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CONTENTS

Page Page The Australian Fauna and the On Dit . 51 Medical Student . 9 Commentaries 52 A Song of Experience 12 Mainly Heads .. 54 Memories of an Old Fogey . 12 Cases for Commentary 55 Duds and Derelicts .. 18 Ladies' Letter . 57 Editorial 19 Hospital and Year Notes— Business Page 20 Melbourne 59 M.S.S. Notes .. • • 21 Alfred .. 60 Annual Teams' Race and Dinner .. 24 St. Vincent's 61 Mick Doherty .. • • 25 Third Year 62 The Royal College of Surgeons, Second Year 63 London .. • • .. 29 First Year . 63 The Jacksonian Prize 33 A Day in the Life of a Mad Med. 64 The Origin of Bile Pigments and 65 the Mechanism of Production of Spicula . Jaundice .. • • 34 Correspondence 66 The First Splenectomy 37 Sports Notes— When I am Drunk .. 38 Cricket . 68 Some Aspects of Men and Life 39 Football . 70 "Cured" 40 Athletics 73 Toujours les Femmes 42 Rowing 74 Une Chronique Scandaleuse . 43 Tennis 75 The Daily Grind 46 Hockey . 76 The Criminal .. 47 Old Boys' Column 77 In Memoriam .. 48 Notices . 81 THE Melbourne University Press

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8 If

tbe Zpeculum

No. 114. JUNE, 1924

Che Australian fauna anb the finebtcat Ztubent. By Dr. COLIN MacKENZIE. 1. Significance of the Fauna. One hundred years ago there lived within a half-day's steam from our shores the Tasmanian nation—the most primitive race of people known to modern man. Isolated from the rest of the world, its members thought, till the advent of the white man, that they were its only inhabitants. By the year 1860 the last of the race had died. In a period of less than forty years the whole nation had been ruthlessly and completely destroyed, constituting one of the most colossal crimes our earth has known. What would we now give to have even a remnant of that race with us ? It has vanished never to return, and the records of habits, customs, and, above all, of physique and gait left to us 11. are meagre and incomplete. But to-day in Australia an even greater tragedy is being enacted, which will reach its conclusion within the next twenty years. I allude, of course, to the rapid disappearance of our unique fauna. Australia is known to scientists as "the land of living fossils." Here we have side by side the past and the present. With the advent of the "First Fleet" in 1788, a form of life was revealed corresponding to that which existed on the earth in bygone ages. Australia became isolated from the rest of the world. Life progressed in other parts, culminating in man. But in Australia, in the absence of competition, and with a favourable environment, life here remained stationary. The "highest" mammal, man, sees still living under natural conditions the two "lowest" mammals, the echidna and platypus. The apparent complexities of the human body are revealed in their simpler form. A study of our animals is really a study in living human embryology. But they are embryos in which we can study not only structure, but function on which structure depends. It can be truly said that there is not a problem in human anatomy and physiology on which a study of these animals fails to throw light. 2. Problems for Research. If an architectural student were brought to Westminster Abbey to receive his first lesson in construction, without having a knowledge of a two-roomed cottage, he would be comparable to the medical student who is asked to study the human brain without a knowledge of its ancestral history. If he begins with the reptilian brain he will soon learn that the seemingly complex human brain is really built on a very simple plan. He perceives that the front of the brain is not the frontal lobe, but the free edge in the interior. In the human 9 10 THE SPECULUM.

brain the grey matter is external, and it is so in all mammals. As students we wonder why. In the reptile the grey matter is not external. The overflow of grey matter external to the white has taken place in our platypus, not correlated so much with improvement in vision or hearing, but with balance—i.e., with improvement of muscle function directed towards the erect posture—and the first movement in that direction is noticed in the bearded lizard, one of the group of Australian lizards using its limbs, not only for propulsion, but for support as well. Such an important structure does the callosum appear to be that we are .apt to think that no mammalian brain, could exist without it. Yet it is absent in all members of the Australian fauna, not being necessary even in two such intelligent mammals as the echidna and kangaroo, with brains well supplied with convolutions and sulci. The genesis of the callosum, and with it the significance of the f ornix and septum lucidum, can only be understood by a knowledge of the brains of our monotremes and marsupials. The problem is associated with the atrophy of brain tissue which once dealt with smell. If we section between the two hemispheres in the Australian monotremes and marsupials, we go through the single thalamus, and, indeed, this pertains even in a mammal so akin to man as the orang. In the human brain we see a division into two thalami usually, but not always, connected by the middle or soft com- missure. The significance of this, the third great landmark in the development of the higher mammalian brain, can be readily understood, and why, what we call the "higher sensations" are easily lost. Works on the human spleen are legion, but the functions of the spleen are still unsolved. This problem is simply put in our fauna. In the Australian reptiles the spleen is a miniature structure swung on the mesogaster. The reptile has a three-chambered heart, uses limbs generally for propulsion and not for support, and has no diaphragm. In the lowest mammal, the platypus, the limbs are used for support as well as for propulsion, there is a four-chambered heart, a non-nucleated red cell, and as complete a diaphragm or respiratory piston as is found in man, and correlated to these is a great development or spreading out of splenic tissue, which is characteristic of the mammal up to man. This enlargement is associated with the formation of a mesentery, the great omentum (lesser sac), and with this, of course, the portion of the left colon known as the "transverse" has no primary connection. What is the functional impetus that has caused this enlargement of spleen in the lowest mammal ? The genito-urinary systems of our animals simply teem with points of interest. In the female we can study such problems as the unification of the Mullerian ducts, uterine suspension, origin of round ligaments, or genesis of placental formation. In the male we can study testicular descent, for in the monotremes (echidna and platypus) the testicles are intra- abdominal, while in the marsupials they have become extra-abdominal, thus throwing light on the basic problems in hernia. The prostate is not found in the platypus, it makes its appearance in the marsupial ; but in the platypus there is a large pair of Cowper's glands, and here they should be studied. The prostate gland can be best studied in our common mountain phalanger, or opos- sum, where it reaches a great size. If we take the glandular system we find that our fauna provides a veritable storehouse. To take an animal like the platypus, we find as constant in the adult, the thyroid, retained thymus, and parathyroid glands, large Cowper's, large adrenals, and, in addition, three ductless glands not so far described in man—viz., the sex, parathymus, and scapular glands. When Dr. William Mayo visited the Research Reservation at Heales- THE SPECULUM. • 11 yule recently, he was shown three different types of animals in adjacent pens which illustrated the appendicular cycle. In the bearded lizard, using its limbs for support as well as propulsion, we see the genesis of a caecum ; in the koala, a gum leaf eater exclusively, it reaches its maximum development ; and in the wombat we see the disappearing appendix. Here is the f oundation of the investigations of the cause of appendicitis. Throughout the medical world to-day, the importance of a correct understanding of what we call the "erect posture" is being emphasised. The erect posture is a muscular problem, and with it is associated human intelligence. The genesis of study of the erect posture and of psychology is in the Australian reptile. In the blue-tongued lizard, crawling on its belly wall, limbs are used for propulsion but not for support. In the bearded or frilled lizard the limbs are used mainly for propulsion, but for support as well. In the echidna the belly wall is raised definitely off the ground, and the animal is secure on four legs. These facts are associated with structural changes in the brain. Further experiments towards the erect posture can be studied in the koala and kangaroo. These are but a few of the human problems on which a study of our fauna throws light. 3. The Future. Two years ago a distinguished American Zoologist said to the writer : "The attitude of the Australian towards his fauna is incomprehensible to the rest of the world. Soon he will have to go abroad to see specimens of his own animals. He snores in a field of corn which scientists from abroad are reaping, and when he awakes there will be nothing left but stones and stubble." But it is not yet too late. The Federal Government now prohibits the export of any members of our fauna without permission; and, apart from the State Inspectors of Fisheries and Game, there are Federal Advisory Committees composed of scientists in each State. In addition, there is now located on St. Kilda Road, Melbourne, the National Museum of Australian Zoology, under the control of the Federal Government. Here is housed the greatest collection of dissections of our animals and histological preparations in the world to-day. The collection, which is being added to daily, will ultimately go to Canberra, and that city will become the world's centre for the study of the Australian fauna. We owe this, if not to ourselves, at least to the future generations of Australians, who will not have the privilege, as we have had, of seeing our animals living, and in their natural state. The first Surgeon-General of Australia was Dr. John White, who landed at Sydney Cove in 1788, and founded the first hospital. He was also the first medical man to study our fauna, as his diary, with which every Australian medical student should be acquainted, tells us. In forwarding the work of the Museum every medical student and graduate can help. Any details heard from bushmen or natives are worth jotting down. There is a Reservation at Healesville for live specimens in connection with the Museum, and any specimens sent to the Museum, whether of bones or viscera, will be catalogued with the name of the donor, and will be in the Museum for all time. It should be regarded as a privilege by wealthy Australians to endow a Museum devoted to work peculiarly our own with research bursaries and lectureships. In conclusion, I would like to mention that, when the late Sir William MacEwen was leaving the Museum last November, he stated that, if he had his life over again, he would come out to Australia and begin his studies on our fauna. This was the opinion of the man who was in his day the world's greatest surgeon, and the intimate friend of Kelvin and Lister, two of the most wonderful men our race has produced. 12 THE SPECULUM.

A %ono of Experience. (With profuse apologies to Sir W. S. Gilbert.) '' When I went to the 'Shop,' as a very young man (Said I to myself—said I :) I will work on the old and familiar plan; (Said I to myself—said I:) For Dancing and Drinking are Gentleman's fare, And Work is a lure of the Devil, I swear : And the brilliant Student need never despair ! (Said I to myself—said I.) I will cut all my lectures, devoting my care (Said I to myself—said I;) To first-hand Research on the Charming and Fair ; (Said I to myself—said I :) Shall Pegasus stoop, a mere hack horse to be ? Or a Muse, to wash dishes ? Let all men see That `Exes' are won by the Clever—like Me! (Said I to myself—said I.) Your natural Genius scorns to take pains, (Said I to myself—said I:) And I lack not Effrontery—let alone Brains ! (Said Ito myself—said I ;) So gaily I sat for my first-year exam. ; And went down in Everything, wise as I am: And—I think there's something amiss with the plan! (Said I to myself—said I.) . . ." —"RURSUS PUNCTUS." Memories of an Otb ffogep. "About two hundred medical students will graduate this month, and will be thrown on the public to earn a living."—Sydney News Item. Many memories of long ago throng to mind in the contemplation of these victims to be thus thrown to the wolves ; and, though there have been many great changes in the lot of the general practitioner during the last 30-40 years, the beginner still finds his youthfulness and inexperience to be the butt of the healthy and the anxiety of the sick. The unexpected appearance of a youthful locum at the sick man's door at once adds a terrible gravity to the affliction, and the anxious enquiry, "When will the proper doctor be back ?" betrays the thoughts that the scared countenance also makes eloquent. And how it delights a locum to hear (just as he has explained that Dr. X. will not be back till the 30th), "Oh, well, we'll send for him on the 31st. Good-night!" It is interesting, too, if not altogether pleasant, to hear a patient to whom you have just been introduced by your principal ask the latter in a bush whisper, "Is he any good?" That these anxieties of the patient are not always quite groundless becomes THE SPECULUM.

When will the proper doctor be back? very clear when the position is looked at through the other end of the telescope. "You know old B.," said a locum to a colleague in the town. "Well, he's going to die ; he's unconscious and raving, hasn't slept for the last three nights, and they can't keep him in bed. I'm bothered if I can make him out. Nothing does him any good. Anyhow, he'll die soon." The listener hinted pneumonia. "By God, so it might be. I'll go and examine his lungs." But locum work is a temporary phase, and, after all, it is not the doctor who experiences the locum, for he is away on holiday. It is his helpmate, and her opinion of the medical curricula and the products thereof, as exemplified by the various samples she has had to put up (and put up with), could be at least entertaining. When the gaiety and irresponsibility of the locum stage is replaced by the "settled in practice" part of life, then woe betide the beginner if youthfulness is still his second name. Once upon a time the tall hat and tail coat were legitimate means of minimising the handicap, and if a wife also could be acquired, then, to quote Stonewall Jackson, "the issue lay with Providence." Nowadays, however, the former is, alas ! not done—I say alas advisedly, for they were good and useful aids to the juvenile—and the latter is an increasingly risky experiment, and as treatment for a condition that will assuredly cure itself is not recommended. The beginner in practice will assuredly be struck by the difference between the atmosphere of institutional and of private practice—and it takes some getting 14 THE SPECULUM.

used to. A most amusing shock in this direction was the case of a sporting Scotchman, up in years, who developed a quinsey. He "hung off," as he put it, as long as possible, and abscess formation had already occurred when he ultimately risked the youthful medico. So rapidly had the disease advanced that his condition was regarded by his household as critical, and, as is usual, the several neighbours who came to condole were crowded into the sickroom. With much effort the hardy old chap was just able to gurgle, "No operation, mind." Scorning the horrible assumption that a patient should direct his own treatment, the youth produced the tell-tale weapons from his bag, and then the chorus started. Some voices bemoaned the patient as already dead. They praised his good qualities, and his worth as an elder in the kirk, a judge in the coursing field, and commiserated with his brother, "who is eighty-seven years, and rides ten miles daily for the mail." His sister of eighty-five was pitied, and his parents were remembered erg they were laid to rest years ago, each well into the nineties. Nor were these young doctors forgotten—"Why didn't they teach them medicine like the old doctors ?" (ignorance of any medicine that could do the work of the knife had already been confessed). "How was it that 'operation' was the only remedy nowadays ?" and the decadence generally of things colonial as compared with the old country was a theme on which they dwelt in concord and unanimity, their imagination having been well stimulated by an excellent sample of "old Scotch" (the patient knew good stuff). After sampling some of this the much maligned juvenile began to assert himself. He turned on the patient and denounced him for seeking to head a procession up to God's acre at the youthful age of sixty-three. His forefathers would not own him; they would turn away from him in their graves, and how would his tombstone look—Aged sixty-three. The good die young! A few more insults thrown

•K/

• . This, surely, was the death agony. THE SPECULUM. 15

to the crowd made the patient's eyes grow bigger and his face redder. He clenched his fists, and rose in his bed, and his jaws moved. This surely was the "death agony" (no patient in the country dies without a well-staged death agony), and the onlookers stood aghast when, just as the medico had hurled his final insult, and was pouring out a doch and dhorris for himself, there issued forth from the patient's lips a welcome flow of pus and blood about as foul as the language it was blocking. Fortunately the patient was a sportsman of the best type (and, besides, a glass of "old Scotch" will wipe out many an insult). He always claimed that he had won his point—an operation had not been necessary. Twenty years later he headed his procession after a wearisome prostatic disability, during which his knowledge and love of his national poet was of great value to him. He would back himself to recite "Ode to a Louse" before the catheter got home. When it came to "Tam o' Shanter," however, it was a handicap matter. Strangely enough, though it was not uncommon to find many of the "old stock" rely on their knowledge of general or Biblical

. C 0 Biblical literature as a — help. literature as a very present help in times of illness (I have envied many a suf- ferer his wealth of solace), the same cannot be said of the native born, at least not to the same extent. Perhaps, however, it is merely the difference between youth and age. With strangulated hernia refusal of operation can have a tragic ending, and a case in which this was blended with comedy occurred in a typical High- lander of over 70 years. Always a healthy and vigorous man, whose scorn of doctors as useless beings was not hidden under a bushel, his disability was known only to himself until the pain of strangulation forced him to overlook

16 THE SPECULUM.

his mental pride. He would not hear of an operation, but only wanted "something to stop the vomiting." Argument was of no avail, so he was advised to take small doses of whisky and soda until real medicine could be sent along. "But," said he, "it won't stay down." "Then lessen the dose and take it oftener," he was told. "Well, that's what I've been doing, and it always comes up." On being encouraged to try again, a cold sweat came over his brow, and he exclaimed, "Why, mon, think o' the awful waste." Shortly afterwards he collapsed, and in less than an hour was dead. During recent years the atmosphere of private practice has been altered, in Victoria at least, by the development in Friendly Societies or Lodge work of the standard agreement, but apart from the monetary aspect was the equally unsatisfactory status that the lodge doctor was accorded by his employers. One point was always noticeable—that those who never had any sickness were apt to chuck you a nod of recognition, whereas they would not hesitate to more respectfully "dip their lid" once they had been nauseated by physic. An experience of many years ago is amusing, if not exactly typical. "Well, they do be making young chaps doctors nowadays," was the remark of a burly gamp, as she aggressively planted herself in the doorway, as though forbidding the "young chap" admission. The still, small voice of a newly-arrived infant reminded her of other needs, and so the young doctor was allowed to enter meekly and humbly. His apparent inactivity whilst "working up a pain" so assured the dame of his stage-fright and general uselessness, that she looked as though she contemplated sending for the police. She satisfied herself, however, by hinting at methods that she had seen used last time by the other doctor, and which had succeeded in bringing the bashful placenta to light ; and it must have been a fearsome performance—perhaps she was merely trying to scare the "young chap" off the premises. But nothing succeeds like success, and, when she was somewhat sharply told to do her share of the work, she lifted her hands and eyes and thoughts to heaven, returning them in stages to earth, and saying, "Well, well, I never see'd it done that way before—you can learn something from anybody" (with the accent on the "any"). A less happy ending was granted in a case of iodism. Although only a mild case, the patient's family was extraordinarily disturbed. "You see, he's just fresh from the 'anniver- sary" (sic), the grown-up daughter was heard to say. The neighbouring doctor, many miles away, was sent for, and, as neither telephones nor motors were available in those days, this meant delay. Meantime the explanation of the idiosyncrasy was made to a plainly doubting audience, and, by making light of the occurrence, the doctor seemed to assure them of his heartless ignorance until the consultant—whom he had not previously met—reassured them in the orthodox way. "Oh, well," said the grown-up daughter, "I s'pose we all make mistakes sometimes." Nevertheless, this was regarded as a happy incident, as it taught the young medico very vividly that integrity and judgment are pearls of great price in a doctor's make-up. The consultant in this case possessed both in a marked degree, and was appreciated throughout a large district in a way that was remarkable and enviable. For anxiety and risk to the doctor in the country, however, lunacy cases are in a class of their own. To the junior particularly the difficulties are great, as he necessarily depends on hearsay for family history, and this is not nearly so reliable a source as personal knowledge extending over several years. It can safely be said that the official details of family and personal history of many THE SPECULUM. 7

inmates of institutions vary greatly from the real facts, as the relatives do not disclose more than they can help. The early diagnosis of G.P.I., for example, is extremely valuable, not only for clinical results, but for business reasons, and the change in personality of a victim is a sign of value only to one who has known him. When a small farmer buys three motor cars on one day the incidence of G.P.I., C2H60., or a "smart" salesman must be considered. The

The incidence of G.P.I. diagnosis in one case was clinched promptly by the burning of a motor car, though of this accident the buyer knew nothing. He transfigured the burnt machine into an aeroplane, on which he believed himself to have done wonders. He visited Heaven regularly, and had afternoon tea with the Deity, and in return God came down on his aeroplane and had tea with him. "And how do they get on in Heaven while God is wasting His time here with you ?" was the doctor's question, to which the prompt retort came, , "How do they get on in hell while you are drinking tea here?" This patient was retained at home, and his malady kept hidden for many months, though occasionally a visitor fled as for dear life from his company—the change from a brilliantly entertaining host to a dangerous and threatening lunatic could be rapid and extreme. But among the most memorable incidents of youthful practice were those of a colleague long since dead. He achieved unfailing success in vaccinations, saving himself and parents much annoyance by the simple method of using croton oil B 18 THE SPECULUM. in place of lymph. Army life had made him so expert with firearms and addicted to firewater, that he had only to say to the unwelcome guest (all doctors have them) "I'll give you two minutes," and no further explanations were needed. The nearest cover was hastily sought, and, being a good two-minutes distance, the first shot at least caused the fugitive some anxiety. His own groom was a frequent victim of this joke, and the timber of a neighbouring bridge showed many marks of its frequent use as a refuge. One dark night a young doctor was accompanying a messenger into the back-blocks ; the messenger had come for the colleague, but, after much delay, had to content himself with the youthful stranger. A hurry-up messenger had subsequently been despatched from the patient, and they met as he galloped towards them. "Is that the Doctor ?" came an anxious voice from the darkness. "Yes—he was hard to get," answered the guide, and then the usual and all-important question, "Is he sober ?" was bawled out. When he learned which doctor his mate had got he moaned, "Oh, why the H— did you bring him?" But to be unknown was an advantage when old S— was ill. His son arrived very anxiously with a message to go at once to the old man, who lived in a lonely house afar off—and murder, suicide or sudden death were apparently imminent there. He was very distressed about the patient, and, though he was unreasonably afraid that the doctor would refuse to go, he was very decided that he would not accompany the medico, who, after a hard ride, reached the lonely dwelling. He found there three women in the yard holding close and grave converse, reminiscent of the witches in Macbeth. They pointed mys- teriously to an open door, but would have nothing to say to the doctor—evidently they were accepting no responsibility in the matter, and this set him thinking. The patient was found to be an angry-looking elderly man, who, on the stranger's entry, raised himself on his elbow and truculently demanded his business. After half an hour's dissembling the truth came out. The stranger was diagnosed for what he was, and the disease was with equal certainty a lurid delirium tremens. Then there was a royal row, that ended, however, before they parted in perfect friendship. The witches were visibly relieved when the doctor emerged safely from the den. On reaching home, old S—'s son welcomed him as one returned from the dead. "Did you see him? How did you get on? Oh, I've had a horrible time waiting for you." Then he confided that it was thirty years since his father had seen a doctor—who on that occasion was thrown out of the house, chased a mile down the road, and pelted with blue metal. On the present occasion the father had threatened to do much worse. It cannot be doubted that, to know what sort of a patient the disease has got is just as important as to know what sort of disease the patient has got.

Rubs anb Verdicts. We have received several contributions for which we have been unable to find space, or have rejected for various other reasons. Ar Fuf was too late. "Milititis" and "Lovingitis" are a bit hackneyed. Let the authors try again. We have used some ideas out of "An Alphabet." If your stuff is not accepted, try again. You may win f5/5/- next time. Thanks for trying, anyway. THE SPECULUM. 19

Sir Harry Allen. It was with the deepest regret that we heard of the serious illness of Sir Harry Allen. It is an especial blow to those who had been students under him. Though we can speak of him only in recent years, yet we are sure of our ground in saying that he is held in the highest regard by all his students. He is the man who has built up our Medical School from very small beginnings to its present high position. He has always taken a great interest in the M.S.S., and in his dealings with individual students has never allowed the responsibilities of his high position to overcome his natural kindliness and geniality. We voice the feelings of all his students, past and present, when we extend to Lady Allen and his family our deepest sympathy in their trouble, and our hope that Sir Harry will be restored to health. A Moan. We have received a letter from a student, too long for publication, in which he has given expression to a very general feeling among Melbourne Hospital students. Starting his fourth year, he found that some of the honoraries, to whose clinics he was attached, never take any interest in their students. It passes our comprehension why a man is willing to accept a high position in a teaching hospital, and rarely- or never seize any of the abundant oppor- tunities for clinical teaching in the wards which are daily presented to him. This is an old question, but we think that a man should, before he takes a post as honorary physician or surgeon in our clinical school, decide that he can and will teach the students. The Hospital Committee should have this qualification in their minds when they make the appointments. The speculum. An impartial observer, glancing through this issue, would be surprised to find in a students' paper that so many contributions are from graduates. It amounts to this, that the graduates keep the paper alive, by contributing articles and drawings. The students, as a body, are not sufficiently interested to care one way or the other. This is not a hasty expression wrung from a despairing editor, but is the considered outcome of many personal appeals by the editor and the year representatives. A sense of shame, if there is no higher feeling extant in the Medical School, should speedily leave no cause for another complaint of this type. Announcement. Dr. McMeekin has very kindly offered a prize of 5/5/- for the best con- tribution to next Spec., if any. This may be of technical interest, an original article or story, or a drawing. The prize may he divided. Don't forget this, and have a try for it. M.S.S. Dance. Will be held at Carlyon's on Friday, July 11th. Roll up ! Charabancs home. 7/6 a single ticket. 20 THE SPECULUM.

BUSINESS

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OLD BOYS

Your Subscriptions are now due.

PLEASE PAY EARLY both for this and past years

: 5 : 0 forwarded to the Business Manager will make you a Life Member. 'TIE SPECULUM.

(11). %. $. 1Rotes. ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING. The Annual General Meeting of the Medical Students' Society was held on Friday, April 4th, at 8 o'clock, in the Physiology Lecture Theatre. Attendance was poor. Professor R. J. A. Berry was in the chair. In opening the meeting, the chairman commented on the regrettable and serious illness of our President, Sir Harry Allen, and, on the motion of Mr. Searby, it was unanimously decided that the meeting place on record a vote of sincere condolence with Sir Harry Allen and his wife and family. On the motion of the chairman, the minutes of the last Annual General Meeting were taken as read. The Report and Balance Sheet for 1923 were submitted by the Hon. Sec- retary and Treasurer, and adopted. It was moved by the Hon. Secretary, seconded by the Hon. Treasurer, that first year men be formally admitted as members of the Society. Carried. Professor Berry stated that in the President's absence, the Presidential address must be omitted. He was endeavouring to provide accommodation in the new Anatomy School for all the requirements of the University Branch of the M.S.S. A room had been set apart for a library, and another for the use of women students. Other rooms would be available. He would be pleased to consult with the Committee regarding the furnishing of these rooms, and on any other matters in which he could he of assistance. The following, office-bearers were elected for year 1924 :—President, Sir Harry Allen ; Chairman of Committee, Mr. H. C. Maling ; Hon. Secretary, Mr. D. 0. Brown ; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. J. M. Buchanan ; Business Manager, Mr. H. Maunder ; Editor of Specidum, Mr. H. C. Maling; Manager of Medical Medleys, Mr. A. E. Harris ; Melbourne Hospital Delegate, Mr. T. P. Dawes ; Alfred Hospital. Delegate, Mr. C. Best ; St. Vincent's Hospital Delegate, Mr. E. W. Casey ; Women's Delegate, Miss N. Lobb ; University Delegate, Mr. C. B. Melville. Dr. C. Gordon Shaw was then introduced, and, after expressing his pleasure and alarm in addressing such an august body, a sentiment much appreciated by the meeting, he delivered a most enlightening address on "The Origin and Growth of Medicine." Away back in prehistoric days we find the earliest sign of medicine in the treatment of such very natural disorders as wounds and insect bites. Very soon the treatment of disease was included ; certain members of the community became noted for their skill, sympathy and desire to help others—at all times the basis of medical practice. Trephined skulls are widespread through Egypt and the Malay. Trephin- ing was done with a flint, and probably with the object of letting out evil spirits, to whose malign influence all disease was attributed. Egyptian medicine, of which we have historic records, shows this influence notably. Priest and doctor worked together in disease, using incantations and magic to drive out spirits, and then endeavoured to treat effects, with prescriptions in the form of threats to the spirits, headed by the sign of Horus, the God of Pity, and hence of Medicine. 22 THE SPECULUM.

The Greeks adopted a modified sign, the sign of Jupiter, and we ourselves use it in similar form at the head of prescriptions. Gargles, plasters, enemas. suppositories, morphia, coffee, squills and castor oil were prominent in usage . Babylonian medicine at the same time went somewhat further in the development. of astrology and divination. The liver was regarded as the seat of all things. Sacrifice of animals, with subsequent examination of the liver, was a routine in times of trouble . If the gall bladder should be pulled over to the right, the king might go to war and win. If the bile duct were long, the interested person would be blessed with long life. With all its apparent simplicity of execution, there now existed a definite medical profession, with rigorous laws—e.g., "If a surgeon has treated a gentleman for a severe wound, with a bronze lancet, and has caused such gentleman to die, one shall cut off his hands." There was a fixed scale of payment for good accomplished, and punishment for error. Dr. Shaw suggests a similar scale of payment to prevent the modern tendency to overcrowding in the profession. The Jews developed a perfect sanitary code, probably culled from the writings of the Egyptians. The Law of Moses was apparently copied, with amendments. The Chinese had a similar conception of evil- spirits, and in 2000 years their medicine remains little changed. It is worthy of mention that the Chinese practised vaccination for smallpox in the eleventh century. The Greeks had a tremendous influence on medicine, as on all else. Medi- cine became associated with philosophy. Many of the old ideas were cast out. Baths, massage, and exercises became popular. They performed some dissection, and demonstrated the optic nerves and Eustachian tubes. Aesculapius was the founder of Greek medicine. In due course he became deified, temples were built in his honour, and priests appointed. The cult of Aesculapius was carried on for a century, and his symbol of a serpent has remained till to-day as the symbol of the healing art. After Aesculapius comes Hippocrates, 400 B.C., a man of vast writing and profound influence. The Hippocratic oath is still sworn by graduates of medicine. Here is the foundation of modern medical ethics. Hippocrates discarded all magic, and considered that all disease resulted from natural law, and that natural powers are our best ally in fighting disease. The four humours —blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile in the body—were still considered to constitute the basis of health, any in excess causing ill-health. The Alexandrian School of Medicine then held sway till the time of Christ. Dissection was freely indulged in. Galen was the outstanding figure, famous for copious writings and good works. After him came the dark days of the mediaeval period, when medicine suffered greatly, and wars, persecutions and plagues stirred Europe and Africa. Bleeding was greatly in favour, barbers being responsible for bleeding patients and for minor operations. The influence of astrology had not quite passed. As late as 1699 Rabelais writes of comets as harbingers of disease. At this time an Oxford Medical School was established, with a six to eight years' course. With the Renaissance we find a definite attempt to break away from all the old conceptions of magic and astrology, and the birth of men who practised accurate observation. THE SPECULUM. 23

Paracelsus was followed by Versalius, the first scientific anatomist, who is said to have bolted after opening a chest, and finding a still beating heart, but who, in his four years of prominence, exerted profound influence on later work. Harvey discovered the circulation of the blood. Medicine as a scientific study was stimulated like the other sciences, and the arts, in this period of Renaissance. About 1700 Morgagni initiated the rite of post-mortem examination, and founded the science of pathology, correlating clinical findings with post-mortem results. These men opened the way for John Hunter, who combined their best qualities, and in the latter half of the eighteenth century accumulated an astounding collection of pathological specimens, meeting his death in the end from the effects of syphilis, with the organisms of which he had experimentally inoculated himself. Jenner, of smallpox fame, was a pupil of Hunter's. Yet, withal, from 1850-1900 we find more advance in medicine than during the whole previous history of the world. The discovery of the microscope preceded the new science of bacteriology. The life of Pasteur should be an inspiration to all students of medicine. Koch, working at the same time in Ger- many, developed the modern culture media, and did work of inestimable value in the separation and isolation of specific organisms. Lister at this time founded aseptic surgery. It was fortunate for medicine that Pasteur and Lord Lister lived in the same century, or big discoveries might have been missed. With the development of anaesthetics in the same era the whole aspect of surgery was revolutionised. In very recent times the two big developments are in ductless glands and vitamines. Our use of the internal secretions is at present very reminiscent Of the treatment of our mediaeval forefathers, who gave extracts of snake and like potions, but we are passing into a more scientific period. For the future—the age of magic and superstition has gone, the age of the general practitioner with a knowledge of everything is becoming impossible, team work, groups of men working together in harmony is the consummation to which we must look for success. Laboratories for diagnostic purposes must be generally established for efficiency and progress. Possibly the practice of medicine would soon be national or State governed. Such an occurrence would inevitably be strongly opposed, entailing, as it would, the relegation of medical men to the state of public servants. Preventive medicine is not advancing as it should, though the results obtained with malaria, typhus, and some other parasitic and filth diseases showed enormous improvement in recent years. We still work in the dark a great deal, but yearly our knowledge is becoming wider and more accurate. The great hope is that medical men will make of themselves scientists, as well as physicians or surgeons. Professor Berry, in congratulating Dr. Shaw on his address, remarked that the study of historical medicine was neglected in our University, but would always repay the time spent on it. Our greatest thanks were due to Dr. Shaw for his interesting and stimulating address. The Business Manager of the Speculum (Mr. Maunder) commented most favourably on the new system of publkation. Red tabs would in future be attached to the Specula of graduates, indicating failure to pay subscriptions. 24 THE SPECULUM.

Appeal was made for articles and photographs. Only by united effort could the Speculum be maintained the mouthpiece of the Society. The meeting terminated with an expression of thanks to Professor Berry and Dr. Shaw.

Ebe Annual Eeamie 'Race anb winner. On Thursday, 22nd May, the Medical School had a brief spasm of wake- fulness, ere commencing hibernation. In the afternoon was a run—such a run, slow, long, ineffably complete to those who participated therein. The occasion was the First Annual Teams Race between the various branches of the M.S.S. The University and M.H. branches sent teams, whose lack of condition (seen notably in some members) was more than made up for by enthusiasm, that divine spark which will kindle even beer. The St. V's. branch had a team in preparation, but scratched at 1.30 on the day of the race. Unofficially we hear that they had anticipated the dinner to too good effect. We make no comment on this rumour. The Alfred branch was not heard from. We ran seemingly endless miles round Royal Park and Carlton Gardens, amidst the cheers of small boys, the laughter of adults, and the ringing of tram bells. The finish was so close that the judge was unable to separate Glen Knight (University) and Willy Macmillan (M.H.). That is the explanation he gave for not being able to separate them. On points the University branch won handily. Mr. Denyer, of Denyer's Pty. Ltd., in handing over the cup very kindly given by his firm for annual competition, expressed his pleasure in congratulating the University branch on being first holders of the cup.• This was all prelude. The Curtain Rolled Up at Anzac House at 7 p.m. or thereabouts on the dinner. Many students, uncountable as the sands of the seashore, were there, and made the night indeed hideous with clamour and concatenation of concussions. Many guests were invited. Some ignored the invitation, some refused politely, and of those who accepted one-half turned up. It is only fair comment to say that this attitude is not appreciated by the M.S.S. Prof. Osborne occupied the chair, and his fellow-guests were Drs. McMee- kin, Cowen, Victor Hurley and G. Shaw, by all of whom, we venture to hope, a good time was had. We noticed many students enjoying themselves others were outside our limited field of vision. The feed was excellent, the beer forthcoming, and the flow of soul spontaneous. Arch. Aitken rendered a touching and lugubrious song about an egg. We are not sure, however, that at least part of the music to which he sang it had not previously assailed our drums. Let it pass ! Eggshellshesaw ! He also danced, and we don't know how he made so many tapping noises on the ground with so little motion of his feet. Raphael's item was well received, as it deserved. Turning now to the speeches. The prize must be divided equally between Prof. Osborne and Tom Dawes. The Prof's notable style we have known for THE SPECULUM. 25 long, but Dawes was a surprise. We hope to hear him again, when we will be • better able to appreciate it. .Maling's effort on "Our Guests" did not ,show him at his best. He wan- dered a little. In the facts that the chief guest did not turn up, and his example was followed by others, lie • in part the explanation and his excuse. Dr. Victor Hurley, in his reply, made the best of a bad business. He was quite unprepared, and it was very decent of him to get up and have a go at it. Dr. Cowan on The Speculum was good, we are sure, but from our seat was inaudible. The same applies to Mr. Maunder's reply. It has been truly said, .xactly where, we are not sure for the moment, that he who essays to talk about The Spec. or anything else at the end of the Medical Students' dinner, will be lucky to get a hearing. These two gentlemen cordially concur with that aphorism. And so home, by various routes, many waking the sleepers at the M.H., and bringing on their donated heads the wrath of the mattress. Good luck to them! Messrs. Brown, Courtney and Herrington ran the dinner in great style. They have been awarded the order of the Gold-Tipped Bottle.

cif:4

Mich li)obertv liraustrallan iarrev. "If you get me to the boat in time I'll give you five shillings," said a belated passenger to a Dublin jarvey. "Sure I'll get ye there in time. We'll only touch the ground in spots," was the reply. If Mick Doherty, the famous coach-driver, for many years on the Bright to Omeo line, had driven in the Dublin streets, he would have been the most famous jarvey the world has known. No one who has had the privilege to travel with him on his mountain journey , will ever forget him, for the list of good stories which he invented or improved was practically inexhaustible. His annual holiday was taken in a visit to the Melbourne Cup, and, alas ! he died in Melbourne during the last meeting. Truly, with his demise a Victorian light has gone out. Here are a few of those stories, heard when the writer was on a journey from Omeo to Bright. A big kangaroo bounded away from the track as the coach passed. "Ah," said Mick, "that reminds me of a German passenger I had wid me one day. He intended to wroite a book about Australia, an' he had a notebook wid him in which he noted everything that was interesting. On the way a kangaroo stud near the road. I cracked my whip an' he lept away at a great pace. 'What animal is that ?' asked the German. 'A kangaroo,' says I. 'Oh, I am of a delight that I shall see a wild kangaroo,' says he. 'That kangaroo is not wild,' says I. `It is a tame one."Tame. How can zat be?' says he. '0, faith,' says I, 'it is tame, an' it has been trained to come down here for letters and papers for a house beyant in the valley. Whin I have any I trow thim out, an' he carries 26 THE SPECULUM.

"Carries them home in his pouch." them home in his pouch. When I have none, I crack my whip as I did just now, an' he goes away at wanst.' The German writ it all down carefully. Oh, I tells ye, I nearly filled his book wid interesting information before we got to Bright." "Do ye see that mountain over there on the left? That's Mount Baldy. It has a wide flat top, an' people often drive up there on a tine day to see the magnificent views. Wan day a man druv his bride up there on their honeymoon. The day was perfect, an' the view all round entrancin', as the sayin' is. Well, after the happy bride had a good look all round, she says to her husband, 'John,' says she, 'isn't it a shame,' she says, 'that we can see all the glorious country around an' the poor horse that brought us up so bravely can't see anythin' at all on account of those winkers.' Poor John was a sensible feller most times, but on his honeymoon it was that way wid him as he looked at his beautiful bride that he could refuse her nothin'. So he tuk the winkers off the horse to let it see the view, an' if yees don't believe me yees can go up there now an' yees'l find pieces of that buggy up there yet." When the laughter had subsided, Mick resumed in a contemplative vein. " 'Tis a fine mountain is ould Baldy, but treacherous at times, for there is terrible winds up there. Many's the time I'm afraid whin I'm drivin' round the point yonder that me an' the horses an' coach will be blown off the road, an' all go to destruction together. To give yees an idea of the way it cud be blowin' THE SPECULUM. 27 there, I can tell yees that ofen an' ofen I've seen the crows that fly over it have to get down an' walk home." (Renewed laughter.)

"Crows have to get down an' walk home." "Yees may laugh at that, for yees don't care about the difficulties the crows do be contendin' wid in their desire to earn an honest livin', but I'll tell yees of a dreadful accident that happened up there wanst. It gave me the shock of me life. The roadway is dug out of the side of the mountain, an' there is plenty of room for people that do be walkin' to keep clear of the coach if it is careful they are. But one day an old woman wearin' a red cloak came walkin' along, carryin' a basket. She stood on the edge of the road to let the coach pass, but one of the horses gave a snort an' a jump which startled her, an' she went down over a long grassy slope two thousand feet to the bottom. She wint so fast before she got to the bottom that her clothes set fire to the grass—wid the friction like. It's quare now that yees should laugh at such a sad accident ; but if yees don't believe me, yees can go down to the police court in Harrietville, and ye'll see where she was fined five pounds for lightin' a fire 28 THE SPECULUM.

in the prohibited months. The proper fine was twenty pounds, but they let her off light because I gave evidence that she didn't do it a-purpose." loud, long continued.) (Laughter,

"He didn't do it a - purpose." Mick looked round on us with an expression of pain on his solemn countenance. Then he said, in a tone of reproof : "I'm fearin', so I am, that yees do not believe all the important information I'm after givin' yees, an' me wid a high character among thim that knows me for manny years for what they calls my voracity." He pulled the horses to a standstill at a point where a wide view spread itself over a vast country. Then he said, in a tone full of sorrow rather than anger : "What I'm goin' to tell yees now is gospel truth. I'll take me Bible oath on it. Do yees see that peak stannin' up clear there in the far distance? Yees do? Well, yees can believe it or not just as yees please, an' I don't care which it is, for ye're an unbelievin' lot, but that peak was stannin' there just like it is to-day the very first time ever I druv over this road !" (Loud cheers and congratulations. Mick had conquered us, and we believed him implicitly.) THE SPECULUM. 29

Ebe 1Ropal College of %urgeons, /Lonbon. The story of the formation and progress of the profession of surgery in London is a very interesting one, and is bound up with the history of two ancient , guilds or fraternities. These were at first entirely separate, but later became united, and then, with the advance of scientific medicine, again became resolved into two separate corporations. The first, the. Barbers' Company of London, is first mentioned in the Guildhall records in 1308, when Richard le Barber was presented and sworn before the Court of Aldermen as Master and Supervisor of the Barbers' Guild. The other company, known as the Fellowship or Guild of Surgeons, is mentioned in the city records in the year 1369, when two Mas- ters were sworn before the same court, and given power to report the faults of unskilful surgeons. For many years there was a keen rivalry and jealousy between these two bodies, and each tried in turn to obtain supremacy of authority and jurisdiction in matters surgical. Thus in 1376 the Barbers obtained an ordinance providing that two masters should be appointed annually to rule the craft, to inspect instruments, and to see that only skilled persons should be admitted. Fourteen years later four masters of the Surgeons' Guild were invested with the power of .scrutiny among persons practising surgery, and with power to present defaults. In the year 1400, however, the Barbers had their privileges given in 1376 confirmed. The Barbers' Company at this time consisted of two classes of members—those that were barbers simply, or who only practised the minor arts of bloodletting or tooth extraction, and those who exercised the faculty of surgery. Meanwhile, probably through the influence of Thomas I t Morstede, a surgeon who accompanied Henry V. to Agincourt, and who was afterwards surgeon to Henry VI., the Surgeons' Guild allied themselves with the Physicians, and formed a Commonalty of Physicians and Surgeons. They then challenged the surgical privileges of the Barbers, but these were confirmed by the Mayor and Aldermen in 1424. The scheme for the combination of the Surgeons and Physicians fell through, but the Surgeons continued a separate body, with ordinances for the government of their society. The volume containing these ordinances, made in 1435, is now in the possession of the Barbers' Company. Freed from opposition, the Barbers' Company continued to grow in importance, and in the year 1462 the right of its members to practise surgery was definitely established by Letters Patent granted by Edward IV. This charter, from which the Royal College of Surgeons of England, as recited in the Charter of 1800, dates its constitutional history as a body corporate, was granted to the Freemen of the Mystery of Barbers of the City of London practising surgery. No person was to be allowed to practise surgery within the City of London unless first approved by the Masters of the Company. It is worthy of note that the senior Warden of the Company when the Charter was granted was William Hobbes, Sergeant Surgeon to the King. In the year 1493 the Guild of Surgeons entered into an alliance with the Barbers' Company, by which the two companies agreed each to appoint two wardens, the four so appointed to act together in all matters relating to surgery and to the examination and government of its practitioners. After being associated for many years by voluntary agreement, the two companies were in 1540 formally united by Act of Parliament, and entered upon a new era in their career. 30 THE SPECULUM.

.This Act enacted that the two companies should thenceforth be made one body corporate, to be called by the name of the Masters or Governors of the Mystery and Commonalty of the Barbers and Surgeons of London. Four masters, two to be Surgeons and two to be Barbers, were to be appointed annually. Barbers were forbidden to perform any surgical operations except the drawing of teeth, and Surgeons were not to exercise the craft of barbery or shaving. Provision was also made for the study of anatomy by giving the Company the right to claim annually the bodies of four persons executed for felony. Thomas Vicary, Sergeant Surgeon to Henry VIII., and afterwards to Mary and to Elizabeth, was elected the first Master. He has given his name to the series of historical lectures endowed in 1919 by the Barbers' Company of the present day. The united company so formed shared the possession of Barbers' Hall, which is known to have occupied its present site in Monkwell Street since 1490, and was probably there even before that. The hall was subsequently added to by Inigo Jones in 1636, and it is still standing, having escaped the great fire of London. This union was destined to last for more than two hundred years, although at times there appears to have been a little friction between the two elements. In the reign of Queen Mary, in the year .1555, regulations were drawn up relating to the examination of persons for the company's licence to practise. These regulations provided for the appointment of thirteen examiners, including the Master and two Governors. This was the origin of the Court of Examiners of the Royal College of Surgeons, although it was not till the time of Charles I . that the appointment of ten examiners, the number continued to this day, was provided for by Royal Charter. In the year 1692 Charles I. granted a further charter to the Company. No one was to practise surgery in London except members of the College of Physicians unless examined and approved by the Examiners of the Company. Apprentices were to serve for not less than seven years, to be sound in body and limb, and to be able to read and understand Latin. The Court of Examiners also examined Surgeons and Surgeons' Assistants for the navy and merchant service, and inspected their instruments and medicine chests. This duty they and their successors, the Company of Surgeons and the Royal College of Sur- geons, continued to discharge until other arrangements were made at a compara- tively recent date. For a time the union worked satisfactorily, but the Surgeons began to find their association with the Barbers irksome and inconvenient. From the year 1549 the practice of surgery had been entirely separated from that of barbery, and much progress had been made in surgical skill and knowledge. The Surgeons resented the presence of the Barbers at their examinations, and objected to the signatures of Barbers on the surgical diplomas. In 1744 they appealed to Parliament, and, in spite of the protests of the Barbers, prevailed, and an Act of Parliament dissolved the union and re-established two separate companies. The Barbers were allowed to retain the whole of the real and personal property, with the exception of the Arris Bequest and Gale's Annuity for Anatomy Lectures, founded in 1646 and 1655 respectively. These provided for annual lectures on anatomical subjects, and it is interesting to record that at first the Arris lectures took the form of "Public Anatomies," to which the Surgeons of the Company were expected to attend. Later the Com- pany of Surgeons controlled them from 1753 to 1766, and the first Surgeons THE SPECULUM. 31

to deliver them were Percivall Pott and John Hunter. The earliest recorded lecture under the Gale Trust was given in 1698 by Dr. Havers, well known for his description of the canals in bone. Later, in 1868, the two were combined, and are still continued, the title of the lecturer being the Arris and Gale lecturer. The first master under the new regime was John Ranby, Sergeant Surgeon to George II. (whom he accompanied to the battle of Dettingen), and, on taking his seat, he presented the Company with a handsome silver cup, which is still in the possession of the College. The Surgeons had all the previously granted privileges confirmed, and finally found a new home in Surgeons' Hall, at the Old Bailey. Here they carried out their meetings till 1796. In this year they acquired freehold property in Lincoln's Inn Fields, and built upon the spot where the College of Surgeons now stands. Owing to some irregularities in the meetings of the Court of Assistants, legal difficulties arose, and, in order to overcome these and to acquire additional powers and authority, a Bill was introduced into Parliament, but after passing the House of Commons it was thrown out in the House of Lords. Finally a petition for a Charter was made to the Crown, and this was granted in 1800 by George III. This Charter reincorporated the Company, which was now known by name as the Royal College of Surgeons of London. It definitely separated the con- nexion of the College with the Corporation of the City of London. Members were not entitled to any franchise belonging to Freemen of the City, but all other privileges and possessions acquired under former acts and charters were continued and ratified. Parliament in 1799 entrusted to the college the Hunterian Collection, which had been purchased for the nation at a cost of £15,000, and voted a total sum of £27,500, which was supplemented by £21,000 from the funds of the College for the erection of a building on the new site. In 1843 a new charter was obtained, which altered the name of the College to the Royal College of Surgeons of England, and instituted a new class of members, who were to be called Fellows. Certain of the existing members were at the time elected as Fellows, but from that time examination was the ordinary method of election of Fellows. Later a supplementary charter laid down that two members of twenty years' standing could under certain conditions be elected as Fel- lows, and special rules were formulated by which, again only under special conditions, certain ad eundem fellowships were allowable. In 1859 the Licence in Dental Surgery was instituted, and in 1875 an Act of Parliament was passed, enabling the College to act as a conjoint examining body with the Royal College of Physicians, and thus was established the present examining board of the two colleges, and which now issues the conjoint degree of M.R.C.S. and L.R.C.P. By the fast charter of 1899 the Council was empowered to elect as Honorary Fellows persons of distinction. It is interesting to note that two Australian surgeons—namely, Sir A. MacCormick and Mr. Fred. Bird—have been elected to this high honour. Not more tlian fifty Honorary Fellows can be alive at one time, and the list includes practically all the great surgeons of foreign countries. The College at present constituted conducts various examinations, such as the examination for Fellow, the conjoint examination which is the ordinary qualifying examination in London, the Licentiate in Dental Surgery, a Diploma 32 THE SPECULUM.

of Public Health, and of late has instituted a special Fellowship examination in Opthalmology. It also acts as trustee of the famous Hunterian Museum, which is con- tinually being added to, and which is open to the public. In addition, it has other museums of pathology, anatomy, anthropology and natural science. The revenue of the College is derived from invested capital, property, fees, and from several endowments. The Council also has control of many special endowments, which are set aside for the payment of special lectures and for well-known prizes. The Hunterian Oration is given every second year by some famous authority, and is supposed to be expressive of the merits in comparative anatomy, physiology and surgery, not only of John Hunter, but also of such persons who shall be from time to time deceased, whose labours have contributed to the advancement of surgical science. The list of these Orators contains the names of many of the most famous men in British surgery. The Hunterian collection was handed over to the College on condition that an annual course of lectures—at first 24, but now 12 in number—should be delivered on comparative anatomy and other subjects, to be illustrated by specimens from the museum. This led to the institution of the Hunterian Professors, who are chosen from Fellows who have contributed something of importance to surgical science. The Erasmus Wilson bequest was given to found a pro- fessorship in dermatology, but now the Erasmus Wilson lecture is given on surgical pathology. There are other lectures, such as the Bradshaw lecture, the Arris and Gale lectures, and, until they lapsed recently, the Morton lecture on cancer, and the Thomas Vicary lecture on surgery. Certain prizes are also given. The first established and the most famous of these is the Jacksonian Prize, which was founded in 1800 by Mr. Samuel Jackson, F.R.S., a member of the College. The subject for dissertation is named by the Council of the College each year, and is open to Fellows all over the world, although it has not yet been awarded outside Great Britain. The list of the authors of the winning dissertation comprises almost every surgeon of renown in the surgical history of Great Britain. The John Hunter medal and triennial prize was first offered in 1822 as an award for the best essay on a subject in human or comparative anatomy, and from now onwards may be awarded to any member or Fellow who, in the opinion of the Council, has done such work in anatomy, physiology, or pathological anatomy that merits special recognition. Other prizes are the Walker prize for advances in the therapeutics of cancer, the John Tomes prize in dental surgery, the Cartwright prize in dental surgery, and several scholarships and special prizes and medals for work done on various subjects. —BY A FELLOW.

THE SPECULUM. 33

Ebe 3achsonian The Jacksonian prize was founded in the year 1800 by Mr. Samuel Jackson, F.R.S., a Member of the College of Surgeons, who announced his intention of giving a sum of ten pounds annually to the author of the best dissertation on a practical subject in surgery. In order to make the donation perpetual, he subsequently gave the College the sum of E333/6/8. In 1869 it was resolved "that, in any year in which the Jacksonian prize is not adjudged, the interest arising from the Jacksonian fund be added to the principal of the fund," and, through additions thus made, the fund now consists of i616/13/4, and the annual dividend, £18/10/-, received on this sum now constitutes the prize. The following are the conditions laid down for competition :— Candidates for the prize must be members or fellows of the College not on the Council. Each dissertation must be distinguished by a motto or device, and must be accompanied by a sealed envelope containing the name and residence of the author, and having upon it a motto or device corresponding to that on the dissertation. The prize dissertation and every accompanying drawing and preparation shall become the property of the College. The dissertations which shall not be approved shall, upon authenticated application within three years, be returned. If unclaimed, the unapproved dissertations shall become the property of the College, at which time the papers containing the names of the authors shall be burnt unopened in the presence of the Committee.

During the 123 years it has been in existence the Jacksonian , prize has been awarded on 88 occasions. In the remaining years either no dissertation was received or none was adjudged worthy of award. That the prize is one of the most valued distinctions that can be obtained is demonstrated by the list of prizemen. In 1873 the prize was awarded to Sir Henry Butlin for a dissertation on ununited fractures. In 1880 Sir Wm. Watson Cheyne was successful, the subject being "The History, Principles, Practice and Results of Antiseptic Sur- gery." A few years later are found the names of Sir Anthony Bowlby and Sir Frederick Treves. Prizemen towards the end of the last century included James Berry, E. Hurry Fenwick, Jonathan Hutchinson, Jun., W. G. Spencer, Sir John Bland- Sutton, H. J. Waring, and Sir William Thorburn. More recent prizemen are H. J. Patterson, R. C. Elmslie, J. P. Lockhart Mummery and E. W. Hey Groves. Jonathan Hutchinson, Jun., obtained the prize a second time in 1914. The subject for the dissertation in 1923 was "The Pathology and Treatment of Malignant Diseases of the Testicle," and the prize was won by Mr. Harold Dew, who has thus, achieved a signal honour for himself and also for our Medical School. Doubtless his dissertation will shortly be published, when it will be generally recognised that he has made a notable addition to the knowledge of this subject. This is the first occasion on which this prize has been won by an Australian graduate. A perusal of the list of previous prizemen is sufficient to indicate the value of the distinction gained by Mr. Dew, who has earned the congratulations and the gratitude of all members of this Medical School. 34 THE SPECULUM.

Cbe Origin of Zile 'pigments anb the flDecbanieni of probuction of 3aunbice. Dr. LESLIE HURLEY. In many branches of medicine an endeavour is being made to break away from the purely anatomical and histological study of disease, and to investigate, by bio-chemical means, the composition of 'body fluids and secretions. By this means we hope to gain a more detailed knowledge of the complex processes of metabolism in health and disease. In the study of diabetes and renal function considerable progress has been made in this direction, and it seems probable that, in the future, this means of investigation will play a very important part in the advancement of medical science. In recent years a good deal of research has been undertaken in an attempt to elucidate the problems of the origin of bilirubin and the mechanism of production of jaundice. The re-discovery, by Van den Bergh, of a very delicate test for bilirubin has stimulated further investigation in this direction, but although many new facts have been elicited, there are many aspects of the subject that still remain obscure. Following the experiments of Minkowski and Naunyn, it was universally 'held that bile pigment could . be produced only in the liver, and that all jaundice was obstructive in origin. The so-called haemolytic jaundice of Virchow and earlier writers was explained by obstruction in the smaller bile capillaries from catarrh or from increased viscosity of bile. This increased viscosity was held to be due to an increased production of bile pigment in the liver from the haemoglobin, liberated by broken-down red blood corpuscles. From a consideration of the following facts it seems probable that bile pigment can be produced outside the liver. Further, they suggest that, as far as bilirubin is concerned, there are two sources of origin. (a) From the reticulo-endothelial system, which includes the endothelial cells of the spleen, bone marrow, lymphatic glands, the reticular cells of the thymus, and the cells of Kupffer in the liver. Of these, the endothelial cells of the spleen and the liver are by far the most important. (b) From the glandular cells of the liver. Van den Bergh's test shows that there are two different types of bilirubin concerned in the production of jaundice, and the evidence available at the present time supports the view that one type is produced under the influence of the glandular cells of the liver, while the other is produced by the action of the cells of the reticulo-endothelial system, particularly the endothelial cells of the spleen. There are two distinct tests bearing Van den Bergh's name—the direct and the indirect. The direct test is carried out as follows :—To 1 c.c. of serum add 2 c.c. of distilled water and .5 c.c. diazo reagent. Three different types of reaction may result. (a) Prompt direct reaction—a bluish violet colour appears immediately, and attains a maximum in 10 to 30 seconds. This type of reaction is particularly characteristic of jaundice due to complete obstruction—the bilirubin is here produced under the influence of the liver cells. (b) A delayed direct reaction. This begins only after 1 to 15 minutes, or even very much longer, and consists in the development of a reddish coloration, which gradually deepens and becomes more violet. This type of reaction is particularly characteristic of haemolytic jaundice. Here the bilirubin is produced by the cells of the reticulo-endothelial system, chiefly in the spleen, from hemoglobin liberated by hxmolysed red corpuscles. THE SPECULUM. 35

(c) A biphasic direct reaction. Here a reddish colour appears at once, which either slowly or quite rapidly deepens to violet. This type of reaction is seen most commonly in those cases of jaundice where there is both hmmolysis and damage to liver cells—that is, the bilirubin is partly of liver origin and partly extrahepatic from the cells of the reticulo-endothelial system. In the indirect test the serum is first treated with 95% alcohol, centrifuged, and then to 1 c.c. of the supernatant fluid is added .25 c.c. of the diazo reagent. A violet red colour appears at once. This reaction is positive in all icteric sera. It is particularly valuable in those cases where the direct reaction is of the delayed type. It is also used as a quantitative test for bilirubin. Van den Bergh's test shows, therefore, that there are two distinct types of bilirubin concerned in the production of jaundice, and this seems to indicate two sources of origin. In chronic splenomegalic hwmolytic jaundice, the jaundice disappears on removal of the spleen. The increased fragility of red corpuscles, which is a marked feature of this disease, however, remains. In one case tested twenty- seven years after removal of the spleen, the red corpuscles were still fragile. At first sight this seems to prove a splenic origin for the jaundice, but it might also be taken to indicate that, after removal of the spleen, there would be less hwmolysis, and therefore less haemoglobin for the liver to convert into bile pigment. Microscopic examination of the liver, however, shows no blocking of smaller bile ducts ; there is no increased viscosity of bile, and no necrosis of liver cells. Further, there is no increase of the cholesterol or bile acids in the circulation, as would be expected if the jaundice were of hepatic origin. Here again the evidence seems to point to the spleen as a source of origin for bilirubin. Van den Bergh has also shown that the splenic vein contains more bilirubin than the splenic artery—although this observation has not been confirmed by other workers. Bilirubin can be produced from haemoglobin in cases of hwmothorax. Bilirubin obtained from such exudates gives the delayed direct reaction, thus confirming its extra-hepatic origin. In these cases, however, clinical jaundice does not follow, and the bilerubin content of the blood serum is little, if at all, increased. Finally, there are the experiments of Whipple and Hooper, who showed that in dogs with a "head and thorax" circulation only, intravenous injection of haemoglobin was followed by jaundice. This experiment as yet lacks confirmation. From the above considerations it can be stated, with a high degree of probability bordering on certainty, that bilirubin can be produced, not only in the liver, but in other tissues of the body, particularly in the endothelial cells of the spleen. Van den Bergh's test has also demonstrated that normal serum contains a small amount of bilirubin. This is definitely increased in people with a sallow complexion. In cirrhosis of the liver, although there may be no coloration of the skin and mucous membranes, the blood serum shows an increased amount of bile pigment. It has also been demonstrated that the skin coloration in pernicious anzemia is in reality a true haemolytic jaundice. There is quite a definite increase in the bilirubin in the circulating blood stream. This is also true of those cases of pernicious anaemia showing no definite skin coloration. Jaundice, even fatal 36 THE SPECULUM.

in severity, is a well-known complication of the salvarsan treatment of syphilis. On' investigation of the bilirubin content of the serum of patients undergoing treatment/ it has been found possible to prophesy the development of obvious jaundice on the continuation of arsenical treatment. The practical value of this is, of Course, obvious. It would appear, therefore, that latent jaundice is of fairly common occurrence in disease, and that it can be recognised by estimating the bilirubin content of the blood by means of Van den Bergh's test. The classification of jaundice may now be considered in the light of the above developments. Three main groups can be recognised— (a) Obstructive. (b) Haemolytic. (c) Toxic and infective. In obstructive jaundice there is blockage in the bile passages from sub- stances in the lumen of the ducts—e.g., gall stones or parasites ; from changes in the wall of the ducts ; e.g., tumors, strictures, etc. ; from pressure outside the ducts ; e.g., enlarged glands at the nilus of the liver, carcinoma of the head of the pancreas, or occasionally from kinking or torsion of the ducts ; e.g., by a floating kidney or spleen. Here the bile pigments are produced in the liver in the normal way, and are then reabsorbed into the circulation either by the blood vessels or the lymphatics. In spite of much experimental work this point still remains unsettled. The urine shows the presence of bile pigments and bile salts 24 hours before the' conjunctiva shows jaundice. The blood serum, at least in the early stages, shows an increase, not only in bilirubin, but also in cholesterol and bile acids. When the obstruction has been present for some time, the liver cells undergo secondary changes, and the bile salts may disappear from the urine and the blood serum. The red blood corpuscles, in contra- distinction to hwmolytic jaundice, frequently show an increased resistance to hypotonic saline. Van den Bergh's test gives a prompt direct reaction. Here, then, we have bile produced in the normal way with a re-absorption of bile pigments, bile salts, and cholesterol into the circulation owing to obstruction in the biliary passages. Haemolytic jaundice depends on blood destruction in excess of normal, either from increased fragility of the red corpuscles, as in chronic splenomegalic jaundice, or from the presence of a toxin, known or unknown, in the circulating blood stream, as in pernicious anxmia. It is probable that, following the excessive blood destruction, an increased amount of bilirubin is formed by the cells of the reticulo-endothelial system, particularly in the spleen, and circulates in the blood stream, causing jaundice. This over-activity of the spleen may result in, or be actually dependent on, an increase in the size of the spleen or splenomegaly. In this case the bile pigment is formed quite independently of the glandular cells of the liver, although the cells of Kupffer may play a small part, forming, as they do, a part of the reticulo-endothelial system. The blood serum shows no increase in bile salts or cholesterol, as would be expected, seeing that the glandular cells of the liver are not concerned. There is no obstruction in the liver, and therefore the faeces contain bile pigment. The blood serum gives a delayed direct reaction with the Van den Bergh test. The urine shows no bile pigment, but an increase in urobilin, but the reason for this is obvious. This also seems to suggest that bilirubin produced extra-hepatically differs in some way from that formed in the liver cells. The toxic and infective group includes within its boundaries a great num- THE SPECULUM. 37

ber of cases of jaundice. Clinically it is the commonest variety met with. It Occurs— (a) As a complication of many acute fevers—e.g., pneumonia, typhoid. (b) After the administration of various drugs—e.g., salvarsan phosphorus. (c) After damage to liver cells of unknown origin—acute and sub-acute yellow atrophy of the liver. The exact mechanism of the production of jaundice in the individual members of this group is not easy to explain, owing to the complex factors at work. In some the jaundice may be obstructive, owing to the presence of catarrh or biliary thrombi, or from increased viscosity of bile. In others the dominant factor may be damage to liver cells with disordered function, causing the bile to be passed into the circulation intead of into the biliary ducts. The damaged hepatic cells are unable to retain the bile, which then diffuses into the blood vessels and lymphatics. In others, again, there is increased destruction of red blood corpuscles and production of bile pigment extra-hepatically in the cells of the reticulo-endothelial system—that is, the jaundice is haemolytic. In this group, therefore, some of the bilirubin is formed under the influence of the liver cells, whilst some is formed extra-hepatically or in the cells of Kupffer, and never passes through the liver cells at all. This agrees with the fact that in these cases the diphasic reaction to the Van den Bergh test was first and most frequently noted.

Ebe first Splenectomp. Leonardo Fioravanti thus describes his successful first attempt :- "Treatment of a woman whose spleen I removed." This same year (1549), in the aforementioned month of April, I was called to visit a Greek lady who lived near the garden of the Marquis of Terrannova. She was the wife of the Greek captain Matio, who died in the African- war in 1551. This young woman of twenty-four had a very great enlargement of the spleen. It grew so large in her body that you could not conceive it larger. It caused both legs to be very badly ulcerated, and the poor woman could hardly live longer. Having been visited by various doctors, she was told that, if she wished to recover, it was necessary to remove the spleen; that it was an easy matter, without danger, and so on. So the poor woman, who had been the most beautiful lady of that town, and a great favourite, pondered whether she wished to die or recover, and began to beg the captain, her husband, to find someone who would remove her spleen. She begged so hard that the poor gentleman began to look for a doctor to perform such an operation, and while he was searching I was recommended to him. He came to see me at my house, and took me to his home to see the lady. I saw her, and talked to her, and cheered her as best I could. She asked me if I felt capable of removing her spleen. I said "Yes" readily, although I had never before removed one. But since then, in Naples, I have removed another.

38 THE SPECULUM.

. So I promised to perform the operation, and, having promised, every day she urged me to do so. But, to tell the truth, although I had promised, I did not want to treat her for fear of making some blunder. But, notwithstanding, I sent for a certain old man of Palo, in the kingdom of Naples. This old man operated with the knife, removed cataracts and such things, and was much experienced in this profession. I said to him, "Dear Messer Andriano, a strange thing has come into the head of the wife of the Greek captain Matio. She wishes to have her spleen removed. Can it be done without danger ?" "Yes," answered the old man, and we agreed to do it together. I went to see the lady, and made preparations with her and her husband, and, having done so, went to the Justices, to give her up for dead, as is usually done. And, having permission, we went one morning to the lady's house. The good old man took a razor, and cut the flesh above the spleen, which, being cut, came out of the body. We 'went on separating it from the reticulum, and took it all out, and sewed up the flesh, leaving only a small opening. I dressed it with mixed oil of hypericum, incense powder, mastic, myrrh, and sarcocolla, and ordered her a drink of boiled water with ordinary honey, comfrey, betony, and holy-thistle, and every day I made her take a dose of theriac. So I continued to relieve her in such a way that the poor woman in 24 days was cured, and went to mass at the Madonna da Miracoli, and gave thanks. The spleen that was removed weighed 32 ounces. It was taken to the Loggia of the Merchants, and there remained three days, when all the town saw it, and the honour of such an experiment was given to me. Wherefore the people came to me as to an oracle ; and every day I debated with various people and learned many things in my subject, so that beyond the gain and experience I learned many secrets, and, to tell the truth, there is no better way of learning than by going about the world, for every day one sees new things, and learns various important secrets.

e6Q01

'Men 11 am 1Cortmll. When I am drunk, egad, I feel As though the world should round me kneel, My, tattered senses to me bring The Crown and Sceptre of a King, And I am Lord of Everything, When I am drunk. But ! Bloated Bacchus, when I steal Next morn to thee with thirsty zeal, To "cool my coppers" at thy Spring, Hark ! How the sizzling cocktails sing That I'm a fool from head to heel, When I am drunk. —Anon. THE SPECULUM. 39 $ome Aspects of Men ant) life. By "EGOISMUS." In choosing this subject for an analytical disquisition, I find that my reasons for doing so can be divided into three groups. First, there is no subject to which I have given so much attention, more particularly to one aspect which I find especially worthy of the honour ; second, when one wields such a pen as mine, compound as it is of all the elements of keen wit, reasoned judgment, and the purest English style, one must have ample scope for one's talents ; and, thirdly, I find that almost every other subject under the sun has been adequately explored and examined by my predecessors in the world of philosophy. Pope and Bergson, it is„true, have lightly stirred the surface of the pool, but it has remained for me to cause such a commotion as will set up a tidal wave of knowledge against the hovels of ignorance, and drown in a flood of luminous intelligence—[What does the fellow mean ?—Ed.]—those who are content to wallow in the filth therein. Unfortunately I have not sufficient space at my disposal to deal as fully as I would like with my subject. In this connection the correspondence that passed between myself and the Editor is worthy of reproduction :- Editor to "Egoismus." Dear "Egoismus,"—Harrowed as my feelings must necessarily be at dis- turbing you in your favourite occupation of contemplating your engaging

personality, I have got to do it. I find myself in the position of one who aspires 0 to run a magazine for the edification of my fellow-students. So wooden-headed are they, however, that I find it difficult to get something stupid enough to suit them. That is the reason why I turn to you. Confine yourself to a reasonable length, my dear fellow, for I can't have my editorial cut down. Though your ego comprises your whole cosmos, forget it for once. Write about anything else you like.—Yours sincerely, EDITOR. From this it will be seen in what esteem the good fellow holds me. He knows I am a man apart from the throng. [Praise be!—Ed.] I at once saw the force of his request not to write about myself. As he says, his fellow- students are too stupid to understand the finer shades of reasoning I would have to employ, were I to do so. Hence you will find that I scarcely mention myself in this article. I replied to him as follows :— "Egoismus" to Editor. Dear Editor,—I gladly accede to your request to write something for your paper. You need not concern yourself with the idea of having disturbed my hours of contemplation. I was shaving when your letter arrived, and, although my face is undeniably of classically handsome mould, yet, when it is partially hidden by shaving soap, I find that my thoughts about it are apt to stray, even without such a stimulus as was afforded by your letter. Believe me, I am always glad to lend you a helping hand.—Yours con- templatively, "EGOISMUS." P.S.—I will not take more of your space than I feel is due to me in my 40 THE SPECULUM.

dual capacity of your friend and my own philosopher.—E [What a consum- mate nerve the blighter has !—Ed.] I now turn to a consideration of my subject. Before I start, let me make myself quite clear on one point. I am in no way conceited, although a man with my nose and eyebrows and of my intellectual eminence might be excused if he were. The first point I wish to make is this, that men live their lives. ' Many writers have gropingly approached this truth in their works, but never before has it been so succinctly expressed. I found this truth, not as you might sup- pose, by length of hours spent in pondering over it, but by a simple process of observation, the object being—myself. Myself I saw as in a dream, walking to the manicurist's, dressing my hair, buttoning my boots, in fact, performing that multiplicity of works which. go to make my daily round. "What am I doing?" I asked myself. "Am I a figment of my imagination, a dull shadow cast by the light of Time upon the wall of Eternity, or am I the effect or pleasurable feeling tone aroused by my own sensations ?" Neither of these theories satisfied me. Then the truth flashed upon me. "I live," I said, "and as I am a man (not, I hope, like other men, except in this one essential), therefore men live. But men live not by dreams, or figments, or complexes, or feeling tones ; they live lives." Thus I was made aware of this all-important fact, and I don't mind passing it on to you, for I am generous above all, and would deprive no one of any thought of mine which might help him to reach the unclouded levels at which I live. Excuse me, I can do no more for you at present. Such a delicate structure as the Mind (my mind is, of course, in my mind) is readily jarred. and I have to be very careful lest my mind be not totally disorganised. I have just heard a voice telling me that I shall be King of the Earth. I will give each of your readers a tramcar. I see them now ! Red trams, green ones, blue ones, they are running at me ; the conductors are pointing at me; they are nearer. Oh, they've killed me, my mind is dead—my body [This was found in "Egoismus'" room after he was certified.—Ed.]

" Curet)." Johnson was a trusting and a trustworthy sort of fellow. Perhaps that is why he got into trouble; but the fact remains that he entrusted the curing of his acute corn troubles to a certain lady, who had advertised her treatment as being infallible. Below are his letters to this lady and others :— To Madame Cornot. Dear Madame,—On scrutinising my copy of the "Daily Bull-ant" the other day, your advertisement caught my attention. I have suffered with my corns for many years, and would indeed be grateful if you would send me a free trial packet of your wonderful corn cure.—Yours, etc., JACK JOHNSON. THE SPECULUM. 41

Dear Mr. Wun Bung Lung,—In the columns of the "Daily Bull-ant" I see that you claim positively to be able to cure rheumatism. Since quite recently I had been free from rheumatic troubles, and the present attack seems to be due to the prolonged bathings which I gave my feet in some new-fangled corn cure. I have great hopes of the treatment of rheumatism by herbs, which you prescribe.—Yours, etc., JACK JOHNSON. To Professor Permovitch. Dear Sir,—The array of testimonials included in your advertisement in to-day's papers has quite convinced me that you will be able to help me in my trouble. Surely, if ingrowing toe-nails can be cured by massage, so can a gastric ulcer. Some months ago I placed myself under a Chinese herbalist who claimed that he was able to cure rheumatism ,. I persevered with his treatment, and my stomach is now so sore that even custards feel like sandpaper. Hoping you will be able to assist me.—I am, yours, etc., JACK JOHNSON. To Monsieur Mentali de Fishant. Dear Monsieur,—Your repute for the treatment of nervous disorders is, of course, world-wide. My present breakdown, for which I elicit your aid, is due to a course of severe massage. At present I am suffering from a gastric ulcer, and nervous breakdown, not to mention abrasions and general mutilation of the epithelium on my abdominal wall. My condition is critical, and I implore

your aid.—Yours, etc., 11 JACK JOHNSON. To Dr. Sharpe-Scalpelle, V.D.; L.S.D. Dear Doctor,—Some months ago I placed myself under the care of a nerve specialist, who prescribed cessation of all work and a thorough rest. My physique has acquired considerable rotundity, due to lack of exercise, and the desire to be my slim self once more has led me to ask an appointment with you. The surgical removal of superfluous adipose tissue, adopted by yourself and others from the Chicago University, strikes me as being the most modern and effective method yet evolved.—Yours, etc., JACK JOHNSON. To Dr. Sharpe-Scalpelle. Dear Doctor,—Your method for reducing a person's weight is certainly effective. Since placing myself under your treatment I have lost quite three stone. Perhaps the loss of my right leg, which never seemed to be quite the same when you had finished with it, accounts for a little of this weight. I shall never lose an opportunity to advertise your treatment in the manner which it deserves. —Yours, etc., JACK JOHNSON.

P.S.—You may use this letter in any way which you may think fit. —"OSCAR." 42 THE SPECULUM.

Coujours les femmes. By "ARCH." [It is with much pleasure, though with some diffidence, that we introduce this new writer to our readers. The public stomach, long over-indulged in the maudlin banalities of the modern magazine, is perhaps scarcely ready for the strong waters of "Arch's" pungent realism. "Toujours les femmes," with its shattering and tumultuous passion-pictures, is a story whose lightning will scorch the cosmic soul of the ages, and whose thunder will reverberate down the throbbing centuries.—Ed.] It was late autumn, the leaves had long since fallen to the green-cloaked fields, and the trees had taken on that sombre aspect which heralds approaching winter. But it was not the changing season, or the living nature around him, that occupied the mind of young Jack Forsyth, as he strode hurriedly along a country lane in the town of F— one evening, after a long day in the saddle. He was happy again, actually happy, after months of long brooding and despair, and he drank in the keen air as one who relishes the very taste of the life-giving element. And, ias he walked, he allowed his mind to wander half cynically, half self-pityingly, to the past years of misfortune and disgrace, and to contrast his present contented state to the mockery and shallowness of his banished world. He had been pampered. City born and bred, both college and 'Varsity had seen his triumphant passage through them. His future was assured, and he was envied by all. All would have been well still had it not been for the flattery and hero-worship of the "Crowd," a name which seems to effectively cover that band of devil-may-cares who have neither the brains nor inclination to rise out of the groove of self-indulgence. But even the effects and influence of the crowd could have been easily overcome had it not been for his one, but his sure and deadly fate—Woman. It was always women, the beginning and end of all his troubles. They led him on, through parties, dances, wine, gambling. They led him, fooled him. But he was blind to them and their ways— he followed without a murmur ; he was theirs. First one affair, then another, all ending in the same way, until his heart was gradually turned from them, and finally, when he had been dragged through the courts by a scheming woman whom he believed true, he was finished with them for good ; he had lost all faith, all respect for women; his heart was hardened against them ; they were driven from his life for ever. His family, by this time being tired of his waywardness, had sent him away to the country to try and find himself, and he had come gladly, with his hatred of women still burning, and an intense desire to forget. But now, on this cool autumn evening, all seemed changed to a world of blissful happiness, for he had met Her, even another woman, but she was different, wonderfully different. He knew women through and through, and she was different. Just a little .country girl, living with her aunt, as sweet and fresh as the morning dew, and as true and sincere as he had never believed it possible. And a great love had grown in his heart, one which he could not fathom, but one which must' be appeased ; and even now he was on his way to her little home, to declare himself, and ask for the right to love and protect her for all time. THE SPECULUM. 43

Is it any wonder, therefore, that he strides along, carefree and happy, and imagining that the whole world had conspired to make him joyful ? And now he has reached her home—a little cottage, tucked away among a jumble of ferns and shrubbery, and kept rustically undefiled from the gaze of curious passers-by. He enters the little gate and strides up the winding path, his heart buoyed up with eager expectancy, and a pink flush on his cheeks. And as he approaches ; through the night air come to him the strains of a piano, and the sound of a low, sweet voice that thrills him through and through, for it was Her voice, and to the lover it seems to carry to his longing heart a special meaning. He moves closer to the house, and stands unobserved beneath the window whence comes the music, that he might listen in rapture to Her voice. The song has now finished, and the same sweet voice begins to speak, apparently to her aunt : "Well, auntie dear, I must get back to town to-morrow, as we start rehearsing for the new show next week. I've had such a lovely time, but it is terribly quiet here, and will be like Heaven to be back in the 'Old Burg' again. And, oh, by the way, remember me to that dear boy Jack. He's been great fun—so romantic, but oh, so foolish." She broke off with that shallow little laugh that had always seemed, to the listening man, to be so musical. He was stunned, helpless. His world of dreams had crashed about his ears, and all was blackness. For many minutes he stood thus ; then, turning his face homewards, he strode into the night, with head held proudly erect, and a new light—one of resolution—shining in his eyes. Woman had come and gone in Jack Forsyth's life. 0 woman, thy name is —. —"ARCH."

lane Cbronique Scanbaleuse. We medical students are rather inclined to regard ourselves as libertines in a mild way ; that is, some of us are. The remainder are too concerned about their inevitable success or failure in the finals to worry about mundane matters at all. Those in the first category would be surprised to find that there are heights of voluptuousness and depths of depravity which they have not yet reached. That there are such heights and depths is amply demonstrated in "Uncensored Recollections," by a gentleman distinguished by the fine old name "Anon." This book is written round the sayings and doings of "la haute monde," and especially the more irresponsible sections thereof. After perusal of this volume, it may be said that to have one's name not recorded therein gives no cause for commiseration. The author, who lived most of his life in Paris, is an Englishman of considerable wealth, doubtless handed down to him as the result of the undiscovered dishonesty of his ancestors. No such considerations seem to have troubled him, however, for he sits down in the evening of a long and profitless life, and gives with great gusto the details of innumerable scandals, in few of which, however, does he seem to have himself taken an active part.

44 THE SPECULUM.

No one is spared. We are shown the details of a king's pedigree, and given proof that, to sit on a throne, it is necessary to have only half one's blood of blue colour. The story is told of a duke, who was assured by his mother that, if he proposed to an American heiress who was at that time in great demand for matrimonial purposes, she would hasten to her husband at Nice and tell him that his heir was not his son! The author then gives expression to his opinion that this would not have troubled or perturbed the duke in the least, for Her Grace's arms were notoriously hospitable. Lord P— fell in love with a ballet girl, and sent her jewels worth I8000. These she accepted, and one thing led to another, so that finally she cost him a quarter of a million. This owner of more money than sense was asked what he could see in the girl to make him lavish so much money on her. "Do you think her beautiful ?" "Certainly not," he replied. "Clever ?" "No, she's a fool." "Voluptuous ?" "Good heavens, no !" "Well made ?" "No, flat as a pancake, with hands and feet like a stable boy." "What then?" After reflec- tion Lord P.— replied, "Well, I think it must be because she has beautiful shoulders." With the experience of shoulders of all shapes and forms common to meds., it is not likely that one of us would spend a fortune for such a scrawny reason. A young Marquis unfortunately died at the apartment of the lady of his choice. She wrote to his wife : "Madame, I regret to inform you that your husband has just died in my rooms. I wish you would take all necessary steps at once, for his corpse at my home is very embarrassing." Such delicacy and refinement of feeling as are exhibited in this short note are indeed worthy to be recorded in such a notable book. Gould and Fiske were two American millionaires who made their money in the usual fashion of legal robbery, and this was well known. One of them had recently bought a steam yacht, and invited a number of guests to inspect it. In the saloon were, on opposite walls, portraits of the two men. One of the guests remarked that it was not complete with Gould on one side and Fiske on the other. "How do you mean it is not complete ? What is missing?" asked Fiske. " Why, certainly," said the guest, "you ought to have the Saviour in the middle." A neat thrust, you will agree. An amusing story is told about Prince Napoleon, who expressed his intention to stay one night at the house of a lady who was under the protection of another gentleman. The Prince was in an excitable temper the following morning, and said to his hostess: "I can't imagine what the devil can possibly have induced me to stay here. I can't see what that ass R— sees in you to admire." "Oh, mon Prince," replied the lady, "I am sorry that you should say that, for you are the most desirable man in Paris. You have everything, wit, grace, personal beauty, everything. You are absolutely perfect except " Then she stopped. "Except what ?" cried the Prince. "Oh, I can't tell your Highness ; you would never forgive me." "You must. I insist !" cried the Prince. "Oh, I dare not tell you. You would never forgive me." At this stage the Prince had regained his temper, and, apologising for his rudeness, implored the lady to tell him bluntly of his defect. "I faithfully promise not to be angry with you," he said. THE SPECULUM. 45

"Well, Monseigneur, as you have promised not to be angry, I will tell you frankly—your breath is intolerably offensive." For months after the Prince asked everyone if it was true, and could get no reply. What a revenge ! In talking of Morny, he makes the remark that he had only four children— "legitimate, of course, I mean." The tragic death of one of these is hymned in epic prose. She had a slight cold. At 2 p.m. this lady received a party of gentlemen in her room. She was sitting up, laughing and smoking, and very gay. At 4 she was dead, and at 7 her body was black. Dr. Chairou, a fashion- able charlatan, had prescribed an overwhelming dose of sodium salicylate. Chairou called at 5, expecting to have a pleasant chat with his charming patient. He was told "Madame la Comtesse est morte !" He replied, "Oh, really. I'm so sorry. Well, as I'm very busy, I won't go up," and, so speaking, drove away. This example of "Aequanimitas" is to be commended to all followers of Hippocrates. The Duc de P and his beautiful but frail wife were both of very fair complexion. The Duke's philosophy was of the "live and let live" order. His wife's latest "cher ami" had been a swarthy Spaniard named Alvarez. A lady friend called, and asked to see her youngest baby. The child was almost a mulatto ! "What a beautiful boy ! What do you call him?" "Oh," said the Duchess, "we call him TEspagnol,' don't we, dear ?" turning to her husband. "Yes," replied the Duke, "we call him l'Espagnol." A most interesting example of Atavism ! The wiles of diplomats make interesting reading, though few medical men have climbed to a place where it is necessary to exert them. The French king wanted his youngest son, Montpensier, to marry the young Queen of Spain. England being averse from this alliance, relations became strained. Then the French Foreign Office became very clever (always a mistake, as the author points out). They ascertained that England would not object to Montpensier marrying the Queen's sister. King Louis therefore made this concession, but on the distinct understanding that the Queen should marry her cousin, Francois. King Louis happened to know that Francois did not regard marriage as a means of producing heirs to the throne. If he married the Queen, it would, Louis thought, only be necessary to wait long enough, and Montpensier and his bride would become King and Queen, there being no son born of the marriage. A masterly scheme, worthy of Machiavelli of honoured memory ! Appearing to be taken in, Palmerston, the Foreign Secretary, made no. objec- tion. So the two marriages took place. But the French King had "o'erleaped himself," and slipped badly. Palmerston also knew of Francois' peculiar views ; and he knew the Queen of Spain better than the Frenchmen did. He concluded that, if Francois per- sisted in devoting himself to bullfights, his wife would follow his example, and devote herself to bullfighters. That is the way it worked out. The Queen's amorousness overcame her scruples, and the letter is still extant in which Downing Street congratulates our Ambassador in Paris on the news of Isabella taking a lover ! A bloodless victory ! The pedigree of the next King of Spain has been already referred to. University life in those days was not devoid of thrills for its participants. A certain Teddy had been expelled from Harrow, after running the gauntlet of 18 monitors with ashplants, for locking in his study and half starving a small

46 THE SPECULUM.

fag to make him do some Greek lines which Teddy found beyond his somewhat limited mental capacity. A career so auspiciously begun was not to be closed before Teddy had again been heard of. At Oxford Teddy was the ringleader of a gang that broke into the Christ Church library, and destroyed various books and papers, without any very definite reason. A meeting of protest was held, and Teddy got up and denounced the perpetrators of the outrage, and •declared that they were no gentlemen. A Scotland Yard detective was sent for. He sifted the matter, and a warrant was issued for Teddy late in the afternoon. Scandal was to be avoided. Teddy was dining with his friends at the Mitre, so the detective decided to postpone arresting him until he was alone. A clever waiter at the Mitre noticed the detective lounging outside (a , dead cat could smell a detective a mile away, says "Anon," out of his full experience). The wtaiter told Teddy, who looked through the window, then sent for his servant, gave him certain instructions, and then rejoined his friends. They arranged to all stroll out together, accompanying Teddy back to his college, with the detective following. They all turned into college just as the gate was closed. No one is allowed to leave after that hour. The detective knew this, and, desiring, as before, to avoid scandal, decided to wait till the morning. In the morning Teddy was not there. At 3 a.m. he let himself down from his window by his sheets, met his servant with his dogcart as he had arranged previously, and drove away, reaching Paris that evening. Teddy later became First Lord of the Admiralty and Lord Privy Seal. There is an obvious moral in this tale for those who have eyes to see. If Teddy can become Lord of the Admiralty, why shouldn't one of us, with all his sins, become Surgeon-General to the King of the Cannibal Isles ?

zr be Daily Grinb. Up at 8.30 for Silber. Lord! What a night to be out. Shivering, shaveless and hungry, What's the damn lecture about ? Down to the Melbourne for Lawton, Shot if I'm later than ten. Doing my best to dodge questions— Don't think I'll go there again. Dinner time comes—but no dinner, Listening to clinic on blood. Why did I ever do Medicine? As a Doctor I'll sure be a dud. Ten minutes for dinner—then Gyno. Patients and P.V's. galore. "How many more are there, Sister?" Gawd! But my fingers are sore. THE SPECULUM. 47 •

V.D. from 5 until 7. A choice hobby this, to be sure. Told off to massage a prostate, Glad that I've always kept pure. Home in a state of exhaustion, Eat far too much for my tea. Bed ! And I dream of Ectopics, And Strictures, and Nullipar. —HEGAR.

Elle Criminal. "The problem of the . . . unfit members of the population is . . . vastly more vital to the real welfare of the human race than those political questions which usually absorb the energies of governments." "Lectures on Sex and Heredity," by Bower, Kerr and Agar. "The accused admitted thirteen previous convictions." Any paper, any day. A few weeks ago there were numerous references in a certain section of the daily press to the "Murray Tragedy," ity which was apparently meant the rt trial, conviction and execution of Angus Murray. But to any thinking man it will be evident that there was not one "Murray Tragedy," but three—two major and a minor—and that the execution of Angus Murray was not a tragedy, but the one approach to a ray of light in a very dark business. The first "Murray Tragedy" was the birth of Angus Murray. To realise that this was indeed a tragedy, we must analyse a little more closely. Angus Murray was a criminal—that is to say, he was anti-social, a menace to his fellow- beings. He was a criminal almost certainly because his mental equipment was defective. Equally certainly, his mental equipment was defective because of some fault or flaw in his progenitors. So much should be clear to anyone who has made even the most cursory study of the genealogical trees of "Martin Kallicack's" two families, though he pursue his study of heredity no further. And here lies the tragedy, that in a world which has reached our present state of scientific advancement, the parents of this man should have been allowed to propagate their species. To one who has made even a slight study of the question, the outlook for our present civilisation is gloomy indeed. We learn that fifty per cent. of the next generation is produced by ten per cent. of the present, and that ten per cent. lies at the bottom of the social scale. That fact, with what we know of the Laws of Heredity, coupled with the astounding ignorance and indifference of the great majority, causes one to wonder at times if anything is worth while. The remedy is obvious. The segregation or sterilisation of those who are unfitted to be parents. An attempt in this direction has been made in certain States of America. If anything of such a nature were attempted here, one can imagine the cry of "interference with the liberty of the subject" from those who have never learnt that "liberty is not liberty to do as we like, irrespective of what it is that we like to do." No, we must stand by, helpless, 48 THE SPECULUM.

and listen to the demand .for "Higher wages and more movies," the modern counterpart of the "Panis et circences" which heralded the downfall of Rome. The second "Murray Tragedy" was the life of Angus Murray. Tragedy, not because a large part of it was spent, either actively in crime—that is, anti- social behaviour----or confined between four walls, preparing for further criminal activity consequent upon his escape or release, but because it was the law of the land that one who had definitely proved himself anti-social, a menace to the property and lives of his fellow-citizens, should be preserved to continue his criminal activities after the lapse of a period of imprisonment. Yes, the life of Angus Murray, viewed in that light, is a tragedy, no small part of which is the fact that the law-abiding citizen is taxed to pay for the preservation alive of such an one. Year by year, throughout the civilised world, hundreds of millions of money are spent annually in preserving alive the manifestly unfit. Our gaols, our lunatic asylums, even, in a measure, our hospitals are monuments to man's criminal sentimentality. And the remedy, though drastic, is equally obvious. The lethal chamber for the obviously socially unfit. Of what use to preserve the life, in a most costly manner, of the habitual criminal, the hope- lessly insane, the horribly deformed? Remembering always that, with the adop- tion of the remedy for the first tragedy, the need wi.11 soon pass. The Third Tragedy is a minor one. In a newspaper headline on the evening of the execution of Angus Murray, one reads, "Praying crowds surround gaol." And the tragedy lies in .the fact that there could be found thousands of people so incapable of any attempt at clear thinking that they tried to blot out the one ray of sunlight in this cheerless record of blundering. For it is to the credit of civilisation that twelve good men and true did at least, after many days, realise the futility of prolonging on this earth the life of one who, probably through fi no fault of his own, had never been anything but a blight and a curse to his fellow-men. —N.B.W.

lln Memoriam. GEORGE ERIC MACKAY, M.B., B.S. The untimely death in October of last year of Dr. G. E. Mackay has deprived us of one of the most able graduates of recent years, and has left a gap which must long endure in the ranks of the younger members of the IP profession. Eric Mackay was a Bendigonian, and was born in 1897, educated at Gravel Hill School and St. Andrew's College, Bendigo, and later at Scotch College, Melbourne. He entered Ormond College in 1914. and started his Medical Course, but enlisted early in 1915, and was with the A.I.F. in Egypt and France until 1917. He completed his course in 1921, and was a resident at the Mel- bourne Hospital for twelve months. Proceeding to England in May, 1922, and obtaining the primary F.R.C.S , he was doing a year's work at The Rotunda in Dublin when his health broke down, and, after two months' illness, he died in London in October, 1923. if

GEORGE ERIC MACKAY, M.B., B.S.

['HE SPECULUM.

On the scholastic side his record was excellent—an Honours man from Senior Public until the final examinations. A prosector in Anatomy in his second year, he obtained first-class honours in Anatomy and second-class in Physiology in his third year. He graduated with second-class honours, occupy- ing ninth place, on the class list. But it was his achievements on the playing field—and in no less degree the fine spirit in which he achieved things—which have secured so warm a place for Wog Mackay in our hearts. For Scotch he played cricket; Ormond he represented in cricket, football, athletics and tennis ; the University in tennis (he was twelfth man in the 1914 cricket team) ; and Victoria in Interstate tennis. In 1919 he captained the Ormond cricket and tennis teams, won the 440 yards inter-collegiate championship, captained the University tennis team, and played in the Victorian tennis team against South Australia. It was at tennis that he most excelled, and was never happier than when on a court— where he tried for every point, yet endeared himself to all opponents by his cheerfulness and sportsmanship, whether winning or losing. Throughout his course he was the representative of his year on the Com- mittee of the Medical Students' Society, and in 1919 and 1920 did a great deal of extra work for the Society. Those of us who were fortunate enough to work with him at the hospital will ever remember Wog's smile and the cheerfulness he infused at all times and in all places. Yet withal he was intensely serious over his work, and, had he lived, would doubtless have added materially to our knowledge. We can ill afford to lose from our ranks one who, brilliant academically, could hold his own in the world of sport, and who had a personality that inspired as his did, and his death leaves us so much the poorer. To his wife and to his parents the deepest sympathies of the Medical Stu- dents' Society are extended.

Dr. A. W. RINDER. Founder of The Speculum. The death of the originator and first editor of The Speculum removes from the scene a widely-known, most interesting, and most lovable personality. His contemporaries at the Melbourne University have never tired of telling of the whimsicalities, the overflowing, kindly humour, and the flashes of brilliant wit that distinguished the journal under his control. For some reason unknown to the writer they bestowed on him the affectionate nickname "Cooley," which adhered to him to the end, and which was always accepted by him as a title of honour. The writer knows little of Dr. Rinder's medical career except what he himself related. He attributed the fact that he was "ploughed" in his final examination to an ill-advised caricature of the professor who examined him. Whether "Cooley" was right or wrong in his surmise, he went down. His father, the late Samuel Rinder, was a very able resident in the Bridgewater district---grazier and shire secretary. "Cooley" knew that his father would be deeply disappointed at his son's failure, and he determined to redeem himself without any further call on paternal assistance. He borrowed £50 from a friend, and went to Edinburgh, where he graduated M.B. et Ch.B. Thence he went to the London University, where he also speedily graduated. 50 THE SPECULUM.

Having thus succeeded, he felt himself entitled to claim assistance from his father, who sent him sufficient money to bring him back to Melbourne. The larger part of this the son lent to a fellow-student to help him through his medical course, whilst Rinder himself made his way home in the cheapest section of the least inviting vessel available, thus characteristically sacrificing his own comfort to help a lame dog over a stile. Being the only son of a wealthy man, Dr. Rinder did not take his profession very seriously, though he practiced for some years. He was in every sense a "clubable" man, and he possessed the happy gift of what may be termed a genius for friendship. Wherever he went he made friends, and though, of course, he met many who were never congenial to him, he had no enemies. He was a notable after-dinner speaker, for he was a genial humourist, who was not afraid to give his sarcastic touch occasional liberty. There was never any animosity in the strokes he delivered. It was in the Yorick Club, of which Dr. Rinder was for many years a member, that the writer made his acquaintance, and gained his lasting friendship. As a raconteur he was inimitable. Wherever he went he gained material for his sketches of human peculiarities and oddities, and retailed these by the aid of his wide range of mimicry, and, enriched by his ever-flowing humour, they elicited continuous laughter. It is to be regretted that almost all these flashes of keen insight and bright delineations of character will now be lost. Written as he detailed them, and as he could have written them, they would have been worthy to be described as literature. But alas! his frequently expressed determination to write some of his experiences never reached fruition. . One attempt may be ventured here to reproduce one of his stories in an abridged form:- Rinder attended a medical conference held in Sydney, and was accompanied in the train by a well-known elderly physician, since deceased. Carlyle tells grimly the stody of a prominent French politician who, during the period of the "Terror," rose hastily from a dinner table at which he was a guest, "his most pressing need paper." In order to obtain some, he searched the overcoat pockets of one of his fellow-guests, and found there a document containing a list of intended victims for the guillotine, and his own name was amongst the number. The most pressing need of Rinder's medical companion was quite the reverse of the Frenchman's. It was cascaras. Rinder said he could supply them; but, as there were none in his handbag, said they must be in his portmanteau in the guard's van, and offered, if his friend would come to his hotel after dinner, he would find his "most pressing need" provided for. The cascara seeker, being a Scot, and therefore, like John Gilpin, of frugal mind, duly turned up after a walk of three-fourths of a mile, but found that Rinder had neglected to supply himself before leaving Melbourne. "Never mind," said Rinder. "I will take you to a chemist's near by, where you can procure some." No sooner said than done. The chemist proved to be also a Scot, and, so far as memory serves, .the following colloquy was heard by the delighted Rinder "I'm wanting a few cascaras. Do you stock them?" "Oh, yes, I think I have plenty to supply your need." "I'm a medical man from Melbourne, and I'm only wanting three." "I don't sell them in threes. I sell them in bottles at eighteen pence each." "But I tell you I'm only wanting three." THE SPECULUM. 51

"And I'm telling you I don't sell them in threes." "But you don't buy them in bottles such as you show me." "Mebbe so ; but what of that?" "Well, could you not give me three cascaras out of your stock?" "I could, but if I'm to go turning up my stock at this time o' night, I'll charge you the same as for a bottle." "And do ye think that I'm such a fule as tae accept that ?" "I do not. I'm thinking that ye were reared too close to Aberdeen for sic a 'ploy' as that." "And I'm thinkin' ye must hae come frae Aberdeen yersel' when ye suggest sic a thing." (The Scotch accent was coming out strongly now.) "Come, noo, Doctor, ye're wantin' a bottle o' cascaras." "No' a bottle. Amn't I tellin' ye that I only want three?" "An' I'm tellin' ye that ye'll no' get them frae me except on the terms I've stated." At this stage a deadlock was imminent, so Rinder broke in as a pacificator. "Doctor, you know that I ran out of cascara myself, and you walked a long way to get some I promised you. I will buy a bottle and let you have three." "Ah, yes, you did promise me a few, did you not?" "Weel," said the chemist, "it's evident that your friend didna' come frae Aberdeen onyway." Thus the Aberdonians prevailed. The chemist got his eighteen pence, the doctor got his three, and Rinder paid.

On RV. That the reproach of Van Helmont (Osler, p. 102), that a "Bloody Moloch presides in the chairs of medicine," was fervently endorsed by 60% of candidates at the recent finals. That some apparently couldn't pronounce the word Moloch, but found effective substitutes. That Konrad has a Kurly Krop. That Version and Volvulus are twisty subjects. That they are not as twisty as a man asked to contribute to the Spec. That Hammie Russell is coming out as an entrepreneur. That his first show will be "The Hernial Sac," featuring Duckie de Ferens. That after that he will produce "The Leg-Pull," with Fema Futpiece as leading lady. That the W.H. is no place to learn gyno. That Snow learns more at dances. That he is very popular socially. That T—m B—d is a good clinician. That he isn't. That we want to know who put the kill in "Kilvie." That S—rb—g has read his "Tidy." That his lectures are good, but they are too "Tidy." 52 THE SPECULUM.

That we have read it, too. That we haven't. That eight bob is a lot to pay for one reading when you have the book yourself. That sixteen is a lot to pay for two. That the tram strike was all right. That we then cut out tram bells from our auscultation signs. That osculation on the 'buses is better than auscultation on the trams. That some say yes, some say no, but who can tell ? That it is a very difficult problem. That the bun house is a profiteering show. That it would be if it could, but it couldn't. That students are the patients' friends. That the O.P. canteen for O.P.s and friends includes students. That it doesn't include students. That pneumonia is the friend of the aged ; That the young student has no friends. Therefore, beerio !

Commentaries. Our best thanks are given to Dr. Julian Smith and Dr. A. M. Wilson for the time and trouble they expended in setting and judging their commentaries.

SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF DR. JULIAN SMITH'S CASE. (Prize of £1/1/- awarded to E. Hughes Jones.) The subsequent history of this case was that a small right upper abdominal incision was made under general anaesthesia. The finger easily explored the under surface of liver, which was normal, and so also the whole of left upper and much of the right. Deep in, however, in a cranio-lateral position, firmness and immobility were recognised. At a spot thus suitably selected a portion of rib was removed, pleura shut off by suturing, and a needle introduced evacuated pus. The track was enlarged and a tube inserted. The pus gave distinct evidence of broken-down gumma, and contained streptococci. For two days the patient was progressing satisfactorily, but the pulse was very poor, did not improve, and petered out—a myocardial failure and death. Most candidates made too much of the rectal condition. The history states that the perirectal tissue was now pliable and healthy, and the motions free of pus. Further on it is stated that actions were easy with a little oil. Had exten- sive ulceration been present, syphilitic or malignant, there would have been much talk of blood, pus and mucus, so that the rectum only enters the picture as a source of possible infection. It bleeds from trauma, and it is pliable and healthy, without inflammatory cedema and protecting tissue. Therefore a vessel would be more easily infected, and the infection go straight to the liver. The history again gives no other portion of body as a source of infection—in fact, THE SPECULUM. 53

is pronounced normal. A Wasserman reaction makes a tertiary lesion possible.

Why not in a silent liver area? ' Early in the acute illness, pyelitis was excluded by urinary examination ; also typhoid and malaria by blood examination, and heart valves are not stressed and meant to be excluded. So that when rigors and jaundice were present, the early provisional diagnosis was pylephlebitis, and the prognosis given as probably hopeless. With the improvement of symptoms, however, this had to be revised, and it appeared for a few weeks as if the liver sepsis were resolving. The later rises of temperature and further emaciation forced the issue, and a diagnosis of moderate-sized deep liver abscess was made. The pus found measured about five ounces. A few of the candidates' replies were much too brief, and lacked both analytical power and clinical knowledge. The rest were well considered, and gave pleasure in the reading. Some were led away into theoretical byways not strictly in accord with the facts supplied. The winner was chosen because he was most nearly right, and because of his placing of the facts supplied in their correct perspective.

Dr. A. M. WILSON'S GYNAECOLOGICAL COMMENTARY: SOLUTION. (Prize of i1/1/- awarded to J. C. Eccles.) The cystic tumor in the mid-line was a distended bladder—easily diagnosed by the passage of a catheter. After evacuating the bladder, the mass in the pouch of Douglas was easily recognised by P.V. examination as the body of a retro- verted uterus, being connected with the tender mass in the left fornix, and recog- nisable as a tube. The chief differential diagnosis was between an infected tube after a miscarriage and an ectopic gestation accompanied by loss P.V., which the patient thought was due to a miscarriage. The unilateral tumor, the peculiarly sharp pains, the intermissions in the condition, the apparent lack of any febrile condition, the persistence of the hmmorrhage P.V., pointed to the latter condition. On operation a tubal abortion on the left side was found, and a small amount of recent and old blood clot was found in the peritoneal cavity.

CRITICISM. Only seven answers were received. Many were too voluminous. Much time was spent in discussing conditions that obviously did not enter into consideration. The best solution was from J. Eccles. —A. M. WILSON.

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54 THE SPECULUM. LAI

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This drawing won Dr. A. M. Wilson's prize of /1/1/-. THE SPECULUM. 55

Case for Commentary (McNeal). (Dr. S. 0. Cowen has offered i1/1/- for best solution.) G., male, wt. 52, presented himself, complaining of indigestion. About 18 years ago he began to suffer from pain at the lower end of the sternum, coming on about one hour before meals, the taking of which gave relief. Seven years ago his stomach was washed out on three occasions, and he has never been well since. Recently the symptoms have altered a great deal. At present he com- plains of fullness all over the abdomen, associated with dull pain around the umbilicus, coming on immediately after meals, and especially so after his evening meal. To obtain relief in the evening he has to make himself vomit ; the vomitus is watery, and contains food almost unaltered. On one occasion he detected in the vomit food taken 24 hours previously. There has been no hwmatemesis or melwna. He has lost two stone weight in the past few years, and has now become so weak as to have to give up his work, which is laborious. His appetite has remained good, but he can eat no vegetables and little meat, as these articles of diet always intensify his symptoms. The physical examination showed a wizened, somewhat emaciated man. The abdomen was flaccid ; there was some gurgling on palpation of the upper abdomen, but there was no tenderness or muscular rigidity, and no mass could be felt. Examination of the cardio- vascular, respiratory and nervous systems and of the urine showed no abnormality. Discuss what further investigations should be made, indicating briefly what light they might be expected to throw on the case. Comment on the case with especial reference to diagnosis and treatment.

Case for Commentary (Surgical). (Mr. W. A. Hailes has offered £1/1/- for best solution.) A.B., female, set. 57, married, was admitted to hospital with the following history :— For the past two or three years she has suffered from severe attacks of pain located in upper R. abdomen. The pain is sudden in onset, does not radiate, and as a rule lasts one to two days, and is described as sharp in character. Patient has to lie down in attacks, but does not roll about, and has never vomited with the pain. Patient states she is always constipated, not more so in the attacks. Before the onset of the pain sometimes notices difficulty in passing urine, no scalding. She has had a large umbilical hernia for four or five years at least, which patient considered the cause of the abdominal pain, but was not greatly alarmed, because the attacks always subsided in one or two days, and the hernia was not enlarging. The attacks were as frequent as once a month. She sometimes shivered in the attacks. Twenty-four hours before admission patient had an attack of pain similar to previous attacks, but much more severe, sudden in onset, rolled about now with the pain. She vomited at onset, and the pain and the vomiting continued till admission to hospital. Vomitus first green, then brownish in colour. With the attack of pain the hernia became larger and more tender. Bowels open day before onset of pain, but not since. On Examination.—Middle-aged, stout woman, looking ill, and in obvious 56 THE SPECULUM. pain. T., 101°; P., 100; R., 28. Pupils equal and react, conjunctivae clear. Tongue dirty and moist, breath foul. Pulse rapid, irregular, poor volume. Heart A.B. Fifth space 45 inches from midline. No R.C.D., 'sounds clear. Lungs clear. Abdomen.—Immensely stout, with large umbilical hernia. Abdomen does not move on respiration, and is rigid and tender all over. The umbilical hernia is large, somewhat tense, has a distinct impulse on coughing, and appears to be reducible. Liver dullness normal. Flanks resonant. P.V., N.A.D. P.R. also N.A.D. Urine 1016, acid, no albumen, no sugar. Comment as regards diagnosis, prognosis, further investigation and treatment.

One of the reasons why men seek a higher education at the "Shop." THE SPECULUM. D

Ws-

Dear Dora,— Yet another year of Med ! Such a lot of the darned things. Some of our "naicest" have pulled off honours. I heard jock Williams singing "Here we come gathering knuts in May," and I heard a Fifth Year man, who was reading the list of new residents, murmur : "And may there be no moaner at the bar When I embark." Women's Hospital was tremendously interesting and nice. Some of our colleagues used to scream with conscious virtue for several minutes, and call the whole world to witness every time they put on clean singlets. To the rest of us, to whom long usage has made these processes like spinal reflexes rather than praiseworthy efforts, this was a little fatiguing. Still it would have been much worse if they hadn't bathed at all. I had a funny experience on extern. The bell rang for an anaesthetic. I dashed along to find the labour ward very quiet, with no sign of doctor or students. "Who is to have the dope, Sister ?" Sister pointed to a very young mother, huddled up under a lot of blankets. "Poor little mite ! I'll cheer her up while she is waiting to be forcepped," thought I, and proceeded to talk to her most reassuringly about the pleasant sensation it was to take "chlorryform." "And when you wake up you'll have your baby !" I said brightly. "Hoo !" said the little patient in deep consternation. "'Ave I got ter 'ave another? I've 'ad one this afternoon !" Collapse of sympathetic student. The number of women students steadily decreases—only about a dozen doing Second and Third Year—well-behaved girls, with nice, clean faces. If any of them have figured prominently in notorious divorce cases or been in gaol for embezzlement or barratry—[Ed. S.: "Oh, I say !" Me: "But, Gerald, dear, it is quite all right. Barratry is just sinking a ship to get the insurance." Ed. S. (much relieved) : "Oh !"]—they have lived it down. I have been in a clinic with such nice young men, and shall always feel a 58 II I ' THE SPECULUM. better woman for it. When Mr. Humph or Dr. Pfoof holds out a new patient's card, does one get trampled underfoot in the ensuing rush? One does not. On the contrary, the gentle students shrink away and huddle against the wall, giving a lifelike imitation of mediaeval gentlemen being offered a spot by Lucretia Borgia. And when invited to present their cases, they curb any unseemly eagerness by pressing a hand firmly over the mouth, and letting the history ooze slowly through the fingers. Steady tension on the upper lip is also resorted to, to muffle the facts to a seemly extent. I always forget to do it until half-way through, and feel so indelicate to be found talking away with my mouth in the nude. Congratulations to Noni and Mona. They'll do us proud. Dr. Mary Waite and Dr. Dave Fitzpatrick are to be married any minute. The plans at present are that Dave arrives from Tasmania on the morning boat, dashes out to the church in a taxi, shouts to the chauffeur to keep his engine running, prods the padre to do the marriage service at the double, sprints down the aisle dragging Mary by the hand, flings her into the taxi, which tears down to the wharf on two wheels in time to allow the happy but breathless pair to make the return trip before any of the patients in Dave's new and flourishing . practice die on him. He is going to make Young Lochinvar look like a steam roller. It is comforting to hear of a man getting a good practice before his year at M.H. is up. By the time you receive this all the present lot will have scattered. "Think in this battered caravanserai, Whose doorways are alternate night and day, How sultan after sultan with his pomp Abode his hour or so and went his way. And we who now make merry in the room they left—" But I grow morbid. Good-bye, dear heart. JOSEPHINE.

Le7. He : "Let's sit out this dance." Pretty Young Thing: "Oh! I can't; I've lost my powder puff." THE SPECULUM. 59

.1.1•• ■■• o bospitat ant) Mar 'Rotes. Melbourne lbospital 14otes. We hereby extend the glad hand to the new mob, with the implied question why they came here, and didn't go somewhere else less crowded. We also extend the sad hand of farewell to those who "tricked the books" in March. We give them our heartfelt thanks for relieving the congestion as much as lay in their individual power. Congrats. to the Lord High Congestion-Reliever, Dick Johnson. A typical product of the M.H. School, he carried off the Med. Ex. and Clinical 'Prize, and halved the other two exes. with Tom Heale and Frank Ross. At this stage he was himself carried off, but recovered later, and now sits at the feet of Konrad. There was a night. A dance was held to celebrate alike the advent of the new residents and the departure of the old. Never have the lifts to the roof had such a busy time. After the dance a patient found a—[Too rough.—Ed.]- on the roof of Block II. He showed them to the Sister, and she asked the Resident to help identify them. The owner was advertised for, and finally claimed it. Acting upon this example, the students intend to give a dance later. Our best thanks are due to Dr. McMeekin for his excellent lectures on C.N.S. If our compulsory lectures attained the high standard set by these voluntary ones, there is no doubt that we would have less compunction in getting out of bed at 7 a.m. to listen to them. Congratulations to Harold Dew on his Jacksonian Prize. Whoever Jack- sonian is, he knows a good man when he sees him. What a time the residents must have in cas. and elsewhere. Three engaged to nurses (carried off under our noses), and two engaged to each other. The last two will be able to converse intelligibly on their honeymoon, at any rate ! A nefarious attempt has lately been made to increase the already H.C.L. by asking for 8d. where 6d. grew before, and 1/3 for 1/-, in the Bunne House. The biters were bit by the bitees voluntarily withdrawing their support, and we are now in statu quo ante partunt. The new M.H. branch of the Committee has for office-bearers and place- seekers the following well-known talent :—T. P. Dawes (Chairman—but what a chair he needs !), A. N. Jacobs (Sec. and Treas., who needs the patience of Job and the tact of an angel to elicit the subs.), F. G. Stephens (slow and sure), I. H. Cowling (the inimitable social success), R. Nicholls (here come the 60 THE SPECULUM.

brains), H. M. Burns (a man of weight in - counsel—about 13 st., we think), and R. Syme (bright, and brushes his hair nicely). Fourth Year are exceedingly grateful to Dr. Leonard Mitchell for his kind- ness in arranging a series of opthalmology demonstrations. Someone pinched his opthalmoscope. Nice man ! Improvements in the library are imminent, a shilling being added to the M.S.S. subscription for this purpose. And still life goes on in the old way. If we don't like poker we go to an O.P. Clinic, and if that does not accord with our fancy tastes, we wander about to listen to Mac or Konrad, each of whom is luminous in his own way. If we are very hard to please, we go to a P.M., sign our names, stroll out, and rejoin the poker school. And so life goes on. Talking of P.M's. Nowadays all one's signatures on the P.M. roll have to be in the same handwriting. This is rather distressing to some of our num- ' ber. A larger tolerance is required on the part of those who read the signatures. Why read them all, we would ask? We don't want anyone to read them, any more than anyone wants to read them. We trust that this suggestion will bear fruit. Illfret) lbospitat Motes. The leading motif would seem to be "Ave atque vale," and all that sort of thing, as the poet says. "Ave" — isn't it wonderful how one keeps up one's French?—to the new Fourth Year and the new residents. "Vale" to the old Fifth Year and the old residents. We say nothing of a recent holocaust, but extend our heartiest congratulations to Drs. Brown, Coombs, Delany, Oldfield, Saxton, Seeley and Vine, and again on their appointments. If they are as good as the last lot, they'll do us. Miller Vine deserves an especial mention in that he amassed a degree and a wife almost simultaneously. A brace with one barrel, so to speak. We wish the pair a very happy honeymoon and all success in the future. Great doings this year, being the first year under the new curriculum, and the first year under the new constitution of the M.S.S. However, we are facing it bravely, and have formed a new Committee, complete with Librarian, and have even gone a step further and resuscitated the Students' Clinical Society, which held a very successful first meeting during the term, and hopes to hold one a month throughout the year. We take this opportunity of impressing on all and sundry the value of this society. There is no better way to learn than to "fight it out with your cobbers." We have found a splendid new way of arranging clinics. We put up a list on the board, and all rush in and write our names on it, and get all hot and bothered if we can't get into the clinic we want to, but finally we get it all nice and fixed, and go happily in to lunch. And then the next morning there is a perfectly good new list up, and we are all in somewhere else. And that's how it's done. But if you ask "Why?" the answer is "G.O.K." And we think so, too. There is no doubt that there was grey matter distributed to last year's Residents. They got the bright thought that a Little Party would make a nice ending to their term of office. So they handed out the oil according, and a very nice Little Party, too. We take this opportunity of thanking those who helped to give us a very pleasant evening, particularly not forgetting the musicians. THE SPECULUM. 61

In conclusion, the members of Fourth Year desire very heartily to thank Dr. Hamilton Russell and the other members of the Honorary Staff, who so pleasantly guided their wavering feet alone ,. the first few steps of the road that leads through the Hospital to the Great Profession.b %t. Vincent' 'Rotes. Hearty congrats. to the final men who caught the judge's eye. Their performance was specially meritorious, considering how difficult it was to attract the aforesaid optic. Bill O'Loughlin, who headed the St. V's. bunch, put up an especially fine performance. He had to spend a fortnight in bed just prior to the exams., owing to a troublesome appendix. The other four Residents—Burton, Scan., Tim Cotter and Rush—also scored honours. Congrats. also to Dr. J. Hayden, the new Registrar of St. V's., and Dr. T. King, the new Medical Lecturer at Newman. The constitution of the Clinical School at St. V's. was put on a new footing by an inaugural meeting held a few weeks ago, which formed the St. V's. Branch of the M.S.S. Dr. N. McArthur was elected President, and Dr. G. Shaw, Dr. A. Brenan and Dr. J. Hayden, Vice-Presidents. Mr. Casey is the Secretary and Mr. Hen- derson Treasurer. Alan Keane has taken up the study of archaeology, being appointed Librarian. It is time some such imperious authority was put in charge, as all the useful books seem to be disappearing. All that is left are a few old heirlooms dating back in one instance to 1790. The Women's provided some exciting times. Verily one half the world does not know how the other half lives, or how it is born. Is there anything that Micky Fenton did not do there ? His performances ought to be set down in the annals of that institution. And to think that he did not lose his three guineas ! Well, the Hospital must be in a better financial condition than any of us suspected. Johnnie's baby-bathing stunt was easily a record-57 kids in 20 days are the figures. For details as to total length, weight, and averages of same, etc., you must consult a little black book, which had a strange faculty for losing itself, much to the concern of its owner. We hope the owner will continue adding to this book, and in the fulness of time "bequeath it as a rich legacy unto his issue." Posterity will, doubtless, regard it as a rival to Pepys' Diary. Many and varied are the ambitions of men, yet Johnnie's seems to be almost out of bounds. While at the Women's, Kearney grew a mo ( ?) to impress the patients on extern. However, when his time came, he allowed the Sister to take charge— as most of us did—much to the surprise of those who called him "doctor." When we heard Sister O'Brien's opinion of students, we grieved very much, knowing that verily there must have been much wickedness in our predecessors. "The evil men do lives after them." Stewart suffered much loss on Commencement Night. In future, we shall see that a keeper attends, when he roams abroad in carnival costume. What happened to Tom when out West at Xmas ? He has grown remarkably studious. By the way, why did Black Jack frequent Brendon's while a resident student? fit

62 THE SPECULUM.

tbirb tear Notes. It is our distinguished position to be the first year to enjoy the privileges and advantages of the new Institution of Anatomy, while being the last to have known the associations of the old. This distinction is not one to have been gained by artifice or subterfuge, but, like the auspicious occasion of our birth, due entirely to the working of agencies beyond our ken. In our hands, therefore, is the making of a history, the moulding of a tradition. In so far as we set an unattainable standard of anatomical excel- lence, future students will curse and respect us, and future profs. adore us. In so far as we are merely normal or sub-neuronic, our successors will have the egotistic pleasure of improving upon us, and for our mediocrity and humanity we shall be admired. So, one way or another, we shall doubtless succeed. In all more highly successful organisations and projects the fundamental principle is simplicity. Whether it be a painting or a woman, a C.N.S. text- book or a machine, its charm and serviceability are in direct proportion to its departure from the complex. So with our new Anatomy School. Simplicity, as Dr. Mayo stated, is the secret of her strength. We are convinced that Dicky's feelings, as he gazes on her, are akin to those of the lover who, feasting on the eyes of his lady love, exclaims : "Earth bath not anything to show more' fair." With an adjustment of her interior, a respectable path to the Clubbus, and a new and commodious entrance for the eager student, her development will be complete. It is a point of debate where all this modern specialisation is leading us. Take the case of the stingless bee recently cultivated in America. This insect, so depreciated, is most desirable commercially, but fails lamentably in balancing characters. The point is this. Can future development rob man of a similar strength ? We leave you to cope with the damning possibility. Commencement week was ushered in by an excellent cinematograph performance by Producer R. J. A. Berry. Shown with microscopic distinctness were interesting phases of such subjects as rats, cats, malaria, and spastic paralysis. This mode of lecturing, with its fine detail and clearness, savours of great possibilities. So many things we do in the dark could be delightfully explained on the screen. Gala day, ubiquitously advertised, held for us a procession through town on Cobb's coach, a dinner at six in the Ritz, and a virtuous vaudeville at night. This, of course, necessitated thorough organisation by somebody. That somebody, whose enthusiasm and indefatigable energy were an example and a credit to the year, was Arch Aitken. Unfortunately, weather was against us, and the vaudeville performers had to flee from rain to cramped internal quarters, lacking even a stage. Of the cast, Don. and Bill were slightly overtrained, but most had seen action. Arch, like Florence Nightingale amongst the sick and wounded, did a dozen difficult acts with art and equanimity. The Bacchanalian dancers, pulsing with peristaltic passion, had to be withheld. Spontaneity (occasionally synonymous with bluntness) was King. Seldom was exhibited a subtlety approaching that of the young couple who, looking at the daughter they wished had been a son, aptly remarked "We look before and after, and pine for what is not !" In a responsive audience several ladies were seen to leave early to make room for others. But would you have it otherwise? No! May our spirit, at least once a year, be joyously that of Omar :— THE SPECULUM. 03

"Ah, fill the Cup :—what boots it to repeat How Time is slipping underneath our Feet : Unborn To-morrow, and dead Yesterday, Why fret about them if To-day be sweet!"

ZecoitO teal' 'Rotes. Saint Berry sat by the Anatomy gate, His brows were furrowed, his lips were blue, For little fuss had there been of late, The students had too many things to do. But since the noble era "Twenty-three" We've moved into a bran-new, red-brick place, Encouraging to Berry this may be, But fewer numbers enter for the Race. The students were talking all out of time, To Treacle they came, having nothing to do, Except to turn up at the stroke of nine, And endeavour to look as if something they knew. The only thing that worries us at present Is Patricia all that Molly used to be ? If this is so, aromas sweet and pleasant Will drown the odours of Anatomy. And much more, only worse. [A medical student wrote this. We have taken up law.—Ed.]

first Pear 'notes. First term to the First Year Meds. as a body has been rather uneventful, so these notes must necessarily be short. [Small mercies.—Ed.] This year we have been inundated with the fair sex. There are even more than last year, and certain unsophisticated freshers have been heard to murmur that they found it difficult to fix attention on the lecturer owing to the galaxy of beauty in the front seats. Most of the veterans, however, still sigh for "Molly." Commencement Saturday was a day of great joy to most of us, and First Year was pretty well represented in the various festivities. One would have liked, however, to have seen more "freshers" in fancy dress on the Block in the morning.

re 64 THE SPECULUM. A liDav in the life of a Mai) (Deb. Friday, May 2. Awake early, it being 3 a.m., and bitter cold. Find my wife yet abed, and rouse her, as I have an early lecture. Order breakfast by my wife—our wench having departed at the same time as our lectures began—and proceed to make the most of my time before rising. Am bestirred by my wife entering with a candle, and proceed to dress with haste, for time is. short. Finish the breaking of my fast as I run for the carriage of my lord Clapp. Arriving in city, am pleased to meet my old friend Tag° with car—thence to the Shop—with comfort and speed and the saving of tuppence—to my great content—but I shall not tell my wife. Here did listen to my Lord de Goldentown on the cure of many ills. Me- thought an hour in bed had served me to better purpose. Thence to the Hospital, where my Lord of Newton did discourse on wondrous strange things. Mighty fine, and good to listen to—whereat I am glad, but dazed. Did proceed to the Gambling Salon, to find my friend S—c--e holding court—he having a new chapeau anglaise noir. Again most marvellous to behold. It being nearly the twelfth hour, did pass next to the mortuary, where did hear my lord the Director rant on the divers nature of my signatories, whereat I smile privily, and murmur I have been with him in spirit. He much offended. By now am tiring quickly, as if smitten with an ague, but will not give in, and so to the lecture room to hear strange talk of tracts ascending and descend- ing like the angels on Jacob his stairway. Thence to the eating house, and, having George Rex his head on both sides of a penny, did toss to see who pays. On winning I am in great content, till I find my friend bath no money. Did pass next to the Infirmary for women, where did hear and observe wondrous things. One wench, not recognising my skill, refused my examination, whereat the physician orders her away. She makes much noises, and asks to return with her good woman. My Lord the Doctor tells her "to bring the whole damn family," at which I laugh heartily in great good humour. Pass next, to the back way of the Hospital. Having revived myself at an ale house with good beer and discourse with the maid therein—hoping to see her again. Here did observe the sore condition of many of my fellows, and resolve that my wife is a good woman, and I will be true to her. Did also see my lord Sir Joe McLean, who Cuddy—a bright lad or I know one not—describes to me as "a daddy with a bougie." But I know not what he means. Then home in great feebleness of spirit, the sun having long since set. THE SPECULUM. 65

%picuta.

Effusive Draper : "Yes, madam, the finest silk. We keep our own silk- worms. May I get you anything else? Yes, madam, some tape? Here you are, madam! Manufactured on the premises. We keep our own tapeworms, madam!" 0 CI 0 0 0 0 Excited Cabby at the 'Women's : "Quick, Sister, there's a woman bleeding out here in the cab !" Sister P. : "Is it your wife?" Cabby : "No, my cab !" El CI CI 0. 0 El Extract from a Resident's History : "P.R. Hymen Intact." A rare abnormality.

Recent Matrimonial Advertisement : "Young lady desires companionship gentleman about 28, with unblemished character, view above." Possibly if she had advertised fifty years ago—but not now

0 CI El 0 a 0 A decision to discontinue the annual function of the Medical Ball was strongly opposed by the University Branch of the M.S.S. As their representative aptly stated : "The Engineers and Law Students hold their balls, and find them a great success. So why not we ?" The function, we believe, is to be continued. CI El 0 0 El Rose was walking in the Garden of Eden with one of the Ten Teachers, who said to her in French : "You are looking so Tidy that I should be Carless if I were so Beesley as to rumple you. Still, place these Berrys " "Oh, mind Maclean dress," said Rose, "else you will make it Green. A strange sight I should be then to walk through the Groves." Said the Tenth Teacher Noyesly, "It looks Rainey, and I am Waring my best clothes. Do not De Lee. Let us run down the Hill. Kanavellow say Moore, though I know the Cunning Kenwood !" 66 THE SPECULUM.

EXAMS. EPITOMISED. Written Paper.—Writing test. Commentary.—Guessing competition. Orals.—Practical psychoanalysis. Results.—Endurance test. 0 , 0E10E10 Shicker (to friend) : "I shay, ole chap (hic), ish thish (hic) Burke Shtreet or Thurshday?" EI 0 0 Reveller (who wishes to order coffee for two friends and tea for himself) : "I shay, waiter (hic), coffee for tea and two for one, pleashe." 0 00000 Heard on the trans-Australia train while a passenger was trying to work off a joke on a local buck :- The Passenger: "Look at the flies. Aren't they awful? Plenty flies around here, Jacky." The Nunga : "No plurry fly till you come." 0 0 0 0 Cl A patient (male, wt. 40-50), complaining of weakness and debility, was asked the duration of his complaint. He replied : "Since the birth of my last child !" 00000 0 "Well, Ada, is your mother any better?" "Oo, no, she's awful bad. She's been constipated for six days. They've tried everything, and now they're goin' to give 'er an emu !"

Corresponbence. Chadwick Mansions, Alexandra Avenue, South Yarra, April 9th, 1924. To the Editor of The Speculum. Dear Sir,—In regard to a tale that is being spread by certain students and others that I at some time or other have practiced as a doctor, and represented myself as such, I beg for space to give the same an emphatic denial. I also wish to state that I shall take steps to bring such offenders, who originate or spread these rumours, to book. What I have done is to help a medical man, and report to him cases that required his attention. In justice to the many students I have come in contact with, I wish to add that such meanness as to endeavour to damage a fellow-student has been very rare.—I am, yours truly, F. A. BUTTNER, Fifth Year. Med. THE SPECULUM. 67

To the Editor of The Speculum. Sir,—Your valuable paper has ever exerted an ennobling influence on the life of the student, so I wish, through its columns, to protest against some of the dreadful doings that have occurred recently at the Women's Hospital. One of the brightest of our women students dressed in her prettiest and went down to the city. Her return was heralded by peals of girlish laughter off-stage, and then she burst into the quiet dormitory with a prolonged shriek as of a train emerging from a tunnel, and, flinging herself on her bed, she cried to those who love and understand her best to gather around and hear her adventure. She was so overcome that at first she could only beat her bed and scream convulsively ; but at last her chosen comrades persuaded her with pretty, coaxing ways—"Aw, go on, tell us ! Aw, go on, tell us !"--to tell them all. The rest of us, not being stone deaf, were unable to avoid hearing the details which followed. The Rabelaisian tale opened with a careful account of the reasons which led to her being on the Block, and included a detailed description of the geography and topography of Stewart Dawson's corner. Gradually she went on to describe that, while wandering along in maiden meditation, fancy- free," one of the W.H. doctors suddenly came around the corner. Well, that was pretty pointed, wasn't it? What in the world would he be doing in town? His association with us up till then had been confined to saying, "No, no, don't touch it with that hand ! Knock it off into the tub with your thumb ! No, no ! . . . Oh, go and dip your hands in lysol !" And his manner had been strictly businesslike, not to say terse ; but our colleague's experience tended to prove Bernard Shaw's immortal words, "You never can tell." She gave a vivid and dramatic account of the emotions excited in her breast by this extraor- dinary contretemps. I began •to fear that something more than a girlish indis- cretion was involved, and wondered if the parents of the young man in question would compel her to marry him, and make an honest man of him. At last, with many excellent reasons to justify her actions, she admitted that she bowed ! "You didn't ! My dear ! Not really ? Oh ! Oh !" When the tumult and shouting had died down, some little Bluebeard's wife asked, "And what did he do ?" This inquiry elicited the most amazing fact of all. Mind you, we had hardly got over the thrill of hearing just exactly which was Stewart Dawson's corner, and the bold little villain blurted out "HE RAISED HIS HAT !!!" This evoked such a volley of shrieks that there could hardly have been an intact tympanic membrane left in the room. I must admit that I rushed out. I am not a wowser, but—well, what I mean to say is that, if the women students are going to carry on in that wild way with the W.H, staff, it is about time that the M.S.S. took some steps to stop it. Don't talk to me about Hollywood !—Yours, etc., ANXIOUS. The Editor, The Speculum. Dear Sir,—I have recently been asked by a theological student whether the word "arson" arose from the practice of burning the saints ; also whether the use of the plural by royalty signifies "me and my tapeworm." Can you, out of your wide culture, oblige me with any further information on these interesting questions ?—Yours, N. [Perhaps some reader will oblige.—Ed. S.] THE SPECULUM.

University sport is running on the same old lines. A few enthusiasts and a mass of indifference constitute the athletic world. This is specially noticeable in football. The Boat Club has solved one of its problems in a drastic way. They have virtually expelled members of outside clubs, by dragging up a forgotten rule, and using it without warning. We will not complain of the means so long as the end is good. Our only comment is that some members of the M.U.B.C. Committee are worthy to join the Country Party. Surely it is a good end to serve, this ridding the M.U.B.C. of men who, prominent in the rowing world outside, nevertheless lowered the standard of University rowing. Let us hope the M.U.B.C. will win more races in future without their long-standing encumbrance. Crichet Votes. Breaking all the old traditions, the University team, instead of starting like a hurricane, and finishing in a stagnant calm towards the end of the list, this year put in a brilliant sprint at the end of the season, and nothing but the weather prevented it from being in the four. The last match of the season saw us put up the highest score for the season with 5 for 390 odd, made in one afternoon. Everyone more or less took part in the big scores, but the two outstanding men were Mitchell and Bailey. Bailey's methods are well known, and no one is surprised, though everyone is pleased, to see him get into his old swing again. The most noticeable feature of his recovery was his very much better poise in defensive strokes. His stocky defensive strokes have been the biggest blemish on his batting for a long while. THE SPECULUM. 69

• But Mitchell was the bright particular star. His has not been a recovery of form, but a sudden lifting of his whole batting from a rather mediocre plane to one of extreme brilliance and skill. In the five big innings he played, including the double century against Adelaide, he hit with an abandon which is the possession of remarkably few batsmen. To mention one instance, in the first innings against Adelaide, he ran from 80 to 116 with nothing but boundaries, and in a very few minutes. In style he is very like Phil. Le Couteur, letting the bat swing loosely on to the ball, and relying on timing alone to give it pace. If he doesn't relapse into that unfortunate cautiousness that once characterised some of his play, there is nothing to prevent him becoming a front ranker. Hasker is another batsman to whom the team owes much. Not for him the great scores, knocked up with easy nonchalance, or the spectacular display of scintillating strokes ; but from his powerful and steady bat have come a series of 30's and 40's that have been of the utmost value to the team. Irvine is a player who always looks as if he were verging on something really great, and who always just fails. But he has the remedy for failure in his own hands. It is the application to his batting methods of that piece of advice which all great batsmen have had to accept—"Pick your ball." Craig had one or two big successes, but in general had to be content with smallish scores. His batting, however, is a good example of the fact that a batsman without many strokes can always make moderate scores by watching the field and snatching at every single that offers itself. Austin has not had the success that he might reasonably have expected.

But he has nothing to worry about. He has the style, the strokes, and the years It ahead of him. Sooner or later he must "strike it." We now come to one who is not only a fine batsman, but a great bowler as well—Les. Freemantle—and we wish here to offer the thanks of the team and of the University for his service to University cricket. Les. has gone to the West, and will probably never play continuous cricket for "the Shop" again. We can assure him that his name will never be forgotten by those who are acquainted with the traditions of University cricket. Although it was our batsmen who did most of the shining during the season. we had some bowlers who were not far behind them in brightness. Clive Lang- lands, in particular, was one who showed some very hot patches. Clive is unf or- tunate in that he has to do the hack bowling for the team, and, though he does it with great heart, he is not meant to be a stock bowler. He is one who should come on every now and then for short intervals. Bowling, as he has to do, for long periods, he loses all that nip and swing that makes him so dangerous in the first few overs. Nevertheless, he has done great work for the team. The two left-handers, Jorgensen and Baker, have not exhibited very much deadliness with the ball, though Jorg. has been flourishing the bat in something like his old style. Both, however, are such social successes that the team would seem empty wit hout them. Reid, who played a couple of games with the firsts, has a handy and nasty swing away to the off. Frank Costigan, of football fame, astonished the placid adherents of Hawthorn-East Melbourne with his speed round the boundary in the one match he played. His fielding alone should be a weighty consideration with future Committees. Next year the Selection Committee is to have a difficult task. The solid part of the present team will be gone. But, luckily, there are many enthusiasts in the seconds. They were still more unlucky than the 70 THE SPECULUM.

• firsts with the weather, as they were practically certain of a place in the four. The difficulty the selectors will have will be, not in filling places, but in judging who of many are best fitted to fill them. There is no traditional place of honour in a cricket article, but we are going to constitute this paragraph one. It is the place of reference to the inter-'Varsity match. What a great match it was again. We always held the lead, but not once till the last day did we feel free from the grip of our opponents of Adelaide. And what opponents they always are ! Led by some such old die- hards as "Crusty" Prest and "Harby," they never fail to put up a wonderful game. We look forward to the feel of their teeth next season. Good luck, Adelaide! football. Season 1924 will, we hope, mark the beginning of a new era in University football. There can be no doubt that during the last two or three years "Shop" football has been on the toboggan. Like the wild bear of the Himalayas, it has been sliding down the mountain. It is the intention of the powers that he to do their utmost to rectify matters. To this end a rally meeting was held in the Pavilion on April 24th, and an endeavour was made to stir up a little enthusiasm for the forthcoming season. N. F. Mitchell, last year's captain, addressed the members, and outlined the scheme of training for the season. T. P. Dawes also spoke. His description of the state of affairs which led to the Blues playing a semi-final match with 17 men as "a shocking thing" brought tears to many eyes. No wild enthusiasm was shown at the meeting—which was perhaps just as well. That little babe—Master "University Spirit"—has arrived after a pro- tracted labour. In fact, Dame Rumour, who, in the unavoidable absence of Reggie, acted as accoucheur, states the case required forceps, but The Argus. page 1, column 1, says "Both are doing well. The infant is being fed on "En- thusiasm 1, Water 3," it being thought undesirable to rush it along too rapidly. We hope it will grow. And while we are on the matter of enthusiasm, it would perhaps not be out of place to suggest that as many of our readers as possible should make it their business to be present at matches in which the. "Shop" is taking part. We cannot all be players, and it acts as a great incentive to those who are fighting to uphold the sporting traditions of the "Shop" if they get a little moral support - from outside the fence. Like the invitations to a P.S.A. at Unity Hall, we say "Come, and bring your friends." As usual, the players have been divided into "Blues" and "Blacks" of approximately equal strength. It is too early to judge what new talent we have in our midst, as the season has not yet begun. Several prominent school players are available, however, and should prove acquisitions. For the Blues, T. P. Dawes was elected Captain ; G. Shiel, Vice-Captain ; and B. W. Nairn, Secretary ; while the Blacks put their faith in N. F. Mitchell, Captain; J. 0. Smith, Vice-Captain ; and A. Nolan, Secretary. Most of last year's men are turning out, the most notable absentees being Lockwood, Almond, I. McLean, Orchard and Broadbent. We regret that some of "Shop's" leading men consider University football beneath their dignity, and seek to win ephemeral glory in professional company 4-cylinder 14 40 h.p. 6-cylinder 24;'60 h.p. 6-cylinder 40/80 h.p.

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72 THE SPECULUM. 73 while still undergraduates. Such an attitude is to be condemned, and we are amazed to see such men selected to represent the University in other branches of sport. 'Surely we should apply the "all or nothing law," and not be content to reecive such crumbs as fall from these sportingly rich men's table. We conclude with a great appeal to all and sundry to buck in and make this season a noteworthy one in the football annals of the "Shop," to render unto Caesar that which belongs to Csar—their very best—and we venture to hope that not only the "Shop," but they themselves, will benefit from their efforts. Athletics. Congratulations, first and foremost, to the husky Medico, W. E. McMillan, late member of the Swedish Olympic and King's Shield teams. Also to R. L. Almond, Medical representative in the Victorian Interstate team. His was certainly very hard luck, to be hurt early in the 440 yds. hurdles, after doing well in the 120 yds. and long jump, first and second in the respective events. Now, after basking in the reflected glory of stylish individuals, let us reflect in chastened mood on the very moderate success of the Club as a whole during the past season. From our high position last year we came down to the depths of not even being in the semi-finals of the inter-club track contests. Certainly, we had our measure of hard luck in drawing with St. Stephen's, who finally finished second to the East Melbourne Harriers. Throughout the year L. R. Ross was our best and most consistent per- former, and Almond hurdled successfully for us until he was hurt in Hobart. Others who did well were P. M. Buchanan, Fenton-Bowen, and Gale. In the Victorian championships we finished second to St. Stephen's, those gaining points for us being R. L. Almond (first in 120 and 440 yds. hurdles and long jump), T. B. Dodd (first in hammer throw, third in shot putt), L. R. Ross (second in half-mile), and D. W. Gale (third in 100 yds.). An encouraging feature of the season was the great improvement noticed in the walkers—Weir, Gault and A. R. Buchanan. 'Varsity Day, May 14, proved bleak and cheerless in point of weather conditions. A sodden track, with rain falling steadily during the progress of the races, does not make for the establishment of records, but good performances were registered in many events nevertheless. Melville put up a good performance by winning the 100 and 220 yds. championships ; likewise L. R. Ross, by accounting similarly for the quarter and half-mile. On Inter-Collegiate Day, one week later, the weather conditions proved well-nigh ideal. The various Vocklers and intelligence officers in the "Shop," by reducing tipping to an exact science, had forecasted victory for either Ormond or Newman by three or four points. Some even predicted confidently that a tie was inevitable. The course of events, however, upset all calculations, and caused all supporters to experience a remarkably violent vertical breeze at times. With several firsts and many useful places, Queen's found themselves, before the last event, within easy striking distance of Ormond, Newman having dropped out of the running after the quarter-mile. This event, dwing to defective strategy of the Newman representatives, went to Cherry, of Ormond, after a thrilling race. Queen's failed to consolidate their position in the long jump, Lidgett failing to repeat his 'Varsity Day defeat of Clinton, and Ormond finished 61- points

74 THE SPECULUM.

ahead of Queen's with Newman 21 points further back. Barring first and second in the shot-putt, Trinity did not show Out, and their total points were only 171

DETAILS OF CHAMPIONSHIPS. 'Varsity Day. 100 Yds.—Melville, 1 ; Buchanan, 2; DOnovan, S. Time, 10g. 220 Yds.—Melville, 1; Donovan, 2 ; O'Brien, 3. Time, 23*. 440 Yds.—Ross, 1; Fenton-Bowen, 2 ; O'Brien, 3. Time, 54*. 880 Yds.—Ross, 1; Stuart, 2 ; McMillan, 3. Time, 2.5. One Mile.—Nankivell, 1; Seekamp, 2; Stuart, 3. Time, 4.501 120 Yds. Hurdles.—FitZpatrick, 1; Manning, 2; Shiel, 3. Time, 161. One Mile Walk.—Gault, 1; Buchanan, 2; Weir, 3. Time, 7.45*. High Jump.—Fitzpatrick, 1; Eddy, 2 ; Powell, 3. Height, 5 ft. 81 ins. Long Jump.—Lidgett, 1; Tranter, 2 ; Clinton, 3. Distance, 21 ft. 01 ins. Pole Vault.—Fitzpatrick, 1; Eccles, 2; Hughes, 3. Height, 9 ft. 6 ins. Hammer Throw.—Dodds, 1 ; Soilleux, 2; Bloomfield, 3. Distance, 109 ft. 21 ins. Shot Putt.—Bloomfield, 1; Dodds, 2; McMillan, 3. Distance, 36 ft. 5 ins.

Inter-Collegiate Day. 100 Yds.--Lidgett (Q.), 1; Buchanan (O.), 2; Donovan (N.), 3. Time, 10*. 220 Yds.—Donovan (N.), 1 ; Buchanan (0.), 2 ; Lidgett (Q.), 3. Time, 23*. 440 Yds.—Cherry (0.), 1; O'Brien (N.), 2 ; Donovan (N.), 3. Time, 541. 880 Yds.—McMillan (0.), 1; Cussen (N.), 2 ; Seekamp (O.), 3: Time, 2.31. One Mile.—McMillan (0.), 1 ; Seekamp (0.), 2; Foster (Q.), 3. Time, 4.50. 120 Yds. Hurdles.—Mitchell and Abernethy (Q.), 1 ; Fidge (O.), 3. Time, 17*. High Jump.—Mitchell (Q.), 1 ; Owen (O.), Donoghue (N.) and Garran (T.), 2. Height, 5 ft. 31 ins. Long Jump.—Clinton (N.), 1; Lidgett (O.), 2 ; Costigan (N.), 3. Dis- tance, 21 ft. 51 ins. Putting the Shot.—Radford (T.), 1 ; Garran (T.), 2 ; Brew (N.), 3. Dis- tance, 34 ft. 11 ins.

Final Scores. Ormond .. . .. 56* points Queen's .. . .. 50 points Newman .. . .. 47* points Trinity .. . .. 17* points

1Rowitto. The M.U.B.C. has been well represented during the past season at the official regattas of the V.R.A. . At Henley we entered three maiden eights, two maiden fours, and a junior four ; at the Melbourne, a maiden eight and a maiden four ; at the Maiden Re- THE SPECULUM. 75 gatta, a maiden pair ; at the Barwon, a senior four ; at the, Sale and Bairnsdale, a senior pair. This is a decided improvement on recent years. A Trinity crew crossed to Tasmania in the long vacation, and were successful in the junior and junior-senior eights at New Norfolk. The members of the crew were :—B. T. Keon-Cohen (bow), J. C. Murray (2), R. R. Webb (3), R. R. Garran (4), H. M. L. Murray (5), J. C. Garran (6), E. W. Turner (7), R. H. Keon-Cohen (str.). Following this enthusiasm for Interstate honours, Trinity were expected to do well in the inter-collegiate races, and their supporters were not disappointed. In the first heat Queen's had a comfortable victory from Newman by a length, the winners hardly appearing to be extended. In the second heat, Trinity v. Ormond, Trinity took the lead early in the race, and had a good lead at the last bend, winning finally by a little over a length. The final produced rowing of a high standard from both contestants, Trinity being first over the line, after a neck and neck tussle, by less than a canvas. Trinity had not previously won this event since 1901, and their win was deservedly popular. The inter-'Varsity race is to be rowed this year on the Lower Yarra. The Melbourne crew is as follows :—E. G. Gault, Q. (bow) ; R. H. Hadley, Q. (2) ; W. J. Pannell, N. (3) ; N. J. Abernethy, Q. Q. ; H. M. L. Murray, T. 5) ; J. C. Garran, T. (6) ; E. W. Turner, T. (17) ; R. H. Keon-Cohen, T. (stroke). The race for the John Lang Cup, between an extra-collegiate eight and the winners of last year's inter-collegiate race, resulted in a win for Queen's College by a length. The extra-collegiate crew rowed well, considering the short time they had had for training together. A new ruling has been introduced by the Club this season, to the effect 1# that no member of the Sports' Union who rows with an outside club shall be eligible for selection in the University eight. This disposes in a drastic manner of a problem which selectors and others have been "up against" for some years past. We hope that the new ruling will act for the best in future years.

tennis. At the inter-'Varsity matches, played in Sydney during the Easter vacation, this "Shop" was represented by I. D. McInnes, H. F. C. Hallowes, J. B. Turner, H. J. Ham and B. Baker, all Medicals. Unfortunately, our team was weakened by the absence of C. H. Fitts, and had to yield the honours to Sydney, to the tune of 8 rubbers against 13. In their match with Adelaide, Sydney created a record by defeating their opponents by 21 rubbers to nil. The strength of their team may be gauged from the fact that their fifth man this year played third for them in 1922 and 1923. Hallowes put up a good performance by beating G. Halliday, after having the score at 5-0 against him in the third set. J. B. Turner played well to beat Todd in three sets, and also played well with McInnes in the doubles. . A combined Australian Universities team also played a match against N.S.W. McInnes and Hallowes represented us in the " Shops' team; but the State team proved much too hefty, and the students were only able to save one rubber from what was otherwise a total wreck. No words can be too good to describe the hospitality of the Sydneysiders. In the memories of those fortunate enough to be present, the dinner, in years 76 THE SPECULUM. to come, will stand out like nothing on earth—for example, a pub. in the middle of the Sahara, or four aces on a bad Saturday night. [It is easy to see, from the way he skulks in the background, that these notes come from the pen of the Captain, I. D. McInnes. But we can't let him escape without our congratulations, at least, and may he go from strength to strength in the world of tennis.—Ed.] Nochev. Last season the "Shop" A team carried off the honours, and, incidentally, the shield presented by the Old Fairfield Players. The Essendon team, which has now disbanded, has, for the perpetuation of their memory, presented a cup for competition in the B grade. We hope to see this one go the way of its fellow. Now that we have a perfectly good new ground on the outer playing fields, next to the tennis courts, we hope that Mr. Aitken's impassioned address to members at the last general meeting will take effect, and that we will always experience a good turn-out at practice. We are running three teams in the competitions this season—two in the B grade, and one in the A. We have so far had only moderate success, but the season is still young. We reiterate that good turn-outs at practice are essential, and extend a hearty invitation to all contemplative players to give the game a fly. We have a good forward line in Messrs. Knight, Farmer and Box, a combination that should prove a hefty factor in winning future matches. During the visit of the fleet a match was played between a picked Navy team and a Victorian team. The former, being too strong for the home XI., carried off the honours. The match was a very enjoyable function, and some good points regarding combined play were noted. Hearty congratulations to our graduates—Drs. Green, McKenna and Dick- man—who have now left our ranks, although we regret the loss of their services. We also congratulate Drs. Thwaites and McKenna on gaining the unique distinction of Australian Blue for hockey. THE SPECULUM. 77

Gordon Hislop, 1920.—Super., Perth Kids. A newspaper propagandist of the first water. Norman Dale, 1920.—Married. Private at Hamilton. Harry Pearce, 1920 —Private, Ballarat. Still looks over his collar. .qt Ted Dermer, 1920.—Back in Bunbury, W.A. Doug. Thomas, 1917.-0.P. Physician, M.H. Ralph Crisp, 1916.—Married. Private, Perth. Derek Hudson, 1921.—Private, Cheltenham. Keith Fairley, 1920.—England, chasing M.R.C.P. Paddy Moran, 1915.—Doing likewise. Charles Osborn, 1919.—Living with Paddy. Doing Primary F.R.C.S. Ian Cameron, 1922.—Back from honeymoon. Mornington. R. N. S. Good, 1907.—M.D. to Geelong Grammar ; also Private, Geelong. "Dan" McArthur.—Married. Harold Dew, 1914.—Engaged. Trip to Nauru investigating leprosy. Jack- sonian Prize, 1924. Bill Johnston, 1914.-0.P. Physician, M.H. Monk Harbison, 1921.—Private at Windsor, near Sydney. Alan Pryde, 1914.—Hamley Bridge, S.A., to Claremont, Tasmania. Noel Pryde, 1924.—S.S. "Victoria" to China. Don. Pryde, 1923.--Launceston Hospital. Gil. Troup, 1922.—Married. Private, Perth. Ducks Foreman, 1920.—Private, Glenhuntly. Henry Hawkins, 1922.—Back in Melbourne, with wife. Tommy Wynne, 1918.—F.R.C.S., Edinburgh. Reg. Hall, 1922.—Going to England in August. Brian Woods, 1922.—Getting married. Violet Eddy, 1921.—To India. Married. Jim Sharland, 1923.—Engaged. Back from China. W. R. Griffiths.—Super., Ballarat Hospital. 78 THE SPECULUM.

Keith Kerr, 1923.—Married. John Searby, 1924.—Engaged. Colin Reid, 1923.—Private, Skipton. Colin Grant.—Private, Maldon. Florrie Gaffney, 1910.—Bendigo. Just married. Ed. North.—R.M.O., Sunbury Asylum. Roy Hardy.—Private, Caulfield. Miller Vine, 1924.—Married. Caravanning in Queensland. Jack Adey, 1909.—Super., Sunbury. Hilary Roche, 1920.—M.O. in Brompton Hospital, England. Charlie Hembrow, 1921.—Northern G.H., Blighty. Ginner James.—Married. Geelong. Bill Borland, 1924.—Locum, Balaklava, S.A. — Mason.—Brisbane. C. H. Varley, 1918.—Son. Westmore Stephens.—Good stick at golf. Brunswick and Collins Street.. Ron Cuttel, 1920.—F.R.C.S., Edinburgh. Guy Springthorpe.—M.R.C.P. 0. Rawson, 1922.—Elmore. Private. Doing well. E. H. Derrick, 1920.—Locum, Kyneton. Jack Gray, 1913.—Down from Corowa. Doing M.S. Dave Greenham, 1911.—Private, Corryong. George Horne.—Northern Territory. Tom Harris, 1923.—Rutherglen. T. W. Hoggarth, 1914.—Son. Surrey Hills. Jim Gilbert, 1922.—Private, Warburton. Jimmy Bell.—Clinical Asst., Alfred Hospital. J. G. Hurely, 1916.—Corowa, Private. J. O'Sullivan, 1921.—Gone, to Cambridge. Specialising in X-ray. Tom King, 1923.—Private, St. Kilda. Frank D'Arcy, 1923.—Was Registrar, St. Vincent's, Sydney. Now assisting Torn Ryan, Nhill. George Brew, 1923.—Eye on M.D. Ethel Pitt, 1922.—Private, Brunswick. Bill Flynn, 1922.—Private, North Melbourne. P. B. McCumsky, 1923.— Minyip. Bill O'Donnell, 1924.—Doing a locum for him. Frank Benson, 1923, and Val. Podger, 1923.—Doing locum. Latter has eye on a practice. Bill Commons, 1923.—Private, Doncaster. Mario Mayrhofer.—Perth Public. Guido Mayrhofer.—Ditto. Charlie Byrne, 1923.—Mater Misercordix Hospital, Brisbane. Dan McSweeney and Vin. Parer.—Both lost in Bananaland. Torn Sullivan.—Culgoa (Mallee). J. Ross, 1918.—Super., Bendigo. Bill Collopy.—Trafalgar. Usual calamity—engagement. Leo. Fulton.—Private, Geelong, J. J. Daly.—Private, Northcote. A daughter. "Andy" Brennan..7--Trip to Sydney to try and pick winners.

THE SPECULUM. 79

Leo Doyle.—Just finished twelve months' globe-trotting. F. Pincus, 1922.—Left St. Helens, Tas., with a hwmatoma of his right orbit. 1 Why? Alf. Oldham, 1923.—Tasmania desolated to know that Dr. Oldham turned it down for Ipswich, Queensland. A. E. Panting, 1913.—After five years on the lead mines of Tasmania, still strays at Struan Hospital in Launceston. No Beattie, 1923.—Fun and funds at Fingal in the Speck. Ern. Shilliday, 1923.—S.S. "Morinda" to Papua. Ron. Davidson, Frank May, Les. Freemantle.—Swan beer makes up for hard work at Perth General. R. E. 13utchart.—Spliced. At Serum Labs. John Blair and Frank Shaughnessy.—Married to each other. Family practice at Charleville, Q. C. A. Courtney.—Chief M.O. of Repat. The bane of malingerers and party politicians. L. M. Smith.—Prefers Warragul to Yarragon. Ron. Small, 1923.—East Malvern. Married. Otto Hirschfeld, 1923.—Engaged. Eric Bailhache, 1924.—Engaged. Bill Pook, 1922.—Kerang. Bish Carrington, 1923.—Resident Trinity tutor. Complaints officer. Jim Rowan.—Ship's M.O. to England. J. L. Diggle, 1917.—England again. Barbara Wood, 1921.—Cambridge. Studying for diploma in radiology and electrotherapeutics. • Z. Schwartz.—Returning soon with D.O.M.S. and F.R.C.S., Edinburgh. In- tends to specialise in eyes in Collins Street. H. Thorne, 1923.—Perth Public. W. H. G. Steele, 1923.—Queenstown, Tasmania. J. M. Andrew, 1922.—Engaged. M.D. Going on "Katoomba" for some months. Alan Hewitt, 1924.—Engaged on Q.T. Sale district. Earning his crust. "Conk" Hayes.—Put in a strenuous week M.O.-ing the M.U.R. at Seymour. Henry Searby, 1921.—M.S. Going to England in November. Mac. Burnett, 1922.—M.D. Still Pathologist at M.H. B. Warner, 1921.—Super., Queen Victoria Hospital for Women. Jim Whitworth, 1924.—Queensland. Hookworm Research. Keith Moore, 1915.—Director Commonwealth Serum Lab., Bendigo. Percy White, 1924.—Ship's M.O. to Singapore. Later Perth Public. Alf. Johnson, 1924 —W.A. Roger Dunkley, 1924.—Yachting on the Swan—no, the river, not the beer. Spudder Thwaites, 1923.—About to be married and to go into private at Benalla. L. S. Woods, 1920.—Back from England. Albury ; assisting father. Basil Corkill, 1922.—Back at A.H. as biochemist after research with McLean. G. James, 1920.—Engaged. Private, Lockhart, N.S.W. Gibb Maitland, 1924.—Perth Public. W. Summons, 1903.—Locum for T. W. Sinclair in Public Health lectures. Tom Millar, 1923.—England. Mary Wait, 1924 l Married. New Norfolk, Tasmania. D. Fitzpatrick, 1923 3 80 THE SPECULUM.

N. Dale, 1920.—Married. L. .Darby, 1912.—Engaged. Jimmie Alexander, 1922.—Ipswich. Some cricketer. E. T. C. Milligan, 1909.—Doing well in Harley Street. I. Jones, 1909.—First assistant, Medical Unit, St. Thomas' Hospital, London. Gives students a great go. John Tait, 1911.—Has been to America from England. Going to Neurological Congress in Rome. Genito-urinary specialist with Thompson-Walker. A. E. Dickmann, 1924.—R.M.O., Kyneton Hospital. Doreen Hensley, 1923.—Thinking of going to the islands. Bill Hewitt.—Private, Yackandandah. Frank Tate.—Private, Kew. M. Curwen-Walker, 1922.—Super., Austin Hospital. W. Godbehear.—Austin Hospital. Les. Le Souef.—Private, Perth. E. A. Richards, 1923.—Public Health Lab., Lismore. L. Male.—Southern Cross, W.A. Kath. Daly, 1923 Alan Waterhouse, 1923 ) Engaged. Dave Neville, 1923.—Bought Lyle Davis's practice at Heywood. N. McLeod.—Wallaroo, S.A. Jack Whittaker.—Coming back to Aussie. Elsie Came (nee Thomas).—Home on furlough from India. T. Barker, 1923.—Corrigin, W.A. Successfully married. K. G. Aberdeen.—Northam, W.A. Wife and two kids. F. Beamish.—Northam, WA. Married. C. Leedman.—Kellerberrin, — Ward.—York, W.A. Ken. Purnell.—Geelong. ,Thriving practice. Claud Backwell.—With his wife in England. Bill Long.—Riverina. Daughter. Rupert Willis, 1922.—Private, near Launceston. Married. Jim Brown, 1920.—Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, London, W. Final F.R.C.S., November.

Melbourne Hospital Residents, 1924 : — Jock Williams (Super.), F. M. Burnett (Pathologist), Marion Wanliss (Cancer Research), Kath. Daly, Beetle Burwood, Jim Ainslie, Bill Holman (Regis- • trars), Podge Williams, Redford Wright-Smith, Cliff. Craig, Bert Coates, Tick Hadley, Frank Ross, Tom Heale, Mona Blanche, Oenone Bowman, Ken. O'Donnell, Paul Hopkins, Snow Ahern, Dick Johnson. Alfred Hospital Residents:— Jock McKay (Super., married), Len. Ball, E. King, N. M. Gutteridge (Regis- trars), Vic. Delaney, W. Saxton, Don. Brown, F. Coombes, D. Seeley, D. McLeod, R. Brown, A. H. Green. Also R. Thomas, G. Oldfield, G. R. Weigall to enter shortly. Women's Hospital :-- John Green (Super.), Kate McKay, Roy Miller, Bailey, Bill. Lemon, Kate Campbell.

THE SPECULUM. 81

Fairfield Hospital:— H. McLorinan, Helen Kelsey, A. Admans, T. Brennan, George Bearham, Brew. Children's Hospital:-- Bob Southby (Super.), Byron Stanton (Pathologist), Rex Hylton, Geoff. Pen- nington, George Simpson, Jean McNamara, S. McKenzie. Eye and Ear:— Keith Ross, Donovan. 1Rotices. "THE SPECULUM," The Journal of the Melbourne Medical Students' Society. Annual Subscription, 5s., post free. All communications should be addressed to— The Editor, "Speculum," Melbourne Hospital. All members of the M.S.S. who are unable or unwilling to contribute original articles in prose or verse may assist by collecting Old Boys' Notes, advertise- ments, news items of interest to Medical Students and Graduates, etc. Students who desire to assist in the publication of the "Speculum" are earnestly requested to hand in their names to their Hospital and Year Reps., or direct to the Editor. THERE ARE JOBS FOR ALL. Contributions are wanted. Old boys are specially urged to assist by contributing Old Boys' notes,

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Sole Representatives Canada Cycle and Motor Co. (Vic.) Pty. Ltd. 334-6 Latrobe Street Melbourne

88 J. GRAHAM SONS 178 COLLINS STREET, MELBOURNE

BOXING WRESTLING JIU-JITSU DEEP BREATHING CLUBS

PERSONAL TUITION. We Specialise in MEDICAL PHYSICAL TRAINING. 20 Years Established. Phone 9658 Central.

Telephone 2932 Telephone 2932 SEARS' FOR PHOTOGRAPHS

271 COLLINS STREET MELBOURNE

MRS. GLADISH UNIVERSITY ROBE MAKER

For Conferrings: Hoods on Hire for All Degrees

THE UNIVERSITY LODGE, GRATTAN ST.

89 MICROSCOPIC SLIDES

BACTERIOLOGICAL APPARATUS AND LABORATORY GLASSWARE

AT CHEAPEST RATES

F ROM H. B. SELBY & CO. 393 SWANSTON STREET MELBOURNE TEL. 1377 AND AT SYDNEY

WHITE

gke 711Lest Pipe e

Rravere or "Shell " lirrpr 30/- each

DAMMAN'S SPECIALISTS IN HIGH cukss TOBACCONISTS GOODS Cr. Collins 6 5wanston Sts. and at 79 Elizabeth St. 1738

90 The STATE SAVINGS BANK OF VICTORIA TUDENTS should note Sthe arrangements made for Shows of Cinemato- graph Films in the Ana- INTEREST tomy Lecture Theatre, during lunch hours, in the 4 Per Cent. on First £500 Second Term. k, Per Cent. on excess up to 11,000. Watch the Notice Boards. 4 Per Cent. on Deposit Stock up to 11,000.

Head Office : 139-149 Elizabeth Street, GEO. E. EMERY, Melbourne. General Manager.

Phone 2518 MR. W. RAMSAY 233 LONSDALE STREET--MELBOURNE (OPPOSITE MELBOURNE HOSPITAL)

Medical Bookseller to the University

A Large Assortment of ALL MEDICAL, SURGICAL, DENTAL ANT) PHARMACEUTICAL BOOKS.

RAMSAY'S MEDICAL CIRCULATING LIBRARY Students' Subscriptions from ONE GUINEA per annum

91 For Science's Latest in SURGICAL GOODS

Students' Half Skeletons in Cases. Skeletons Finest Selected Articulated. Disarticulated Skulls in I, 2, 3 and 5 Sections. Pelvis Bones with Ligaments. Hands, Feet, Arm Bones, &c. Students' Dissecting Sets.

OUR ONLY ADDRESS: DENYERS 264-266 SWANSTON ST. (Four Doors from Lonsdale St., RAMSA Y, REABY Pty. Ltd. 233-235 LONSDALE STREET, MELBOURNE Opposite Gates, Melbourne Hospital Telephones Central 6575, 1663 Agents for MAYER & PHELPS, LONDON

By Appointment to Melbourne, Women's, Alfred, Children's, and Principal Provincial Hospitals of Victoria.

IGHEST STANDARD . . IN . . SURGICAL . . . . INSTRUMENT . . MANUFACTURE

AUSTRALIAN MADE—In our Workshops

SURGICAL CUTLERY Forcep work of all descriptions. Individual ideas carried out in any instrument. Alterations and Repairs receive our strictest supervision. Students' Requisites, Trusses, Belts, Artificial Limbs, Rubber Gloves, Orthopaedic Appliances, Splints, etc., on hand. INSPECTION INVITED Established 30 Years Telephone Central 4298 After Business Hours, Windsor 1531 JAMES LITTLE MEDICAL PUBLISHER IMPORTER of MEDICAL and SURGICAL WORKS

Medical Agent for the sale and purchase of Practices. Assistants and Locum Tenentes supplied.

" CENTREWAY," COLLINS STREET, MELBOURNE (Take Elevator to 3rd Floor)

Students' Text Books on Hand : OPERATIVE SURGERY. By Warren Stone Bickham. Covering the Operative Technique involved in the operations of General and Special Surgery. In 6 royal octavo volumes. ABT'S PEDIATRICS. A complete work on Diseases of Children, both medical and surgical, by 150 specialists. In 8 volumes and Index volume. Order now. SCUDDER'S TREATMENT OF FRACTURES. New Ninth Edition. 800 pages, with 1252 Original Illustrations, 1923. A Standard Book on the Subject. REGIONAL ANESTHESIA, ITS TECHNIC AND CLINICAL APPLICA- TION. By Gastou Labat, M.D., Special Lecturer on Regional Anes- thesia.

THE MAYO CLINIC. One Volume. Annually.

CRILE ON THE THYROID GLAND. The first of a series of Monographs to come from the Crile Clinic at Cleveland, Ohio. THE SURGICAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA. Every other month, February to December each year.

THE MEDICAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA. Every other month. Clinic year, July to June each year.

Brown, Prior & Co. Pty. Ltd., Printcraft House, 430 Little Bourke Street, Melbourne.

Library Digitised Collections

Title: Speculum 1924

Date: 1924

Persistent Link: http://hdl.handle.net/11343/24200

File Description: Speculum: issue 114, June 1924