Election of 1876 and Southern Redemption Reconstruction and White Violence: Massacre at Camilla, Georgia on September 19, 1868 • In early September 1868, white Georgia legislators, just after being readmitted to the Union under Congressional Reconstruction expelled 28 people for being 1/8 African American • A group of about 700 people, including state legislator Phillip Joiner, one of those expelled, and Francis F. Putney, a white leader, marched twenty-five miles to Camilla, Georgia for a Republican voter rally. • When the marching group arrived in Camilla, Georgia, angry white Democrats opened fire killing 12 people and eventually wounding thirty others. Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896, Chief Justice Melville Weston Fuller, and Roberts v. School Bd., Boston, Mass. Ida B. Wells-Barnett: Crusader Against Lynching African American Women, Mary Townsend Seymour, and 19th Amendment • Crisis Magazine, 1912 and 1914-Votes for Women Grandfather Clause and Poll Tax Notice State of Louisiana Literacy Test Obstacle: By 1940, only 3% of Black Voters in South are registered to Vote White Primaries and Smith v. Allright, 1944 • “In no event shall a Negro be eligible to participate in a Democratic party primary held in the State of Texas, and should a Negro vote in a Democratic White Primary Election such a ballot shall be void and election officials shall not count such.” (1923) Charles Hamilton Houston, Thurgood Marshall, and Slaying the Dragon (Plessy v. Ferguson) Citizenship Schools, Septima Clark, Bernice Robinson, and Esau Jenkins: Johns Island, SC Civil Rights Act, 1964 Fannie Lou Hamer, Voter Registration, and Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, 1964 Voter Participation, 1964 Presidential Election •Outside of the South 72% eligible voters •Inside the South 44% eligible voters Selma, 1965: An Ecumenical Movement and Voting Rights Voting Rights Act, Congress (1965) •Passes in U.S. Senate 77-19 •Passes in U.S. House 333-85 Voting Rights Act, 1965 and 1970 Extension By 1965, 250,000 new African American voters are registered to vote, many by federal examiners. President Richard Nixon signed the 1970 extension of the Voting Rights Act. Lowdnes County Freedom Party, 1966 Alabama-on the eve of LCFP arrival in county of 12,000 that was 80% African American only one out of the county’s African Americans could vote Barbara Jordan and Andrew Young: Elected to Congress in 1972: First African Americans Elected from South Since Reconstruction Jesse Jackson, 1984 and 1988 Presidential Campaigns Shelby County v. Holder, 2013: Voting Rights Act (Former Attorney General Eric Holder and Chief Justice John Roberts) President Barack Obama, Former Georgia State Senator Stacey Abrams, African American Voter Enthusiasm, and Turnout The Meaning of Juneteenth: Alonzo Herndon Family, Home, and Business Meaning of Juneteenth: Economics • Economic • Economic Freedom and Tyler Freedom Perry Studios and Black Wall Street in Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1921 Meaning of Juneteenth: Education and Economics, Dr. Mary McLeod Bethune, Arturo Schomburg, and Robert Smith Meaning of Juneteenth, Coming of Age: Trayvon Martin, Brianna Taylor, Ahmaud Auberry, Philando Castillo, and George Floyd June 2021: U.S. Senate and House Resolutions Passed on Making Juneteenth a Federal Holiday. Always in the Struggle Thank You!.
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