DOCSLIB.ORG

Jan-Christoph Heilinger Cosmopolitan Responsibility

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Jan-Christoph Heilinger Cosmopolitan Responsibility Jan-Christoph Heilinger Cosmopolitan Responsibility Global Injustice, Relational Equality, and Individual Agency An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative and links to the Open Access version can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org Knowledge Unlatched The Open Access book is available at www.degruyter.com ISBN 978-3-11-060078-0 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-061227-1 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-061128-1 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 Licence. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Library of Congress Control Number: 2019952790 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2020 Jan-Christoph Heilinger, published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Cover: Greater Antilles Islands in the Caribbean Sea, AKG Images Printing & binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com Für Rasmus und Felix und für Nina The idea that some lives matter less is the root of all that’s wrong with the world. —Paul Farmer La majorité du monde habite là où nous ne regardons pas ; là où nous ne voulons plus voir, les Suds, les Suds dans le Nord. —Yanick Lahens Someone should be doing something about it. —Iris M. Young Acknowledgements The act of writing is asolitary business, but doing philosophyisacollective undertaking.The arguments Idefend in this book draw on the work of many others. To highlight afew:Iris M. Young’swork inspired, as will become obvious throughout the book, my entire project on cosmopolitan responsibility. My account of global relational egalitarianism buildsheavilyonElizabeth Anderson’stheory of democratic equality.Volker Gerhardthas directed my philosophical attention to the role of the individual person and Philip Kitcher has strengthened my belief in the possibility of progress;bothhavebeen invaluable teachers and supporters. Furthermore, Iamextremelygrateful for the philosophical inspiration, ad- vice, support and feedback Ireceivedinone form or another from many people over the years of workingonthis text.Among them are Verina Wild, Deborah Zion, JamesWilson, Heather Widdows, Eva Weber-Guskar,Friedhelm vonBlancken- burg, Rodrigue Thomas, Aron Telegdi-Csetri, UweSteinhoff, MarcoSolinas, Jan Slaby,Christos Simis, Alexander Schulan, SamuelScheffler,VeronikaSager, Mehran Rezaei, Martin Rechenauer,Philippe Quesne,Alison Phipps,Konrad Petrovszky,Eva Maria Parisi, LiavOrgad, Julian Nida-Rümelin, Fabian Newger, Thomas Nagel, Nikil Mukerji, OliverMüller,Srinjoy Mitra, Christopher McDougall, GeorgMarckmann, Ansgar Lyssy, Tanja Krones,Isabel Kranz, Colin King,S.Karly Kehoe, Elizabeth Kahn, Matthias Jung,Markus Huppenbauer,Christoph Henning, NoraHeinzelmann, André Grahle,Anna Goppel, Anca Gheaus, Sebastiaan Gar- velink,Agomoni Ganguli-Mitra, Orsolya Friedrich, Carina Fourie, Rainer Forst, Richard Fonseca, Alan Fishbone, KarstenFischer,Gerhard Ernst,Jake Ephros, Lisa Eckenwiler,Lorenzo Del Savio, Angus Dawson, Housamedden Darwish, Katja Crone, Fausto Corvino, MollyCochran, Ryoa Chung,Francis Cheneval, Gillian Brock, Christine Bratu, Jason Branford, Suzanne Bouclin, Eike Bohlken, Monika Betzler, HolgerBaumann, Sarah-Aylin Akgül, EvaAlisic, Darline Alexis, Maike Albertzart,and Zed Adams. Iamalsograteful for the helpful comments and suggestions of two anonymous reviewers for de Gruyter. Ialso want to express my gratitude for the possibility to present my work and for the feedback Ireceivedatthe Universities of Auckland, Bamberg, Birmingham, Cologne, Delhi, Dortmund,Frankfurt, Kiel, Melbourne, Munich, Passau,Re- gensburg, Saint Andrews,St. Gallen, Sydney,Tübingen, Zurich, as well as at Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris, Ecole Normale Supérieure Port-au-Prince, New York University, Scuola Superiore Sant’AnnaPisa, the Universidad de Chile and the UniversityofGhana. Financial and institutional support for my research was not onlyprovided by my home institutions during the time of workingonthe manuscript,the Univer- OpenAccess. ©2020 Jan-Christoph Heilinger,published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the CreativeCommons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110612271-001 X Acknowledgements sities of Zurich and Munich, but alsobyFritz Thyssen Foundation, German Aca- demic ExchangeService (DAAD), German Research Foundation (DFG), Global Young Academy, and the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). Earlier this year,Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna in Pisa hosted aworkshop de- dicated to this manuscript priortoits publication. My special thanks for valuable criticism go to all the participants. My encounters and discussions with students and colleagues at Ecole Nor- male Supérieure de l’Université d’Etat d’Haiti, whereIregularly teach, also had an importantimpact on my thinkingabout the topics of this book.Iam very grateful for this. It was again agreat pleasure to work with de Gruyter publishers, Berlin. My sincerethanks go to Christoph Schirmer,Tim Vogeland FlorianRuppenstein. Iamimmenselythankful for my friends and my family, for their unwavering love, support and encouragement.Idedicate this book to Nina—the best partner I can imagine for sunshine and storms in life; and inspiring critical reader of my manydrafts—and our perfectlywonderful children, Felix and Rasmus,with all my loveand gratitude. Cologne, October 2019 JCH Contents Introduction: The challenge. Global injustice and the individual agent 1 1 The ‘circumstances of cosmopolitanism’ 5 2 The idea of cosmopolitanism 8 3 Towards a global political ethics 9 4 The pragmatic impulse 11 5 Overview 12 Part I The cosmopolitan ethos Chapter 1: Cosmopolitanism. The ideal of global justice, past and present 21 1 Global citizenship 21 2 Moral cosmopolitanism as egalitarian universalism 23 3 The evolution of cosmopolitanism 28 4 The current debate on global justice. A brief overview 43 5 Global justice and global ethics 57 Chapter 2: Equality. Towards global relational egalitarianism 65 1 Domestic luck vs. relational egalitarianism 68 2 What is the point of global equality? 92 3 Global luck egalitarianism—a critique 93 4 Towards global relational equality 97 5 Global relational egalitarianism—for and against 109 6 The priority of relations, the relevance of distributions 115 Chapter 3: Pragmatism. Practice and the possibility of progress 119 1 Cosmopolitanism as a personal way of life 119 2 From criterial monism to pragmatic pluralism 123 3 Elements of a pragmatic ethics 125 4 The role of philosophy 131 XII Contents Part II Challenges Chapter 4: Impact. Do my acts matter? 137 1 Competing problems 137 2 Making no difference? Imperceptible harm and threshold effects 142 3 The most good you can do? 147 4 Making a difference in social structures 151 5 The responsibility to make a difference 159 Chapter 5: Impartiality. The fragmentation of morality 161 1 The puzzle of partiality 161 2 Preference for oneself 164 3 Relationships and integrity 168 4 Parental partiality 172 5 Preference for compatriots 183 6 Two standpoints and the fragmentation of morality 190 Chapter 6: Imperfection. Overdemandingness and the inevitability of moral failure 193 1 Cosmopolitan demands and the danger of moral failure 193 2 Demanding too much vs. demanding enough 195 3 Can cosmopolitan moral requirements be met? 207 4 Necessarily non-effective moral requirements 212 5 Cosmopolitan sincerity 220 Conclusion: The ethos of cosmopolitan responsibility 221 1 Responding to global injustice 221 2 Four features of global individual responsibility 222 3 The cosmopolitan ethos 226 4 Citizens of the world 234 Bibliography 236 Index 251 Introduction: The challenge. Globalinjusticeand the individualagent The world we live in is unjust.Ajustworldwould not feature adistribution of resourceswherein afew of the richest people control massive,evenincreasing amountsofwealth—while large numbers of people live in dire poverty.Nor would ajustworld feature thousands of people dying every dayfrom unsanitary living conditions,oreasilypreventable diseases. Nor would so manypeople suf- fer oppression, exploitation, and exclusion from the decision making processes that have asignificant impact on their lives. Ajust world would not be one in which nearlyall of the women who die as aresultofchildbirth are from low- and middle-income countries;nor one in which excessive consumption of natu- ralresources in the Global North has led to negative environmental outcomes such as achangingclimate severelyaffecting thoseliving elsewhere, not to men- tion future generations; nor one in which people seeking to flee war,persecu- tion, deprivation or disaster are often deniedaccess to security,are sent back, or knowingly kept in places wheretheir basic rights are violated. And ajust world would clearlynot be one in which manyofthese formsofinequality and injustice, despite of some significant improvement and progress,appear to be on the increase due to such diverse reasons as ongoing unfair trade regu- lations, rising nationalism and supremacism, ongoingenvironmental pollution, and so on. This list of injustices reigning in today’sglobalised world—with its un- precedented international
Recommended publications
  • Geological Timeline

    Geological Timeline

    Geological Timeline In this pack you will find information and activities to help your class grasp the concept of geological time, just how old our planet is, and just how young we, as a species, are. Planet Earth is 4,600 million years old. We all know this is very old indeed, but big numbers like this are always difficult to get your head around. The activities in this pack will help your class to make visual representations of the age of the Earth to help them get to grips with the timescales involved. Important EvEnts In thE Earth’s hIstory 4600 mya (million years ago) – Planet Earth formed. Dust left over from the birth of the sun clumped together to form planet Earth. The other planets in our solar system were also formed in this way at about the same time. 4500 mya – Earth’s core and crust formed. Dense metals sank to the centre of the Earth and formed the core, while the outside layer cooled and solidified to form the Earth’s crust. 4400 mya – The Earth’s first oceans formed. Water vapour was released into the Earth’s atmosphere by volcanism. It then cooled, fell back down as rain, and formed the Earth’s first oceans. Some water may also have been brought to Earth by comets and asteroids. 3850 mya – The first life appeared on Earth. It was very simple single-celled organisms. Exactly how life first arose is a mystery. 1500 mya – Oxygen began to accumulate in the Earth’s atmosphere. Oxygen is made by cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) as a product of photosynthesis.
  • Ca Quarterly of Art and Culture Issue 40 Hair Us $12 Canada $12 Uk £7

    Ca Quarterly of Art and Culture Issue 40 Hair Us $12 Canada $12 Uk £7

    c 1 4 0 5 6 6 9 8 9 8 5 3 6 5 US Issue 40 a quarterly of art and culture $12 c anada $12 ha I r u K £7 “Earthrise,” photographed by Apollo 8 on 12 December 1968. According to NASA, “this view of the rising Earth … is displayed here in its original orientation, though it is more commonly viewed with the lunar surface at the bottom of the photo.” FroM DIsc to sphere a permit for the innovative shell, which was deemed Volker M. Welter to be a fire risk, and so the event took place instead in a motel parking lot in the city of Hayward. there, a In october 1969, at the height of the irrational fears four-foot-high inflatable wall delineated a compound about the imminent detonation of the population within which those who were fasting camped. the bomb, about one hundred hippies assembled in the press and the curious lingered outside the wall, joined San Francisco Bay area to stage a “hunger show,” by the occasional participant who could no longer bear a week-long period of total fasting. the event was the hunger pangs, made worse by the temptations of a inspired by a hashish-induced vision that had come to nearby Chinese restaurant. the founder of the Whole Earth Catalog, Stewart Brand, Symbolically, the raft also offered refuge for planet when reading Paul ehrlich’s 1968 book The Population earth. A photograph in the Whole Earth Catalog from Bomb. the goal was to personally experience the bodi- January 1970 shows an inflated globe among the ly pain of those who suffer from famine and to issue a spread-out paraphernalia of the counter-cultural gather- warning about the mass starvations predicted for the ing, thus making the hunger show one of the earliest 1970s.
  • Mr. I Mme. President, the Ocean Is the Lifeblood of Our Planet and Mankind. It Covers Over Three-Quarters of the Earth and Accou

    Mr. I Mme. President, the Ocean Is the Lifeblood of Our Planet and Mankind. It Covers Over Three-Quarters of the Earth and Accou

    ·· ..···,·.· i Mr. I Mme. President, The ocean is the lifeblood of our planet and mankind. It covers over three-quarters of the earth and accounts for 97% of the earth's water. It provides more than half of the oxygen we breathe and absorbs over a quarter of the carbon dioxide we produce. About half of the world's popu~ation lives within coastal zones and some 300 million people find their livelihoods in marine fi_sheries. If the oceans are in trouble, so are we. This ~s why we agreed to include "conservation and ~ustainable use of the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development" as Goal 14· of Agenda 2030 and we have ·gathered here today to discuss how to implement it. As a coastal state surrounded by seas on three sides, the Republic .of Korea strongly supports the implementation of Goal 14· in its entirety. We have learned from our past experience of decades that conservation of mari~e ecosystems, fighting against illegal, umeported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, and narrowing the capacity gaps for people in LDCs and SIDS are keys to achieving Goal 14. If is because the sustainable development of the ocean is ~riti~ally dependent on. success in these three areas. First, marine ecosystems around the world ar~ at risk of substantial deterioration as oceans face growing threats from pollution, over-fishing, and climate change. Second, IUU fishing puts incredible pressure on fish stock and significantly distorts global markets. Third, capacity gaps prevent LDCs and SIDS from fully utilizing marine resources and hinder th~ir ability to address environmental degradation of the ocean.
  • Top Recommended Shows on Netflix

    Top Recommended Shows on Netflix

    Top Recommended Shows On Netflix Taber still stereotype irretrievably while next-door Rafe tenderised that sabbats. Acaudate Alfonzo always wade his hertrademarks hypolimnions. if Jeramie is scrawny or states unpriestly. Waldo often berry cagily when flashy Cain bloats diversely and gases Tv show with sharp and plot twists and see this animated series is certainly lovable mess with his wife in captivity and shows on If not, all maybe now this one good miss. Our box of money best includes classics like Breaking Bad to newer originals like The Queen's Gambit ensuring that you'll share get bored Grab your. All of major streaming services are represented from Netflix to CBS. Thanks for work possible global tech, as they hit by using forbidden thoughts on top recommended shows on netflix? Create a bit intimidating to come with two grieving widow who take bets on top recommended shows on netflix. Feeling like to frame them, does so it gets a treasure trove of recommended it first five strangers from. Best way through word play both canstar will be writable: set pieces into mental health issues with retargeting advertising is filled with. What future as sheila lacks a community. Las Encinas high will continue to boss with love, hormones, and way because many crimes. So be clothing or laptop all. Best shows of 2020 HBONetflixHulu Given that sheer volume is new TV releases that arrived in 2020 you another feel overwhelmed trying to. Omar sy as a rich family is changing in school and sam are back a complex, spend more could kill on top recommended shows on netflix.
  • Nietzsche and Eternal Recurrence: Methods, Archives, History, and Genesis

    Nietzsche and Eternal Recurrence: Methods, Archives, History, and Genesis

    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School April 2021 Nietzsche and Eternal Recurrence: Methods, Archives, History, and Genesis William A. B. Parkhurst University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Philosophy Commons Scholar Commons Citation Parkhurst, William A. B., "Nietzsche and Eternal Recurrence: Methods, Archives, History, and Genesis" (2021). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/8839 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Nietzsche and Eternal Recurrence: Methods, Archives, History, and Genesis by William A. B. Parkhurst A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Doctor of Philosophy in Philosophy Department of Philosophy College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Joshua Rayman, Ph.D. Lee Braver, Ph.D. Vanessa Lemm, Ph.D. Alex Levine, Ph.D. Date of Approval: February 16th, 2021 Keywords: Fredrich Nietzsche, Eternal Recurrence, History of Philosophy, Continental Philosophy Copyright © 2021, William A. B. Parkhurst Dedication I dedicate this dissertation to my mother, Carol Hyatt Parkhurst (RIP), who always believed in my education even when I did not. I am also deeply grateful for the support of my father, Peter Parkhurst, whose support in varying avenues of life was unwavering. I am also deeply grateful to April Dawn Smith. It was only with her help wandering around library basements that I first found genetic forms of diplomatic transcription.
  • Nietzsche's Orientalism

    Nietzsche's Orientalism

    Duncan Large Nietzsche’s Orientalism Abstract: Edward Said may omit the German tradition from his ground-breaking study of Orientalism (1978), but it is clearly appropriate to describe Nietzsche as Orientalist in outlook. Without ever having left Western Europe, or even having read very widely on the subject, he indulges in a series of undiscriminating stereotypes about “Asia” and “the Orient”, borrowing from a range of contemporary sources. His is an uncom- mon Orientalism, though, for his evaluation of supposedly “Oriental” characteristics is generally positive, and they are used as a means to critique European decadence and degeneration. Because he defines the type “Oriental” reactively in opposition to the “European”, though, it is contradictory. Furthermore, on Nietzsche’s analysis “Europe” itself is less a type or a geographical designation than an agonal process of repeated self-overcoming. He reverses the received evaluation of the Europe-Orient opposition only in turn to deconstruct the opposition itself. Europe first emerged out of Asia in Ancient Greece, Nietzsche claims, and it has remained a precarious achieve- ment ever since, repeatedly liable to “re-orientalisation”. He argues that “Oriental” Christianity has held Europe in its sway for too long, but his preferred antidote is a further instance of European “re-orientalisation”, at the hands of the Jews, whose productive self-difference under a unified will he views as the best model for the “good Europeans” of the future. Keywords: Orientalism, Edward Said, Asia, Europe, Christianity, Jews, good Europeans. Zusammenfassung: Auch wenn in Edward Saids bahnbrechender Studie Orienta- lismus (1978) die deutsche Tradition nicht vorkommt, lässt sich Nietzsches Haltung doch als ‚orientalistisch‘ beschreiben.
  • Future Generations: a Prioritarian View

    Future Generations: a Prioritarian View

    Future Generations: A Prioritarian View Matthew D. Adler* How should we take account of the interests of future genera- tions? This question has great practical relevance. For example, it is front and center in arguments about global warming policy. Unfortu- nately, the question is doubly difficult—doubly, because it not merely implicates generic disputes about the structure of moral obligations (disputes between consequentialists and nonconsequentialists, welfa- rists and nonwelfarists, and so forth), but because the appropriate treatment of future generations implicates distinct problems that are not resolved merely by adopting one or another generic framework. This Article addresses the appropriate treatment of future gen- erations within the framework of prioritarianism. In prior articles and a forthcoming book, I argue that the “social welfare function” (“SWF”) approach to policy choice provides a systematic, imple- mentable, and theoretically well-grounded method for rendering pol- icy sensitive not only to efficiency, but also to equity—to the fair dis- tribution of well-being.1 In particular, I defend a “prioritarian” SWF. N A prioritarian SWF ranks outcomes using the formula — g(())uxi i1 where x is an outcome; ui(x) an individual utility number representing the well-being of individual i in outcome x; and g(.) a strictly increas- ing and strictly concave function.2 Because g(.) is strictly increasing and strictly concave, changes to the well-being of worse-off individu- als have greater social weight than changes to the well-being of bet- ter-off individuals. The prioritarian SWF is therefore sensitive to eq- * Leon Meltzer Professor, University of Pennsylvania Law School.
  • Ipad Educational Apps This List of Apps Was Compiled by the Following Individuals on Behalf of Innovative Educator Consulting: Naomi Harm Jenna Linskens Tim Nielsen

    Ipad Educational Apps This List of Apps Was Compiled by the Following Individuals on Behalf of Innovative Educator Consulting: Naomi Harm Jenna Linskens Tim Nielsen

    iPad Educational Apps This list of apps was compiled by the following individuals on behalf of Innovative Educator Consulting: Naomi Harm Jenna Linskens Tim Nielsen INNOVATIVE 295 South Marina Drive Brownsville, MN 55919 Home: (507) 750-0506 Cell: (608) 386-2018 EDUCATOR Email: [email protected] Website: http://naomiharm.org CONSULTING Inspired Technology Leadership to Transform Teaching & Learning CONTENTS Art ............................................................................................................... 3 Creativity and Digital Production ................................................................. 5 eBook Applications .................................................................................... 13 Foreign Language ....................................................................................... 22 Music ........................................................................................................ 25 PE / Health ................................................................................................ 27 Special Needs ............................................................................................ 29 STEM - General .......................................................................................... 47 STEM - Science ........................................................................................... 48 STEM - Technology ..................................................................................... 51 STEM - Engineering ...................................................................................
  • Science Fiction Stories with Good Astronomy & Physics

    Science Fiction Stories with Good Astronomy & Physics

    Science Fiction Stories with Good Astronomy & Physics: A Topical Index Compiled by Andrew Fraknoi (U. of San Francisco, Fromm Institute) Version 7 (2019) © copyright 2019 by Andrew Fraknoi. All rights reserved. Permission to use for any non-profit educational purpose, such as distribution in a classroom, is hereby granted. For any other use, please contact the author. (e-mail: fraknoi {at} fhda {dot} edu) This is a selective list of some short stories and novels that use reasonably accurate science and can be used for teaching or reinforcing astronomy or physics concepts. The titles of short stories are given in quotation marks; only short stories that have been published in book form or are available free on the Web are included. While one book source is given for each short story, note that some of the stories can be found in other collections as well. (See the Internet Speculative Fiction Database, cited at the end, for an easy way to find all the places a particular story has been published.) The author welcomes suggestions for additions to this list, especially if your favorite story with good science is left out. Gregory Benford Octavia Butler Geoff Landis J. Craig Wheeler TOPICS COVERED: Anti-matter Light & Radiation Solar System Archaeoastronomy Mars Space Flight Asteroids Mercury Space Travel Astronomers Meteorites Star Clusters Black Holes Moon Stars Comets Neptune Sun Cosmology Neutrinos Supernovae Dark Matter Neutron Stars Telescopes Exoplanets Physics, Particle Thermodynamics Galaxies Pluto Time Galaxy, The Quantum Mechanics Uranus Gravitational Lenses Quasars Venus Impacts Relativity, Special Interstellar Matter Saturn (and its Moons) Story Collections Jupiter (and its Moons) Science (in general) Life Elsewhere SETI Useful Websites 1 Anti-matter Davies, Paul Fireball.
  • Final Draft Jury

    Final Draft Jury

    Freedom in Conflict On Kant’s Critique of Medical Reason Jonas Gerlings Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute Florence, 24 February 2017. European University Institute Department of History and Civilization Freedom in Conflict On Kant’s Critique of Medical Reason Jonas Gerlings Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute Examining Board Prof. Dr. Martin van Gelderen, EUI, Lichtenberg-Kolleg – The Göttingen Institute for Advanced Study (Supervisor) Dr. Dr. h.c. Hans Erich Bödeker, Lichtenberg-Kolleg – The Göttingen Institute for Advanced Study Prof. Stéphane Van Damme, European University Institute Senior Lecturer, Dr. Avi Lifschitz, UCL © Jonas Gerlings, 2016 No part of this thesis may be copied, reproduced or transmitted without prior permission of the author Researcher declaration to accompany the submission of written work Department of History and Civilization - Doctoral Programme I Jonas Gerlings certify that I am the author of the work Freedom in Conflict – Kant’s Critique of Medical Reason I have presented for examination for the Ph.D. at the European University Institute. I also certify that this is solely my own original work, other than where I have clearly indicated, in this declaration and in the thesis, that it is the work of others. I warrant that I have obtained all the permissions required for using any material from other copyrighted publications. I certify that this work complies with the Code of Ethics in Academic Research issued by the European University Institute (IUE 332/2/10 (CA 297).
  • Ex-Ante Prioritarianism Violates Sequential Ex-Ante Pareto*

    Ex-Ante Prioritarianism Violates Sequential Ex-Ante Pareto*

    Ex-Ante Prioritarianism Violates Sequential Ex-Ante Pareto* Johan E. Gustafsson† abstract. Prioritarianism is a variant of utilitarianism. It differs from utilitarianism in that benefiting individuals matters more the worse off these individuals are. On this view, there are two standard ways of han- dling risky prospects: Ex-Post Prioritarianism adjusts for prioritizing the worse off in final outcomes and then values prospects by the expectation of the sum total of those adjusted values, whereas Ex-Ante Prioritarian- ism adjusts for prioritizing the worse off on each individual’s expectation and then values prospects by the sum total of those adjusted expectations. A standard objection to Ex-Post Prioritarianism is that it violates Ex-Ante Pareto, that is, it prescribes choices that worsen the expectations for every- one. In this paper, I argue that Ex-Ante Prioritarianism suffers from much the same problem: It violates a sequential version of Ex-Ante Pareto, that is, it prescribes sequences of choices that worsen the expectations for ev- eryone. According to the Priority View, benefiting individuals matters more the worse off these individuals are.1 The most influential version of the view is known as Prioritarianism. It is probably best understood as a variation of utilitarianism, because (except for giving priority to the worse off) Priori- tarianism has the same aggregative structure as utilitarianism. According to utilitarianism, the value of a final outcome (an outcome without any risk or uncertainty) is the sum total of well-being in that outcome. Let 퐼(푥) be the set of individuals in outcome 푥, and let 푣푖(푥) be the well-being of individual 푖 in outcome 푥.
  • HABERMAS [Kabinettskriege], Philosophy Assumed This Role a Second Time

    HABERMAS [Kabinettskriege], Philosophy Assumed This Role a Second Time

    8 Does the Constitutionalization of International Law Still Have a Chance?1 The Introduction Divided As the European system of states was taking shape, phi losophy, in the persons of Francisco Suarez, Hugo Grotius, West and Samuel Pufendorf, still played the role of pacemaker in the creation of modern international law. Moreover, when legally constrained international relations later stabilized at the level of violence of so-called cabinet wars BY JORGEN HABERMAS [Kabinettskriege], philosophy assumed this role a second time. With his conception of a-"cosmopolitan condition" or "wekburgerlichen Zustand," Kant took a decisive step Edited and Translated by beyond international law centered exclusively on states. Since then, international law has not only developed into CIABAN CRONIN a specialized brand of legal theory. Following two world wars, the constitutionalization of international law has evolved along the lines prefigured by Kant toward cosmo politan law and has assumed institutional form in inter national constitutions, organizations, and procedures.2 Since the end of the bipolar world order and the emergence of the US as the pre-eminent world power, an alternative to the evolution of a cosmopolitan constitution has emerged. A world dominated by nation-states is indeed 2-00 in transition toward the postnational constellation of a polity global society. States are losing their autonomy in part as they become increasingly enmeshed in the horizontal 115 THE KANTIAN PROJECT THE CXJNSTITUTIONALIZATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW networks of a global society.3 But in this situation the accord priority to its own, ethically rather than legally, Kantian project of a cosmopolitan order not only has to justified national interests, even over the objections of its confront the traditional objection of "realists" who affirm allies.