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The Tweed Invasives Project Has Only Succeeded Through the Contributions of Everyone Living and Working on Key the River

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The Tweed Invasives Project Has Only Succeeded Through the Contributions of Everyone Living and Working on Key the River CONTROLLING INVASIVE PLANTS IN THE TWEED CATCHMENT We need your help Invasive control within the Tweed catchment The Tweed Invasives Project has only succeeded through the contributions of everyone living and working on Key the river. We are extremely grateful to everyone who Giant Hogweed Control The Tweed gives time or money towards controlling these plants. However, we need to sustain this effort for many years Himalayan Balsam Control to come if we are to continue to be successful. Main Watercourses Eyemouth Invasives Whiteadder Water Project Duns Berwick-upon-Tweed Blackadder Water Gala Water Leader Water Peebles Earlston Coldstream River Tweed Galashiels River Tweed Innerleithen River Till IF YOU SEE A PLANT THAT YOU SUSPECT River Tweed Kelso IS INVASIVE, PLEASE DO NOT HESITATE TO Selkirk CONTACT TWEED FORUM ON 01896 849723 Yarrow Water Wooler Reports from land managers and the general public National Park are extremely important. Ettrick Water Jedburgh Source of River Teviot Jed Water the Tweed Hawick European Union European Regional Development Fund Investing in your future Produced by the Tweed Forum. For more information please contact: Monitoring and reporting INNS Tweed Forum, South Court, Drygrange Steading, Melrose The Tweed Biosecurity Plan (2011-2016) outlines how priority species verified within 48 hours. If confirmed, Roxburghshire TD6 9DJ, Scotland INNS are currently monitored throughout the Tweed this sighting will initiate the appropriate national E [email protected] T 01896 849 723 F 01896 849 129 catchment. It also sets out a reporting system whereby or local high priority response. All verified sightings www.tweedforum.org/projects/current-projects/tweed_invasives reported sightings will be verified by trained Tweed will also be entered onto the Tweed Forum or Tweed Foundation, River Tweed Commission or Tweed Forum Foundation Geographic Information System that record personnel, with a sighting of a national or local high INNS distributions within the Tweed catchment. The Tweed Forum accepts no responsibility for any loss, damage or injury arising from the interpretation or use of information, or reliance upon views contained within. BACKGROUND Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica) Giant Knotweed (Fallopia sachalinensis) Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) This leaflet gives guidance on how to identify Identification: Identification: Health Hazards and control the most damaging invasive non- Spring Distinguished from Japanese Knotweed due to its larger size The stems, leaves and sap of Giant Hogweed contain a native species (INNS) in the Tweed catchment, • Red, succulent shoots appear early (grows 2–4m tall), with the leaves also much larger (up to substance which reacts when exposed to sunlight and can particularly Giant Hogweed, Japanese Knotweed 40cm) as well as having a heart-shaped (not straight) base result in serious blistering up to 48 hours after contact, Summer/Autumn and Himalayan Balsam. INNS have been described and a wavy margin. even through light summer clothing. All blistering should as the biggest threat to our native biodiversity • The stems are green with red flecks and can grow up to be treated as a burn. In severe cases medical advice should after climate change. They can outcompete and 3m (9-10 feet) Giant Knotweed be sought as untreated blistering can lead to permanent dominate native vegetation, exacerbate bank • Shield-shaped leaves with flat base, up to 12cm (5 inches) skin damage such as discolouration, sensitivity to sunlight or erosion and, in the case of Giant Hogweed, long grow alternately up the hollow stems recurrent dermatitis. represent a serious health hazard. • Creamy flower clusters are produced in the late summer Autumn/Winter Identification The Tweed Invasives Project has been delivering • Plants die back after the first heavy frost, leaving tall, comprehensive control of Giant Hogweed hollow, tan coloured stems Spring and Japanese Knotweed across the Tweed • Early autumn, before the first frost, is the best time to spray • Dark green, spiky leaves start growing very early in March/ catchment since 2003, as well as Himalayan April, reaching a height of 30-50cm (12-15 inches) Balsam control on the River Till. It is now widely Spring recognised as one of the longest, and most Summer successful, catchment-based control programmes • The large hollow stems are ribbed and green in colour of its kind in the UK. The Project uses spraying with red-purple blotches (with certified herbicides) to ensure that these • The large, white flower-heads can be up to 50cm (15 damaging invasive species are prevented from Himalayan Knotweed inches) across flowering or spreading each year. For plants such Autumn/Winter as Giant Hogweed, with a long seed-life, this is Summer Identification: • Some immature plants may die back but many will keep vital in ensuring the eventual eradication of the some colour in their leaves throughout the winter Distinguished from Japanese Knotweed due to its longer, species from the Tweed catchment. The Project is • Mature, flowering plants will die, leaving seed-heads with more pointed, leaves. a close collaboration between Tweed Forum staff up to 50,000 seeds and local landowners, farmers, ghillies, fishermen and volunteers and this is a key factor in the Himalayan Knotweed success and longevity of our work. Spring Summer Winter Photographs supplied by: Loughborough University Cornwall Knotweed Forum Kent County Council Tweed Forum Other closely related knotweed species to watch out for… Giant Hogweed can be successfully controlled using non- Giant Hogweed Himalayan Balsam (Impatiens glanduliferaanum) HOW TO PREVENT THE SPREAD OF chemical methods, though it presents additional problems INVASIVE PLANTS as great care must be taken to avoid contact with sap. Grazing, using cattle and sheep, can be an effective means Identification(continued) Identification There are several ways in which the spread of invasives of controlling Giant Hogweed as they are immune to the can be prevented, these include: sap (with exception of pigs). Cutting can also be effective Summer Winter Spring • Starting control work as soon as possible, before although great care should be taken to ensure that bare skin plants become established is well-covered to prevent contact with the sap. It should be noted that cut plants can often re-grow; the main tap root • Where invasives are already established along should be dug up and cut at least 6cm (3 inches) below the watercourses, ensure work is carried out from ground to ensure the plant is eradicated. upstream to downstream (so as not to transport invasive plants upstream) Himalayan Balsam can be hand pulled although it is necessary to do this before seed production has become too • Ensure that no seeds or plant segments are removed advanced. from infested areas • Do not dispose of cut stems, or spread soil containing seeds or roots of invasive species; just a few seeds or CHEMICAL CONTROL Summer root segments can be sufficient for full plant growth Chemical control, through herbicide spraying, is the only • Tweed Forum is available to answer your queries on sure means of killing Japanese Knotweed and the most Health Hazards invasive plants, contact us on 01896 849723 efficient means of killing Giant Hogweed, although it Examples of blistering caused by Giant Hogweed: should be undertaken with great care, ensuring that only the target species are sprayed and that all safety guidelines Finger Wrist are followed. Glyphosate-based herbicides are safe and the only type Controlling invasive plants allowed for use next to watercourses. These work by being absorbed through the plant’s growing leaves before being transported down to the roots, blocking the plant’s vital enzyme systems, thus killing the plants from the roots up. NON-CHEMICAL CONTROL Glyphosate is non-specific so it also kills most other types of Non-chemical control of Japanese Knotweed is virtually plants and therefore should be used carefully and sparingly useless as a means of eradicating the plant, though it can on the target species only. Glyphosate comes under many Spring/Summer limit further growth. Grazing will limit growth and spread, names but Roundup Pro-biactive is widely acknowledged to • Purplish-pink to light pink flowers, carried on long however, the plant will often persist in small pockets where be the most effective product. Child’s elbow Legs succulent pinkish-red stems animals can’t gain access, making eradication very unlikely. A license is required from SEPA/the Environment Agency if • Lance-shaped serrated-edged green leaves with a red Cutting and digging may also limit the growth and spread spraying is to be carried out near water. At the moment, midrib, up to 150mm long of Japanese Knotweed but due to the plant’s ability to Tweed Forum apply for a blanket license on behalf of • Leaves and side branches originate from stem joints re-grow from very small segments of either root or stem everyone in the Tweed catchment. However, individuals (even sections that appear dead) this is not advised. Indeed, need to be certified in spraying (PA1 and PA6W). Tweed • The stem is sappy and brittle the cutting and subsequent disposal of Japanese Knotweed Forum can offer advice and funding toward training costs for Autumn/Winter (e.g. strimming waste transported to dumps/compost heaps individuals undertaking spraying on their own land, call us or the movement of soil contaminated with root sections) on 01896 849723. • The white, brown or black seeds are produced from July is one of the chief methods by which this invasive plant has to October and are 4-7mm in diameter spread and it is now illegal under current legislation. Any soil • There are between 4 and 16 seeds per seedpod or plant material taken away from a site containing Japanese • In autumn the plants die back, leaving the banks bare of Knotweed must be taken by a licensed waste carrier and go vegetation and therefore liable to erosion to a suitably authorised landfill site.
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