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International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Bio 50 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Bio Sciences 6(1): January-February 2017 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UNIVERSAL PHARMACY AND BIO SCIENCES IMPACT FACTOR 2.96*** ICV 6.16*** Pharmaceutical Sciences REVIEW ARTICLE …………!!! CHONEMORPHA FRAGRANS: A PHARMACOLOGICAL UPDATE Mathew George, Lincy Joseph, Sujith K, Minu Mathew* Pushpagiri College of Pharmacy, Thiruvalla-689107, Kerala, India. KEYWORDS: ABSTRACT In the present review, an attempt has been made to congregate the Medicinal Properties, botanical, morphological phytochemical, ethnomedicinal and chonemorpha fragran, pharmacological information on chonemorpha fragrans Herb, Pharmacological (Moon)Alston, a medicinal herb used in the indigenous system of Activities. medicine. It has been adored in almost all ancient ayurvedic texts For Correspondence: for its extraordinary medicinal properties. It is sweet and astringent Minu Mathew * in taste. The roots of chonemorpha possess several medicinal Address: properties. Ayurvedic texts categorise chonemorpha is used as Pushpagiri College of carminative, anthelmintic and digestive. While alleviating kapha Pharmacy, Thiruvalla- and vata, it aggravates pitta. Chonemorpha fragrans(Moon)Alston 689107, Kerala, India. has a variety of biological / pharmacological activities such as antiamoebic, antipyretic, antidiabetic, anti parasitic, anthelmentic, anticancer, HIV disorder, skeletal muscle relaxant and gynaecological disorder . This review will definitely help for the researchers as well as clinicians dealing with chonemorpha fragran to know its proper usage as this herb is seemed to be highly valuable, possessing many pharmacological / medicinal properties. Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com 51 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 INTRODUCTION: Chonemorpha fragrans is a medicinal plant used in Indian medicinal systems. Entire plant, roots and the root bark are used for fever and stomach disorders. The trade is mainly confined to Kerala state under the name Perumkurumba and the dried roots are sold commercially. In Mizoram, the plant is used for treatment of gynaecological disorders .C. fragrans, has been included in the list of threatened medicinal plants. It is known to possess muscle relaxant and antiparasitic properties. Phytochemical analysis of C. fragrans has revealed the presence of steroidal alkaloids, like chonemorphine and funtumafrine. Camptothecin, a well known anticancer compound has been reported by us from the ethanolic extracts of the stem bark of C. fragrans collected from Kerala state and also in the callus cultures of C. fragrans. So far, there are no reports on antimicrobial activity and there are scanty reports on secondary metabolite production in vivo and in vitro for this plant. DESCRIPTION[2] Chonemorpha fragrans belonging to the family, Apocynaceae, Chonemorpha fragrans is a stout spreading laticiferous shrub with soft greyish to rusty-brown bark which yields fibre of good quality; leaves simple, opposite, large, orbicular, fulvous to mentose beneath, prominently veined; flower large, whitish to cream-yellow, fragrant, in terminal or pseudo-axillary cymose panicle; fruits long, straight, woody, parallel, follicular mericarps; seeds many, flat, shortly beaked with long white silky coma. The root bark contain 3.03 % of total alkaloids present are japindine,N- formylchonemorphin,N-methyl chonemorphin. Presence of fats, octacosanolceryl alcohol, β – sitosterol and taraxasterol is reported. The leaves and twig contain baurenolacetate and β-sitosterol. The stem yields latex. SYNONYMS Sanskrit :Murva,Morata Hindi :Garbhedaro Kannada :Manjinaru Telgu :Chaga Malayalam :Perunkurumpa SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION Kingdom : Plantae Phylum : Division Class :Angiospermae Order :Gentianales Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com 52 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 Family :Apocynaceae Genus :Chonemorpha Species :Chonemor phafragrans TRADITIONAL USES[3] The roots are are sweet, bitter, astringent, laxative, thermogenic, depurative, carminative, anthelmintic, digestive, antiscorbutic, anodyne, expectorant and febrifuge. They are useful in vitiate diseases, leprosy, scabies, dyspepsia ,colic, constipation hyperacidity ,cardiac debility, diabetes, jaundice, cough, bronchaitis and intermittent fevers. Murva is used in diseases like anaemia(pandu), fever (jwara), diabetes (prameha), stomach disorders (udararoga), typhoid (visamajwara), urinary infections (asmari) and cough (ksaya) .It is also used in the treatment of diarrhea, polyuria, boils, leprosy, eye diseases, vomiting and poisoning conditions of vata and kapha, skin diseases, leprosy, scabies, dyspepsia ,colic, constipation hyperacidity ,cardiac debility, diabetes, jaundice, cough, bronchitis and intermittent fevers. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS [4] The root bark contain 3.03 % of total alkaloids present are japindine,N-formyl chonemorphin, N- methyl chonemorphin. Chonemorphin dihydrochloride is an antiamoebic principal and show in vitro activity against parasites Entamoeba histolytica (25μg/ml) trichomonas vaginalis (200μg/ml)and in vitro activity against hepatic amoebiasis in golden hamster and intestinal amoebiasis in wealing wistar rats. Presence of fats, octacosanol, ceryl alcohol, β –sitosterol and taraxasterol is reported. The leaves and twig contain baurenolacetate and β- sitosterol. The stem yields latex. It is purgative. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY Hepato protective activity[5] There is a lack of reliable hepatoprotective drugs in modern medicine to prevent and treat drug- induced liver damage. Chonemorpha fragrans belonging to family Apocynaceae are used traditionally for their hepatoprotective effect. We wanted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of Chonemorpha fragrans and observe whether synergistic hepato-protection exists with silymarin. The in vitro antioxidant and in vivo hepato protective effects of alcoholic extract of Chonemorpha fragrans(C. fragrans) root were evaluated inrats against paracetamol and Isoniazid models. The antioxidant activity of C. fragrans was assayed and activities were compared to standard antioxidant, ascorbic acid. The results revealed that the IC50 values of C. fragrans root extract for DPPH, hydroxyl, superoxide radical scavenging activities were 198.7±0.2, 275.7 ± 0.8 and 177.4±0.4 μg/mL, respectively. Liver injury was induced by paracetamol (2gm/kg) Isoniazid (100 Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com 53 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 mg/kg) orally for 14 days. The two different set of experiments the Chonemorpha fragrans extracts (200 and 400 mg/kg) and silymarin (25 mg/kg) were administrated orally in preventive models. The Chonemorpha fragrans and silymarin administration prevented the toxic effect of Paracetamol and Isoniazid the biochemical parameters in preventive model. The present study concludes that ethanolic extract of Chonemorpha fragrans root has significant antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity against induced Paracetamol and Isoniazid hepatotoxicity. Antidiabetic activity[6] Ethanolic extract of the roots of Chonemorpha fragrans, a traditionally used antidibetic plant was evaluated for its antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effect using streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic rat model. Oral glucose tolerance test with 2g/kg of glucose and normoglycemic studies were performed which showed a dose dependant decrease in sugar levels. The acute oral toxicity studies demonstrated the safety of the dose up to 2000mg/kg body weight. The diabetic rats were treated with ethanolic root extracts, at a dose of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg based on the acute toxicity study. Standard groups were treated with Glibenclamide at a dose of 0.6mg/kg. Treatment was continued for 21 days and the weights of the rats and serum glucose levels were measured on 1st,7th,14th and 21stday. Other biochemical parameters like lipid profile, HbA1c, ALT, AST, serum creatinine, urea and total proteins were evaluated on the last day of the study. The results of the study have shown a significant difference between the initial and final fasting blood glucose levels of C. fragrans and glibenclamide treated diabetic rats. These results justify the traditional claim of the usefulness of C. fragrans root extract in the treatment of type 2 D. mellitus. Antiamoebic activity[7] In a bioassay-directed screening programme of plants for the identification of active constituents the steroid “Chonemorphine” was isolated and identified as the antiamoebic and antitrichomonad principle of Chonemorpha fragrans. Antipyretic activity[8] Murva is one of the controversial drugs used in Ayurvedic medicine. In the present study two botanical sources of Murva, viz. Wattakakavolubilis and Maeruaob longifolia, were tested for antipyretic activity by yeast-induced pyrexia in Wistar albino rats. Alcohol and aqueous extract of both species significantly reduced the elevated rectal temperature in febrile rats within 30 min of their administration. The results of these studies support the traditional use of these two botanical sources of the drug Murva in the treatment of fever. Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com 54 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 Anti-parasitic agent[9] Chonemorphines, a steroidal alkaloid isolated from Chonemorpha fragrans Moon (Apocyanaceae) was identified as an antimoebic principle during the course of a screening programme for novel antiparasitic
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