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Oil Palm Rachis Gasification for Synthesis Gas Production

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Oil Palm Rachis Gasification for Synthesis Gas Production Oil palm rachis gasification for synthesis gas production Juan Camilo Solarte Toro Universidad Nacional de Colombia – Sede Manizales Facultad de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Departamento de Ingeniería Química Ciudad, Colombia 2017 Oil palm rachis gasification for synthesis gas production Juan Camilo Solarte Toro Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of: Master of Science in Engineering - Chemical Engineering Advisor: Ph.D., M. Sc, Chemical Engineering Carlos Ariel Cardona Alzate Research line: Chemical and Biotechnological Process Engineering Research group: Chemical, Catalytic and Biotechnological Processes Universidad Nacional de Colombia – Sede Manizales Facultad de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Departamento de Ingeniería Química Ciudad, Colombia 2017 Gasificación del raquis de palma de aceite para la producción de gas de síntesis Juan Camilo Solarte Toro Tesis presentada como requisito parcial para optar al título de: Magister en Ingeniería Química Director: Ph.D., M. Sc, Ingeniero Químico Carlos Ariel Cardona Alzate Línea de Investigación: Ingeniería de Procesos Químicos y Biotecnológicos Grupo de Investigación: Procesos Químicos, Catalíticos y Biotecnológicos Universidad Nacional de Colombia – Sede Manizales Facultad de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Departamento de Ingeniería Química Ciudad, Colombia 2017 A mis padres y hermano quienes me han apoyado incondicionalmente en el camino que he escogido “Lo que distingue las mentes verdaderamente originales no es que sean la primeras en ver algo nuevo, sino que son capaces de ver como nuevo lo que es viejo, conocido, visto y menospreciado por todos”. Friedrich Nietzsche Acknowledgements. First that all, I want to express my grateful to my parents, brother and my godmother. They have always been with me in the good and bad times of my life. To Yessica for support and help me during the last years, also, for allow me stay with her during the development of this work. In addition, I want to thank to my advisor Carlos Ariel Cardona for trust and give me different opportunities to grow up as person and professional, also for show me the way that I want to follow. Thanks Daniela, Ashley and Sebastian for the laughs and good moments that I have passed with you in the last two years. Regardless the way that you choose, I will always be for all of you in the same place where we will end this chapter of our life. There are two persons that always have been to help me in my doubts and give me ideas or advices. Thanks Carlos Andrés García and Valentina Aristizábal. Thanks, Laura Vanessa for introduce me into the laboratory and teach me the basis of the research work, I want to express my gratitude to Cesar, Christian, Daissy, Jimmy, Jhonny, Mariana, Estefanny and Paula for share with me in the PQCB group. On the other hand, I want to acknowledge to the Universidad Nacional de Colombia at Manizales, to the Universidad de Jaén, to the Pontificia Universidad de Valparaíso, to the Dirección de Investigación (DIMA), to the Sistema de Información de la Investigación (HERMES), to the Facultad de Ingeniería y Arquitectura (FIA) an to COLCIENCIAS for the financial support to develop this thesis. In addition, I express my gratefulness to the Productive Process Laboratory, Residues Laboratory and Polymers Laboratory for support me in my work when I needed. Additionally, I want to express my recognize to Maria Fanny, Wilmar, Alneira Cuellar, Fabio Mesa, Diego Lopez and Andres Felipe Rojas for their help. Finally, I want express my gratitude with the PhD. Eulogio Castro, PhD. Germán Aroca, PhD. Julián Quintero, PhD Karlo Guerrero, PhD. Ivan Paredes, PhD. Juan Miguel Romero, PhD. Carlos Martínez Patiño and their research groups for assist and receive me in their laboratories. Agradecimientos. Primero que todo, deseo expresar mi gratitud hacia mis padres, hermano y mi madrina. Ellos siempre han estado conmigo en los bueno y malos momentos de mi vida. A Yessica por su apoyo e incondicional ayuda en los últimos años. También por permitirme haber compartido tantos momentos junto a ella durante el desarrollo de este trabajo. Asimismo, quisiera expresar mis más sinceros agradecimientos al profesor Carlos Ariel Cardona Alzate por su confianza así como por todas y cada una de las oportunidades que me ha dado para crecer a nivel personal y profesional. Además, le agradezco por haberme mostrado el camino que quiero seguir de aquí en adelante. Gracias, Daniela, Ashley y Sebastían por las risas y buenos momentos que compartí con ustedes en estos dos años que estuvimos juntos. Por eso, sin importar el camino que cada uno elija, yo estaré para ustedes en el mismo sitio donde terminamos esta etapa de nuestras vidas. Por otro lado, hay dos personas que siempre han estado allí para guiarme, darme ideas y solucionar mis dudas. Gracias Carlos Andrés García y Valentina Aristizábal. Igualmente, quisiera destacar a Laura Vanessa Daza ya que me introdujo al grupo de investigación y me enseño las bases del trabajo de investigación. Finalmente, quiero agradecer a Cesar, Christian, Daissy, Jimmy, Jhonny, Mariana, Estefanny, Paula y Jóse por compartir conmigo en el grupo de investigación PQCB. Igualmente, gracias Universidad Nacional de Colombia – sede Manizales, Universidad de Jaén y Pontificia Universidad de Valparaíso. A la dirección de investigación (DIMA), Al Sistema de Información para la Investigación (HERMES), a la Facultad de Ingeniería y Arquitectura (FIA) y a COLCIENCIAS por el apoyo financiero en este trabajo. Además, quisiera destacar la enorme colaboración del laboratorio de procesos productivos, el laboratorio de polímeros y materiales así como el laboratorio de residuos. Gracias to Maria Fanny, Wilmar, Alneira Cuellar, Fabio Mesa, Diego Lopez and Andres Felipe Rojas por su ayuda. Finalmente, quiero expresar mi gratitud con el PhD. Eulogio Castro, PhD. Germán Aroca, PhD. Julián Quintero, PhD Karlo Guerrero, PhD. Ivan Paredes, PhD. Juan Miguel Romero, PhD. Carlos Martínez Patiño y sus grupos de investigación me ayudan y me reciben en sus laboratorios. Abstract. The use of fossil fuels and the environmental detriment caused by the greenhouse gas emissions has encouraged the search of new energy sources as well as processes for their use. On the other hand, the energy security has become an issue of international interest due to the changing oil prices. Colombia is a tropical country that has been characterized by its high production of palm oil currently. However, the processing of the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) in large amounts generates a great quantity of waste biomass. The oil palm rachis is a residue that has been characterized by not receiving any use as a raw material to obtain bioenergy. This one is used as source of nutrients in the crop. Consequently, the potential of this agro-industrial residue to obtain value-added products is enormous. The present work presents an opportunity to use the oil palm rachis through its gasification to obtain synthesis gas, which is considered an energy vector and a chemical platform. In order to develop this work, the physicochemical characterization of the palm rachis, syngas production in a downstream fixed bed gasifier, the technical, economic and environmental evaluation of the gasification processes were developed. Additionally, the syngas is used as a chemical platform for the production of two value-added products and the production of bioenergy after a cogeneration cycle. Key words: Bioenergy, Biomass gasification, syngas, energy vectors, chemical platform, Process simulation, Oil palm rachis. Resumen. El uso de combustibles fósiles y el deterioro ambiental provocado por las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero ha incentivado la búsqueda de nuevas fuentes de energía así como de procesos para su aprovechamiento. Por otro lado, a causa de los constantes cambios en el precio del petróleo, la seguridad energética se ha vuelto un tema de interés internacional. Colombia es un país tropical que se ha caracterizado por su alta producción de aceite de palma a nivel mundial. No obstante, durante el procesamiento de la palma de aceite (Elaeis guineensis) grandes cantidades de biomasa residual son generadas. El raquis de la palma de aceite es un residuo que se ha caracterizado por no recibir ningún uso como materia prima en procesos de obtención de bioenergía. Por ende, el potencial de aprovechamiento que posee este residuo agroindustrial para la generación de productos de valor agregado es enorme. El presente trabajo plantea una oportunidad de aprovechamiento del raquis de palma a través de su gasificación para la obtención de gas de síntesis, el cual, es considerado un vector energético y una plataforma química. Con el fin de desarrollar esta propuesta se realizará la caracterización fisicoquímica del raquis de palma, la obtención de gas de síntesis en un gasificador de lecho fijo de flujo descendente, la evaluación técnica, económica y ambiental de los procesos en donde se realiza la gasificación del raquis de palma, el uso del gas de síntesis como una plataforma química para la obtención de dos productos de valor agregado y la obtención de bioenergía cuando este es sometido a un ciclo para la generación de calor y potencia. Palabras clave: Raquis de palma de aceite, Gasificación de biomasa, Gas de síntesis, Vectores energéticos, Plataforma química, Simulación de procesos. Content. Pág. Contents 1. Energy vectors from biomass. ................................................................................ 3 1.1 Energy supply overview.....................................................................................
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