Downloading NCSU CDK 1.5.1 Includes Institutions Around the World, [2], [3]

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF BANJA LUKA ELECTRONICS VOLUME11 7, NUMBER 2, DECEMBER 20 3 FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF BANJA LUKA Address: Patre 5, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina Phone: +387 51 211824 Fax: +387 51 211408 ELECTRONICS Web: www.electronics.etfbl.net E-mail: [email protected] Editor-in-Chief: Branko L. Dokić, Ph. D. Faculty of Electrical Engineering University of Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina E-mail: [email protected] International Editorial Board: • Goce Arsov, St. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia • Petar Biljanović, University of Zagreb, Croatia • Milorad Božić, University of Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina • Tatjana Pešić-Brđanin, University of Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina • Vladimir Katić, University of Novi Sad, Serbia • Vančo Litovski, University of Niš, Serbia • Danilo Mandić, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom • Vojin Oklobdžija, University of Texas at Austin, USA • Zorica Pantić, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Boston, USA • Aleksandra Smiljanić, University of Belgrade, Serbia • Slobodan Vukosavić, University of Belgrade, Serbia • Volker Zerbe, Technical University of Ilmenau, Germany • Mark Zwoliński, University of Southampton, United Kingdom • Deška Markova, Technical University of Gabrovo • Chakresh Kumar, Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, India Secretary: Mladen Knežić, M.Sc. E-mail: [email protected] Željko Ivanović, M.Sc. E-mail: [email protected] Publisher: Faculty of Electrical Engineering University of Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina Address: Patre 5, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina Phone: + 387 51 211824 Fax: + 387 51 211408 Web: www.etfbl.net Number of printed copies: 100 Guest Editorial ROM a historical point of view, electronics is relatively undoubtedly great potential into everyday teaching practice? F new and still rapidly growing and rapidly changing area. Furthermore, offering of free textbooks and other teaching There is a need for electronics professionals, but they are materials on the web is in constant increase, making education required to constantly update and even upgrade their more available than ever, but some students might experience knowledge to remain competitive in the field. Having in mind a language barrier, or difficulties how to select appropriate current trends of making average career last longer, material and how to focus and organize their time. Definitely, electronics majors pursuing their BS degrees at this moment technology and education are interrelated, and this interaction are likely to retire in 50 years, or even later. There is a raises questions on everyday basis. Some of the questions are challenge to select a set of basic concepts the students should technical, some psychological, some social, and professionals master in order to be capable to update their skills to follow from different disciplines that address these questions not job market requirements for such a long time in an always speak the same language, neither perfectly understand unpredictable and rapidly changing environment. On the other each other. hand, there is a trade-off between the fundamental knowledge Having all these questions in mind, being a teacher himself, and the applied skills needed to get an “out of the box” and most of all not having all the answers, the Guest Editor engineer, and these two directions compete for limited time for the Special Issue “Education in Electronics” decided to available to train students. Should engineers be highly make a call for papers, to ask colleagues to share their specialized, and does this reduce their ability to move around experiences, to tell how they teach something they find to look for more attractive employment options? Or, on the important. New courses, new teaching approaches, review contrary, one specialization, accompanied by a solid articles that cover educational systems or different approaches background in fundamental knowledge, makes them confident to teach specific topics were of interest. Also, papers and capable to specialize in another direction, according to the describing new laboratory exercises were welcome. Focus of the issue was on engineering, and the methods and job market of the moment? Would these career opportunities experiences in teaching engineering classes. The result is here. be attractive enough to motivate prospective students to enroll The Guest Editor hopes that the papers would inspire new engineering? ideas and new publications, and would like to thank all the To make things even more complicated, the field of authors for their effort and fine contributions. The Guest education is being revolutionized by massive open online Editor would also like to thank Professor Goce Arsov for his courses (MOOCs), that increase rapidly in number, content, help and interest in organizing the Special Issue. and variety of topics, characterized by highly polished software interfaces and attractive multimedia content, being Prof. Predrag Pejović, Ph.D. taught by prominent teachers from respected institutions. How Guest Editor to include this technological and social achievement of Prof. Predrag Pejović, Ph.D. Biography Predrag Pejović (http://tnt.et- 953-307-246-3. Currently, he teaches Electrical f.bg.ac.rs/~peja/) is a Professor at the Measurements, Analog Electronics, Power Electronics, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Software Tools in Electronics at the undergraduate level, as Electrical Engineering. He received well as Power Electronics 2 (M.S. studies), and Selected the B.S. and M.S. degrees in Topics in Power Electronics (Ph. D. studies). He authored electrical engineering from the several lecture notes for his classes, freely available from University of Belgrade, in 1990 and http://tnt.etf.bg.ac.rs/~peja/. At the moment his Google 1992, respectively, and the Ph.D. Scholar profile lists 75 publications with 614 citations. degree from the University of Besides that, he has 64 publications in Serbian. Colorado, Boulder, in 1995. In 1995, Professor Pejović was a Visiting Scientist at the Power he rejoined the University of Electronic Systems Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Belgrade. His research interests are wide, ranging from analog Technology Zürich, in two one-month terms in 2006 and circuit design, power electronics, three-phase high power 2009. In 2008, he held a seminar for graduate students at the factor rectifiers, dynamics of nonlinear systems, electronic Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, while in 2012 he held measurements, techniques for computer-aided analysis and a graduate seminar in three-phase rectifier systems at the design of power electronic systems, up to positioning in Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, available at communication systems. He authored a book “Three-Phase http://tnt.etf.bg.ac.rs/~peja/seminar.html. Diode Rectifiers with Low Harmonics - Current Injection Prof. Pejović served two terms as a Chairman of the Methods,” Springer, 2007, ISBN 978-0-387-29310-3, and Department of Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, coauthored an open-access book chapter “Positioning in University of Belgrade, from 2006 to 2012. He is a member of Cellular Networks,” in “Cellular Networks --- Positioning, the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), Performance Analysis, Reliability,” Intech, 2011, ISBN 978- and the Free Software Foundation. ELECTRONICS, VOL. 17, NO. 2, DECEMBER 2013 63 Celebrating 65th Anniversary of the Transistor Goce L. Arsov th Abstract—The paper is dedicated to the 65 anniversary of the of the discovery of the electron by J. J. Thomson, and of the invention of the revolutionary electronic component that actually publication of J. C. Bose's paper "On the Selective changed our way of life—the transistor. It recounts the key Conductivity Exibited by Certain Polarizing Substances" [6], historical moments leading up to the invention of the first which directly led to the invention of the first semiconductor semiconductor active component in 1947. The meaning of the blend “transistor” is explained using the memorandum issued by diode detector. Bell Telephone Laboratories. Certain problems appeared in the Although one could say that the electronics age started engineering phase of the transistor development and the new with Braun’s cathode ray tube (1897) and Fleming’s vacuum components obtained as a result of this research are reviewed. tube rectifier (1904), the real electronics era began with Lee The impact of this invention on the development of power de Forest’s triode, where, by placing a wire “grid” between the electronics is being emphasized. Finally, the possibility that the cathode and anode, he transformed Fleming’s rectifier into an th most important invention of the 20 century has been conceived amplifier. With the amplification, radio communications and not once but twice is discussed. long-distance telephony became a reality. Despite the fact that the triode was very successful, its long- Index Terms—history, semiconductor, transistor. term limitations became obvious. It was a fragile device that Review Paper required a lot of power. So in the mid-1920s, J. E. Lilienfeld, DOI: 10.7251/ELS1317063A occupied by radio technology, began his work on finding a solid-state replacement for the vacuum triode. I. INTRODUCTION II. THE INVENTION OF THE TRANSISTOR AT BTL he invention of the transistor about 65 years ago was one T of the most important discoveries of the 20th century. It

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