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Odonata: Polythoridae) Residente En La Quebrada “La Catira”, En La Vereda Monterredondo (Guayabetal, Cundinam Arca)

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Odonata: Polythoridae) Residente En La Quebrada “La Catira”, En La Vereda Monterredondo (Guayabetal, Cundinam Arca) Estructura de la población de Polythore procera (Odonata: Polythoridae) residente en la quebrada “La Catira”, en la vereda Monterredondo (Guayabetal, Cundinam arca). M ELISSA SÁNCHEZ HERRERA UNIV ERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DEPARTAM ENTO DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS BOGOTÁ D.C. 2006 Estructura de la población de Polythore procera (Odonata: Polyhtoridae) residente en la quebrada “La Catira”, en la vereda Monterredondo (Guayabetal, Cundinam arca). M ELISSA SÁNCHEZ HERRERA Trabajo de Grado Dir e ctor Emilio Realpe Bió log o M .S c. Codirector Le ón André s Pér e z Biólogo. Candidato a Magister UNIV ERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DEPARTAM ENTO DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS BOGOTÁ D.C. 2006 2 TABLA DE CONTENIDOS. 1. RESUM EN …………………………………………………………………7 2. OBJETIVOS Objetivo General ………………………………………………………9 Objetivos Es pecífic os …………………………………………………9 3. MARCO TEÓRICO Estudios Poblac ionales ………………………………………………10 Sistemas Poblacionales ………………………………………...10 Dinámic a Poblacional ..………………………………………....11 Estimaciones Poblacionales……………………………………12 Marca y Rec aptura ………………………………………12 Antecedentes de Estudios Poblacionales en Odonata………...14 4. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS Es pecie de Estudio………………………………………………………16 Familia Polythoridae……………………………………………….16 Género Polythore………………………………………...17 Área de Estudio…………………………………………………………..18 Fase de Campo…………………………………………………………..20 Análisis de Datos…………………………………………………………21 Jolly – Seber ……………………………………………………….22 Manly – Parr ……………………………………………………….23 Estimación de la Expectativa de Vida……………………………24 5. RESULTADOS Estructur a Poblacional…………………………………………………..25 Tamaño Poblacional, Supervivencia y Expectativa de Vida…..26 Pr oporc ión de Sexos………………………………………………29 Edades……………………………………………………………...30 Intervención A ntrópic a en La Es truc tur a Poblacional……………….30 6. ANÁLISIS DE RESULTADOS Estructur a Poblacional…………………………………………………..32 Ef ecto de la Intervención Antr ópica en La Estr uctura Poblacional… 39 Inferencias Ac erca de la Ecología de P ol y thor e pr oc er a. ………….40 3 7. CONCLUSIONES…………………………………………………………..42 8. BIBLIOG RAFÍA …………………………………………………………….44 9. ANEXOS……………………………………………………………………..48 4 LISTA DE TABLAS. TABLA1. Índic es de Recaptura para Polythor e procera…………………….25 TABLA 2. Par ámetros poblac ionales estimados por medio de Jolly (1968) para Pol ythore procera para cada una de las fechas de mues treo………………………………………………………………………………………… 27 TABLA 3. Par ámetros poblac ionales estimados por medio de Manly - Parr (1965) para Pol ythore procer a para cada una de las fec has de mues treo………………………………………………………………………….27 TABLA 4. V alor es p obtenidos en la prueba no paramétr ica Friedman para las edades tiendo en cuenta la Fecha y Sector. Se observa que no existen diferencias entr e los grupos…………………………………………………….31 TABLA 5. Promedios de Supervivencia Diaria y Días de Expectativa de Vida para machos de las diferentes especies estudiadas inc luida Pol ythore procera…………………………………………………………………………….37 5 LISTA DE FIGURAS. FIGURA 1. Alas mac ho de Polythore pr ocera. Tomada por: León Pérez, 2005………………………………………………………………………………….17 FIGURA 2.A. Mac ho de Polythore procera. Tomada por: León Pérez , 2005. B. Hembra Pol ythore pr ocer a. Tomada por: Melissa Sánchez, 2006. En esta figura se observ a el dimorfis mo s exual………………………………………….19 FIGURA 3. Precipitac ión pr omedio mensual de los últimos veinte años en Guayabetal. (IDEAM, 2005)………………………………………………………20 FIGURA 4. Proces o de Marcado. Tomada por: León Pérez, 2006………….21 FIGURA 5. Box and Whis ker Plot de % RC par a Machos y Hembr as, se observan diferencias s ignific ativas entr e las medias de los porcentajes de recaptur a. F = 5.32*……………………………………………………………….26 FIGURA 6. Comportamiento Del Tamaño Poblacional Estimado por medio de Manly- Parr (1968) y Jolly (1965) para Polythor e pr ocera durante los días de mues treo…………………………………………………………………………...28 FIGURA 7. Tamaño Poblacional de Machos y Hembr as por medio del Estimador Jolly (1965)…………………………………………………………...29 FIGURA 8. Probabilidad de Supervivencia de Polythor e pr ocera por medio de los dos estimador es Jolly (1965) y Manly- Parr (1968), durante las fechas mues treadas………………………………………………………………………30 FIGURA 9. Probabilidad de supervivencia Φ estimada para machos y hembras de Pol yt h or e pr oc er a por medio de Jolly (1965)……………………………….31 FIGURA 10. Comportamiento de los grupos de Edades a través de las fec has estudiadas………………………………………………………………………….33 FIGURA 11. Co mportamiento de los grupos de Edades en el Sector 1……34 FIGURA 12. Depr edación por Arác nidos de hembr as de P. proc era. Tomada por: León Pérez . 2006……………………………………………………………..35 FIGURA 13. Co mportamiento de los grupos de Edades en el Sector 2……..35 FIGURA 14. Compar ación de Abundancia de Hembras en los dos sectores establecidos…………………………………………………………………………38 6 1. Resumen. Este proyecto se encuentra enmarc ado en el des arr ollo del macro-pr oyecto liderado por el Laborator io de Zoología y Ecología Acuática de la Univ ersidad de los Andes, el cual esta centr ado en la actualiz ación del record de especies, patrones de distribución y caracterización de hábitats para la Odonatofauna colombiana. Algunas c aracterísticas de los odonatos los hacen ideales para r ealizar estudios poblac ionales (permanencia en los habitats, multivoltinis mo, etc) , sin embargo la mayor ía de ellos se han basado en especies de ambientes lénticos (referente a aguas quietas, lagos, charc as, etc.) de zonas templadas, por lo cual el conocimiento sobre dinámic a y estructura poblacional del las espec ies del Neotrópico, en especial aquellas habitantes de sistemas lótic os (aguas corrientes, ríos , quebradas etc .) es incipiente. Los politóridos (Polythoridae: Odonata) s on una familia exc lusiv amente neotr opical; s on estaciónales, sus machos pos een un carácter terr itorial y tienen unos rangos de distr ibuc ión altitudinal y longitudinal restringidos. Son exigentes en sus requerimientos habitacionales, ya que requieren de quebr adas angostas franjeadas por bosque húmedo. Una población de Polythore procera se encuentra distr ibuida a lo lar go de una quebrada de primer orden, en Guayabetal, Cundinamarca, Esta quebrada tiene sectores con fuerte interv ención antrópic a (cultivos, c arr eteras, lav aderos de automotores) y en su curs o se evidenc ia una reducc ión considerable del bosque ripar io. En el pres ente estudio se pres enta el primer acerc amiento a la estructura y carac terización de la poblac ión de adultos en el asc enso de la pendiente de lluvias. Para cumplir este propósito se realiz aron muestr eos dur ante los meses de Enero a Abr il, cubriendo toda la pendiente de ascenso de precipitaciones. La metodología empleada fue Marca y Recaptura a lo largo de un transecto del sector medio de la quebrada. Los elementos clásic os par a su colecta fueron 7 utiliz ados (jamas) y su marc aje se llev ó acabo con marc adores indelebles en las alas. Por medio de este se obtuv ieron conocimientos básic os acerc a de la ecología y comportamiento de la es pec ie, que s erán importantes para la realización de otr as inv estigaciones posterior es acerca de esta especie. Además se presenta la posibilidad de mostrar las car acterís tic as del hábitat que les br inda los s uficientes r ecurs os de su espec ie, por lo cual debe conservarse. 8 2. Objetivos 2.1. Objetivo principal • Caracter izar la estructura poblac ional de Polythor e proc era pr esente en el municipio de Guayabetal, quebrada “La Catira”, a lo largo del asenso en la pendiente de lluv ias. Objetivos específicos • Estimar el tamaño poblacional de los adultos por medio de dos estimadores poblac ionales Jolly – Seber y Manly –Parr . • Establec er si existen var iaciones en cuanto al tamaño poblac ional a lo lar go del aumento en las lluvias. • Calc ular la proporción de sex os a través de la temporada. • Estimar la superviv encia de la población total. • Establec er un estimativo de la ex pectativa de vida de los individuos. • Deter minar si ex isten variac iones entre los r angos de edades establecidos durante la temporada. • Deter minar si la interv ención antrópica presente en la quebr ada afecta la estructura poblacional. 9 3. M arco Teórico 3.1. Estudios Poblacionales 3.1.1. Sistemas Poblacionales Un sistema poblacional se constituye de acuerdo a la abundanc ia y la distribución de una población en un tiempo y espac io establecido. ( Berryman, 1981, en Schow alter, 2000). Par a poder determinar la abundancia y distribución de una es pecie en par ticular hay que tener en cuenta elementos básic os como lo son la estructura poblacional, los pr ocesos que afectan a está y el ambiente en la cual se desarrolla. (Schowalter, 2000). La estructur a poblacional, se encuentra descrita por diferentes variables que nos per miten acerc arnos a la distribución espacial de los individuos, su edad, sexo y composic ión genética. Proveyendo información acerca de la histor ia de vida, fis iología y c ompor tamiento de la población. Los procesos que afectan la población se encuentr an asociados a la repr oducc ión, movimiento y muerte de los individuos. Por lo tanto es importe la tasa de natalidad y mortalidad, como también la tasa dispersión de los individuos a lo largo de una unidad de área. (Schow alter, 2000). La adaptación de los indiv iduos de la población con el ambiente se encuentra relacionada con la estabilidad del hábitat. MacAr thur y Wilson (1967) determinar on dos estr ategias de histor ia de vida de acuerdo a la estabilidad del hábitat; la estrategia r y la estr ategia K. La estrategia r son espec ies de rápida c olonizac ión y esparc imiento a nuevos habitas, por lo c ual son conocidas como las oportunistas. La K, a diferencia de la anterior presenta unas tasas de natalidad, pero altas tasas de superv iv encia de los individuos. La clase Ins ecta parece mostrar una mayor tendencia a la estrategia r, aunque se han reconoc ido algunos casos de estrategia K. ( Schow alter, 2000). 10 3.1.2.
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