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In the Shadow of History by Dr. Mubarak In the Shadow of History Dr. Mubarak Ali Reproduced by Sani H. Panhwar IN THE SHADOW OF HISTORY Dr. MUBARAK ALI Reproduced by Sani H. Panhwar Dedication to, Prof. Fariduddin Department of Philosophy University of Sindh PREFACE The book is a collection of articles which were published in the different newspapers from time to time. The response from readers always encouraged me to write more. I am thankful to all those who appreciated and criticized my writings acknowledge my deep gratitude to Jalis Hazir, Murtaza Razvi, Rashid Malik and Anita Mir for their valuable assistance and cooperation. Finally, I would like to thank Mr. Zuhoor Ahmad Khan and Rana Abdur Rehman, the publishers, for publishing the book so beautifully. Mubarak Ali CONTENTS I. TOWARDS UNDERSTANDING HISTORY 1. Uses of history .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 2. Why should we study history .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 3. What is grassroots history .. .. .. .. .. .. 6 4. How should history be read? .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 5. Writing of current history .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 6. Writing of political history .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 7. The conspiracy Theory of history .. .. .. .. .. 14 8. Romanticizing the past .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 16 9. Who masters the past, rules the future .. .. .. .. .. 18 10. All history is contemporary history .. .. .. .. .. 20 11. History and War .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 22 12. Teaching of history in Pakistan .. .. .. .. .. .. 24 13. The history textbooks .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27 14. Writing of history in Pakistan .. .. .. .. .. .. 29 15. Problems of Research in Pakistan .. .. .. .. .. 31 16. Our tribal society and the history writing .. .. .. .. 34 17. History - writing as a corrective .. .. .. .. .. .. 36 18. The Islamisation of history .. .. .. .. .. .. 38 II - INTERPRETATION OF HISTORY 1. How to write history under Dictatorship .. .. .. .. 40 2. Colonization and Language .. .. .. .. .. .. 44 3. Education and the elite .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 46 4. The art of feudal politics .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 48 5. The Majority - Minority Conflict .. .. .. .. .. 51 6. Pakistan and the National Question .. .. .. .. .. 54 7. Dousing the fire .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 56 8. Ideology or Bust .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 59 9. Death of Mughal nobility and a lesson for Pakistani elite .. .. 61 10. Our feudal democracy .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 63 11. Guilt edged the German Experience .. .. .. .. .. 67 12. Learning through experience .. .. .. .. .. .. 71 III - HERO AND HEROWORSHIP 1. Making of Myths .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 73 2. War without heroes .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 75 3. Communalism and heroes .. .. .. .. .. .. 77 4. Revolution and heroes .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 79 5. Heroes and democracy .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 81 6. In the footsteps of a hero .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 83 7. Unmaking of heroes .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 85 IV - HISTORY OF SINDH 1. A colonial interpretation of history .. .. .. .. .. 87 2. The Masses point of view .. .. .. .. .. .. 90 3. Should Sindh's history be rewritten .. .. .. .. .. 92 4. The-Arabs conquest of Sindh .. .. .. .. .. .. 95 (a) Broadening the vision of history .. .. .. .. .. 95 (b) Do twowrongs makeright? .. .. .. .. .. .. 97 (c) And the poets too .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 98 (d) Ours is not to question why .. .. .. .. .. .. 101 (e) Counting the cost .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 102 (f) Keeping it in the family .. .. .. .. .. .. 103 (g) Running on the Spot .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 106 5. The Feudal connection .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 109 6. Sindh under foreign rule .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 112 7. Nur Muhammad Kalhoro: Re-examined .. .. .. .. .. 116 8. In Defence of Noa Mal .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 118 (a) India in the Nineteenth century .. .. .. .. .. 118 (b) The problems of minority .. .. .. .. .. .. 119 (c) Sindh under the Hindu minority .. .. .. .. .. 120 (d) Hindu, Muslim Conflict .. .. .. .. .. .. 121 (e) Dilemma of the Hindu Community .. .. .. .. .. 122 (f) Conclusion .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 123 9. Separation of Sindh from Bombay presidency .. .. .. .. 125 10. Sindh: The Changing faces of nationalism .. .. .. .. 128 11. Manzilgah mosque and the communal clash .. .. .. .. 130 12. Sindhi Nationalism: The modern phase .. .. .. .. .. 132 13. A Middle Class Mess .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 134 14. Towards a complete Ethnic Divide .. .. .. .. .. 137 15. A rebel: by any other name .. .. .. .. .. .. 139 16. Dacoity: An unorganized form of social protest .. .. .. 141 17. Peasant rebellion in Sindh .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 143 18. The roots of banditry .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 145 TOWARDS UNDERSTANDING HISTORY USES OF HISTORY Whenever a nation is in a state of disintegration, history is called upon to help it unite: Although there are problems in incorporating separate groups into one unit, history makes an attempt to search the cultural and social roots and link them together and provide basis for unity. The concept of nationhood is not only relevant to most of the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa, but to most advanced countries such as Britain, Germany, and USA. In most of the underdeveloped countries, the ruling classes, in order to legitimate their rule, use history to exploit the patriotism of the people and exhort them to love their country and sacrifice their lives in its defence. The irony is that the past which is reconstructed to appeal to the people to be united as one nation is the past of the conquerors, generals, and victors, and not the past of the intellectuals, scientists, and scholars. The choice is very important because it determines the fate of a nation either to choose hostility, violence, and terror, or peace, love, and harmony. The path of violence and terror always leads to authoritarian and tyrannical forms of government, while peace and love pave the way for democracy and a composite society. We have the recent example of Germany which followed Bismarck and Kaisar Wilhelm's traditions and ignored the views of Liebknecht and Bebel; consequently it ended in wars and destruction. Even such modern and advanced nations as Britain and USA are using history to reconstruct the past in such a way as to solve their current problems and to inject a false sense of pride by hiding their crimes. Thatcher, as prime minister of Britain, supported the revival of self-sacrifice, self-reliance, self-respect, and pride in the country. She once said that instead of writing history as centuries of unrelieved gloom, oppression, and failure, as days of hopelessness, historians should write a history which gives courage and confidence to the people. To accomplish this object, history as an independent subject, is incorporated in the national curriculum of schools. In the USA, once a secretary of education known as William Benett said: "The study of history is to give our students a grasp of their nation. (A nation that the study of history and current events will reveal is still, indeed, the last, best hope on earth.") How to use history in Pakistan to create a national identity is a very important question. History can be used to inspire people to strive to become one nation; but of course, In The Shadow of History by Dr. Mubarak Ali; Copyright © www.sanipanhwar.com 1 history alone cannot accomplish that task of solving all basic problems such as education, health, poverty and shelter; it requires other forces, social, political and economic to change the exploitative structure of the society. Only then history can promote the cause of nation-building. Leaving all these basic problems unsolved, neither the sentiments nor rationality of the people can be appealed to, to forget their deprivation and join hands with oppressors. The other important factor, in case of Pakistan, is that on what bases do we want to begin the process of nation-building? To create a sense of patriotism after exploiting the sentiments of people or to appeal to their humanist feelings? In this case, we have to change the whole interpretation of history. Here, instead of emphasizing political history, we must concentrate on social history. There is a vast difference between two kinds of histories. Political history is mostly used by the dictators and tyrants to further their ambitions because it can easily be used to mobilize people by exploiting their hidden sentiments of hostility and hatred. Social history on the contrary represents common cultural and social values which bring people together. The best example is the history of Indo-Pak relations. The political history, by highlighting the role of two governments, creates hostile feelings among the people of both countries. The social history, on the other hand, brings to light the cultural similarities and strengthens mutual relations. Political history, moreover, works within borders while social history knows no borders and helps to eradicate strangeness, alienation and separateness among groups, societies, and nations, with the result that cultural links become stronger than the political prejudices. Further the domain of political history is the study of the state and its institutions; social history, on the contrary, concentrates on the activities of the society and the people and thus provides to the historians broader and more fascinating aspects to study. This is the reason that social history, which represents people, has become more popular than political history. In The Shadow of History by Dr. Mubarak Ali; Copyright © www.sanipanhwar.com 2 WHY SHOULD WE STUDY HISTORY Why should we study history? What are its uses and what role can it play in our lives? Those who are not historically conscious usually ask these questions: they regard the past as if it had nothing to do
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