Boston College Law Review

Volume 27 | Issue 5 Article 2

9-1-1986 The econdS Death of 42 U.S.C. Section 1985(3): The seU and Misuse of History in Statutory Interpretation Steven F. Shatz

Follow this and additional works at: http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/bclr Part of the Fourteenth Amendment Commons

Recommended Citation Steven F. Shatz, The Second Death of 42 U.S.C. Section 1985(3): The Use and Misuse of History in Statutory Interpretation, 27 B.C.L. Rev. 911 (1986), http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/bclr/vol27/iss5/2

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Boston College Law Review by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. For more information, please contact [email protected]. E SECO EA O 42 U.S.C. SECIO 8(: E USE A MISUSE O ISOY I SAUOY IEEAIO

SEE SA

A p f htr rth vl f l

In 171 n rrrd tn t prtt th n "f ntrtn fr th Sthrn rtn th nd Cnr ntd th Cvl ht At f 171 (nl nn th K Klx Kln At Stn f th K Klx Kln At prvdd rnl pnlt nd vl lblt fr npr "fr th prp f dprvn thr drtl r ndrtl n prn r l f prn f th l prttn f th l r f

l prvl nd nt ndr th l " Shrtl ftr th ntnt f th K Klx Kln At th Spr Crt brd n r f hh b 13 hd lrl dntld th ll hvnt f ntrtn? Stn rvvd fr nl tlv r In 13 th Spr Crt n United States v. rr hld nnt-

I- Cprht 19 tn Cll Shl rfr f Unvrt f Sn rn Shl f ; A 19 Unvrt f Clfrn (rl I 199 rvrd Unvrt I ld l t nld rtfll th vr btntl rrh tn vn t n th prprtn f th rtl b th bnn 19 US rnfrtr n Uln v Untd Stt 35 US 3 (1955 (tn Yr rt C v Enr 5 US 35 39 (191

At f Aprl 171 h § 17 Stt 13 h vl npr prtn f § rnll dfd n 17 v Stt § 19(3 It ltr pprd USC § 7(3 nd fr hrt t USC § 195( Irrptv f t dftn t prtlr pnt n t t ll b rfrrd t thrht th rtl t prntl ppr USC § 195(3 h tn rd n fll If t r r prn n n Stt r rrtr npr r n d n th hh r n th pr f nthr fr th prp f dprvn thr drtl r ndrtl n prn r l f prn f th l prttn f th l r f l prvl nd nt ndr th l; r fr th prp f prvntn r hndrn th ntttd thrt f n Stt r rrtr fr vn r rn t ll prn thn h Stt r rrtr th l prttn f th l; r f t r r prn npr t prvnt b fr ntdtn r thrt n tzn h lfll nttld t vt fr vn h pprt r dv n ll nnr trd r n fvr f th ltn f n lfll lfd prn n ltr fr rdnt r rdnt r Mbr f Cnr f th Untd Stt; r t njr n tzn n prn r prprt n nt f h pprt r dv; n n f npr t frth n th tn f n r r prn nd thrn d r t b dn n t n frthrn f th bjt f h npr hrb nthr njrd n h prn r prprt r dprvd f hvn nd xrn n rht r prvl f tzn f th Untd Stt th prt njrd r dprvd hv n tn fr th rvr f d nd b h njr r dprvtn nt n n r r f th nprtr Id. 5 See Cvl ht C 19 US 3 (13; Untd Stt v Crhn 9 US 5 (17; Slhtr- C 3 US (1 Wll 3 (17 See generally Grn The Unhappy History of Civil Rights Legislation, 5 Mn E. 133 (195 " 1 US 9 (13

9 I I 91 BOSTON COLLEGE LAW REVIEW [l 7911 ttnl th rnl prtn f Stn (v Stt Stn 5519 n rnd tht ld hv ppld ll t th vl npr prvn f th tn hh r prntl dfd t USC Stn 195(3 Cnntl drn th dn r Stn 195(3 nvd nfrntl nd th Crt hd nl n n t ndr nd rjt f tn brht ndr th tn In 1971 n hndrd r ftr th ntnt f th K Klx Kln At nd n th nn d f th vl rht vnt th Spr Crt rrrtd Stn 195(3 b phldn f tn ndr th tn n Grffn v. Breckenridge.° h nd lf f th tn hvr n lnr thn th frt nnn n 1971 t bt th t tht t rvvd Stn 195(3 th Spr Crt n pttrn rnnt f t prdr n hndrd r rlr ddd r f hh rvrd r ltd n f th ll n f th vl rht vnt h bl f th dn drtll rtrtd th ppltn f Stn 193 th prnpl r- vvn prtn f th K Klx Kln At? In 193 n hndrd r ftr Harris nd bt tlv r ftr Griffin, th Spr Crt pprntl n dlt Stn 195(3 rtl bl n United Brotherhood of Carpenters v. Scotts In Harris, th Crt nvldtd Stn b ntrprtn t brdl nd thn fndn t nntttnl ntrt n Carpenters, th Crt pl vrtd Stn 195(3 b vn t n pprntl nrr ntrprttn hh th lr rt hv n ppld n n xdnl rtrtv fhn In Griffin, th Crt hd nldd tht th "l prttn f th l" nd "l prvl nd nt" ln f 195(3 d "l-bd n" n lnt f f tn ndr th tn In Carpenters, th Crt rfrrd t lltv htr fr t nln tht th nd Cnr prrl ntndd t dl th rll tvtd npr nd t thrfr hld tht nl rl nd prhp pltl l-bd n nt t thn Stn 195(3 9 An

S Clln v rdn 31 US 51 1 (1951 °3 US (1971 Stn 1 f th K Klx Kln At th frrnnr f th prnt USC 193 Stn 193 prvd Evr prn h ndr lr f n ttt rdnn rltn t r f n Stt r rrtr r th trt f Clb bjt r t b bjtd n tzn f th Untd Stt r thr prn thn th jrdtn thrf t th dprvtn f n rht prvl r nt rd b th Cntttn nd l hll b lbl t th prt njrd n n tn t l t n t r thr prpr prdn fr rdr USC § 193 (19 On th n hnd th Crt plhd th rtrtn f Stn 193 b tttr ntrprttn S, .., dn v lr US 517 (19 (hldn tht thr n Stn 193 tn fr dnl f d pr hn th tt ffrd dt dntrtv r jdl rd fr th plntff l; rrtt v lr 51 US 57 (191 On th thr hnd th Crt plhd th rtrtn thrh vr lltrl dtrn h Crt hld tht Stn 193 ltd b vr prxtn dtrn (r jdt, nd lltrl tppl S Alln v MCrr 9 US 9 15 (19; Edln v rdn 15 US 51 7 (197 (Elvnth Andnt h Crt l ltd Stn 193 thrh th dvlpnt f n nd pn t dtrn S Ynr v rr 1 US 37 (1971 S l r Ant n l Ett v Mr 5 US 1 113-15 (191; Mr v S US 15 (1979; zz v Gd 3 US 3 (197

3 US 5 (193

9 /d t 3-3 h Crt l ttptd t bttr t ntrprttn f Stn 195(3 b dvrtn t th ppd prtl prbl tht ld rlt fr vn th ln f th Sptbr 19] USE AND MISUSE OF HISTORY 913 th Crt dd tht Cnrnl ntnt n b dtrnd° nd vn th nrl ndtrnt ntr f htrl vdn h dtrntn hld hv nvlvd rfl nl f th dt rn f htrl trl h Crt n Carpenters, hvr dd nt n n h n nl thr t d nl pn rfrn t th lltv htr f Stn 195(3 nd d n rfrn t ntprn ntrtn f th ttt r dd th Crt xn th ln lltv htr nd ntprn ntrtn f th ttt n lht f r nrl htrl trl nrnn th ntxt n hh th ttt pd A rlt th Crt ntrprtd th ttt n t rtl rpt h Crt vrtl tn f l-bd n th rl n nt pprtd b th htrl vdn n Cnrnl ntnt In ddtn th Crt flr t v nn t th dtntn d b Cnr btn "l prttn f th l" nd "l prv- l nd nt" dft th brd Cnrnl prp f prttn th d- rt pr fr tt b ntdrt fr vrthl dpt th Carpenters dn Stn 195(3 rn n th b nd th lr rt ntn t rtl th brht ndr t h nvtbl th Spr Crt ll n dl th Stn 195(3 nd hv n pprtnt t rrt t t nd n th tn thrd lf t t hv t ntndd fft rt I f th rtl ll tr th trt htr f Stn 195(3 fr t ntnt thrh th lr rt rrnt ttpt t ppl th Carpenters dn rt II ll d th Crt fld l-bd n nl nd ll nld bd n h fllr xntn f th htrl trl brn n lltv ntnt tht Cnr hd n ntnt t lt th ppltn f Stn 195(3 t n- pr drtd nt particular l nll rt III ll ffr n ltrntv ntrtn f th tn tht rndd n th dtntn Cnr ntndd btn "l prttn f th l" nd "l prvl nd nt" nd r ntnt th th htrl vdn f lltv ntnt

1 IE ISOY O SECIO 195(3

A The Passage of the Act and the First Death of Section 1985(3)

On Mrh 3 171 rdnt Grnt rpndd t rnd v f pltll nprd trrr hh pn th Sth b ndn n rnt t Cnr rtn dt lltn" v d ltr prnttv Shllbrr

tn fll pl Id. t 3 3-39 Evn f th nrn r vld t ld nt jtf th particular lttn th Crt pld n th ttt " It rtnl dbtbl hthr th hl ntrpr f ttptn t rtn lltv ntnt vld nd/r rlvnt See generally Crdn Critical Legal Histories, 3 SA E 57 (19; rt The Misconceived Quest for the Original Understanding, U E (19 Mh f th dbt bt th vl f lltv htr h ntrd rnd th ntrprttn f th Cntttn nd t ld b rd tht dffrnt nl hld b ppld t th f lltv ntnt n tttr ntrprttn "h lltv htr f th At h bn dd b th Spr Crt n nr n See Mnll v Yr Ct pt f Sl Srv 3 US 5 5-9 (197; Mnr v p 35 US 17 17-5 (191 See also Carpenters, 3 US t 1-7 (ln dntn; Griffin, 3 US t 9-1 See generally Cnt A Construction of Section 1985(c) in Light of Its Original Purpose, U CIII E (1979 [hrnftr Cnt A Construction]. Althh th prnt rtl dr th th thr f th Cnt t th prpr ntrpr- 91 OSO COEGE AW EIEW [l 7911

ntrdd 3 hh t b th K Klx Kln At h bll ttld "An At t Enfr th rtnth Andnt nd fr thr rp" Stn 1 f th At th frrnnr f th prnt USC Stn 193 ntttd th ttpt t nfr th frtnth ndnt h rnn tn hd th "thr prp"

f pprn K Klx Kln vln n th Sthrn tt A rnll ntrdd Stn f th bll d t r t npr t vlt th "rht prvl nd nt t hh tzn nttld ndr th Cntttn nd l" b t hh f ttd n n r ndr th jrdtn f th Untd Stt ld nttt "rdr nlhtr h rbbr lt nd bttr prjr brntn f prjr rnl btrtn f ll pr r rtn f ffr rn r lrn "3 rdtbl 3 ppd b ll th rt n th nd nbr f pbln vd nrn bt th brdth f Stn Gvn tht n br f Cnr pprntl ntrprtd dprvtn f "rht prvl nd nt" t nld ll dprvtn f lf lbrt r prprt" th tn ld hv bn brdl ntrprtd t pnh n r ttd b t r r prn S ntr- prtd th tn ld hv rpd th tt rnl jrdtn Althh pbln r prprd t p th tn rttn rthr thn n n "nt- ttnl hr-plttn"" th bjtr drftd n ndnt t Stn tht ntnd th prnt ln f Stn 195(3 prnttv Shllbrr th bll pnr ntrdd th ndnt nd xplnd th prp f th ndnt fll

h bjt f th ndnt t nfn th thrt f th l t th prvntn f dprvtn hh hll tt th lt f rht f Arn tzn; tht n vltn f th rht th n nd fft f hh t tr dn th tzn t th nd tht h nt nj lt f rht ntrtd th h nd thr tzn rht hll b thn th

p f th rd f th tn 17

tn f b lltv htr nfr nt 17 th thr r f th htr plt 2 Mntt, 46 U.S. t 5 13 COG GOE nd Cn 1t S 317 (171 [hrnftr GOE (rr f p Shl- lbrr 1 S nfr txt pnn nt 191-9 h th ptn f p Wllrd th drftr f th bnt ltn ndnt COG GOE A nd Cn 1t S 1 [hrnftr GOE App 6 d. t 73 (rr f p lr "Glb pr nt 13 t 7 (rr f p Shllbrr It nlr hthr th ndnt btttd pl t lrf th ntnt f th tn rnll drftd r n th thr hnd t lt th p f th tn h thr f Cnt A Cntrtn, pr nt 1 dvlpd n ntrprttn f th tn bd n th thr tht b drt pbln r nrnd bt th ntttnlt f th tn ntrdd nd b th drt vt r ndd t p th bll th fnl vrn f th tn t hv rprntd pr ltn th p f th tn h thr dpnd n t pr nthr f hh n b prvd h frt tht th drt ll hd ntnt v f Cnr ntttnl pr In ft th vdn t th ntrr r xpl prnttv C drt nd n f th thr f th nd- nt xprd v f Cnrnl pr pn tht f n rdl "Cnr llt t prtt n rht th dnl f hh b Stt rt ld v th tzn fftd thrb rht t ppl t th Spr Crt f th Untd Stt fr rdr" GOE pr nt 13 t 5 (rr f p C And prnttv Grfld h td th p- Sptbr 19] USE A MISUSE O ISOY 915

h ttt ndd pd bth h nd nd nt l b rdnt Grnt

n M 3 171 1 lv r ftr p f th K Klx Kln At th Spr Crt frt ndrd th ntttnlt f Stn In Untd Stt v. rr, th Crt ntrprtd th rnl prtn f th tn hh thn dfd v Stt Stn 5519 At th vldt f n ndtnt hrn vltn f th tn b tnt n h t fr prnr fr jl nd bt th h Crt hd n trbl fndn tht th tn nt t vr th ndt dpt th bn f tt tn ttn tht "Stn 5519 rdn t th thr f th prtn nd ppr b t tr frd t prtt fr nvn b prvt prn th

l prvl nd nt ndr th l f ll prn nd l f prn" h Crt thn xnd hthr n prvn f th Cntttn thrzd h ttt h Crt fnd n thrt n th frtnth ndnt t prtt ndvd- l fr nvn b prvt prn b tht ndnt rrd tt tn fr t ppltn nd nthr Stn 5519 nr th ndtnt rfrrd t tt tn? h Crt l fnd n thrt ndr th thrtnth ndnt b prhb- tn f lvr ffrd n pprt fr Stn 5519 hh ld hv bn ppld t

npr nt ht prn r r ltr n ldn v. rn" th Crt n t d nvtn btnd

ndr Stn 5519 In ldn, th prtn ttptd t dtnh n n th rnd tht th vt n ldn r ln Chn nd Stn 5519 ntttnl t th xtnt tht t nfrn tr f th trt btn th Untd Stt nd th Eprr f Chn h Crt rjtd th rnt b vn f th ttt ld hv bn ntttnl ppld t ln prttd b trt Stn 5519 lrd hd bn hld nntttnl n t lt f t ppltn h ldn Crt

prn fr th drt pnt f v hd tn th "rdl" ptn nl r rlr n vtn fr th 17 Cvl ht ll ACK E AOIO O E OUEE AMEME 3- (19 h nd pr tht th drt ld hv brn rn th thr prt nd vtd nt th bll f t r nt t thr ln Evn n tht thr btntv dffrn btn th v f th t n f th prt t pbl t tll hh n prd t v b th vt n th bll trtl ln prt ln r xpl prnttv rnrth h fnd vn th "drt" ptn t rdl vtd fr th bll GOE pr nt 13 t 115 5 h v f ntprr tht t th xtnt thr dffrn th rdl hd prvld "It n f th t trnnt r nt th K Klx tht h bn ffrd n th nd rdl tht t bt frnd hrdl hpd t p t" Yr rld Apr 7 171 t h h l bn th v f htrn S, .., A EEASE WIE EO 3 (1971 h ndnt dptd nd th bll pd th n Aprl 7 171 GOE pr nt 13 t 5 h Snt ddd rtn ndnt tht ltrn th ln f ht t b Stn 195(3 nd nt th bll t nfrn n Aprl 1 171 Id. t 79 1 rltn f rdnt Grnt n M 3 171

19 1 US 9 (13 Id. t 37 II Id. t 37- Id. t -3 h Crt l dd th fftnth ndnt nd Artl I § pbl thrt h fftnth ndnt dd b nl Stn 5519 th ff- tnth ndnt ltd t prttn th rht t vt Id. t 37 Artl I § dd b nl Stn 5519 t ltd b tt tn rrnt Id. t 3- 1 1 US 7 (17 91 BOSTON COLLEGE LAW REVIEW [l 7911

nldd tht b th ntttnl nd nntttnl ppltn r nt dfnd b prbl prvn th ntr ttt hd t fl1 h Harris nd Baldwin dn nt nl nvldtd th rnl npr pr- tn f th ttt bt pprd b l rnn t d Stn 195(3 ll A rlt n th n hndrd r btn Harris nd Griffin, Stn 195(3 nvd nfrntl nd th Spr Crt ddd nl n brht ndr th tn Collins v. Hardyman. 2 In Collins, plntff r br f pltl rp ppd t th Mrhll ln h plntff lld tht th dfndnt br f th Arn n hd ttd th nd brn p thr tn b f dfndnt ntrr pltl v In -3 dn th Crt t n ntrl dffrnt pprh fr tht tn n Hanis nd Baldwin nd fnd tht th plntff hd n f tn b th ttt dd nt vr prl prvt drntn h Crt ttd "[plntff rht r rtnl nvdd drrdd nd lll vltd bt nthr thr rht nr thr lt f rht ndr th l hv bn r r ntndd t b dnd r prd" h Crt thn ld th rndr fr th ltr ntr- prttn f th prp f Stn 195(3 In xplnn th nfn f th tr "l" n th tn th Crt d "ht rd th th prp f th At t pt th ltl frd r n n l ftn bfr th l th h frr tr" 7 h dntn pnn n Collins rd th Crt hd hld n rr tht Cnr

ntnt n ft t rh h hll prvt ndt h n th nl dn btn Harris nd Griffin, th Crt dvdd vr n n hh th rlr Harris rt nd th ltr Griffin rt ld b nn A rlt th Crt fld t rh th hh ld trbl th Crt n Griffin nd th pt-Grffn

Grffn v rnrd and the Second Life of Section 1985(3)

In 1971 n hndrd r ftr th ntnt f th K Klx Kln At th Spr Crt fr th frt t phld f tn ndr th npr tn

In Griffin v. Brecltenridge, 2 th bl plntff lld tht th r trvln n M- pp nd r plld fr r nd btn b th dfndnt h plntff lld tht th r ttd b th dfndnt tnl thht th r drvr vl rht rr nd tht th dfndnt ntndd thrb t dn plntff thr

frd f ph vnt tn nd bl; thr rht t p- ttn thr vrnnt fr rdr f thr rvn; thr rht t b r n thr prn nd thr h; nd thr rht nt t b nlvd nr dprvd f lf nd lbrt thr thn b d pr f th l"

h Griffin Crt bn t dn b dptn th ptn f th dnt n Collins. Aftr xnn th lltv htr f Stn 195(3 nd th Harris Crt nt-

" Id. t 7 h b fr th Crt hldn ltr rjtd n Untd Stt v n 3 US 17 - (19 31 US 51 (1951 In t thr hh rhd th Spr Crt th plntff rtd f tn ndr Stn 195(3 bt th Crt dd nt d th tn See nn v rndhv 31 US 37 (1951; Sndn v h 31 US 1 (19 Collins, 31 US t 1 7 Id. Id. t 3- (rtn dntn 3 US (1971 "Id t 9 (tn fr th Cplnt t prrph 5 1 Sptbr 19] USE A MISUSE O ISOY 917

prn ntrtn f th tn nd ftr tn nt nt th bltn t

rd vl rht ttt " p brd [thr] ln" 91 th Crt nldd tht th tn nt t rh hll prvt ndt h Crt ltd th lnt f f tn ndr th tn (1 npr; ( fr th prp f dprvn thr drtl r ndrtl n prn r l f prn f th l prttn f th l r f l prvl nd nt ndr th l" (3 n t n frthrn f th npr; ( hrb prn thr njrd n h r hr prn r prprt r dprvd f n rht r prvl f tzn f th Untd Stt"

h Crt thn bld t ddr tn nt rhd n Clln — hthr th ttt ntrprtd ntttnl h Crt frt hld tht th ntt- tnlt f th ttt t b dtrnd th rpt t th prtlr ft f th n tn" h Crt thn hld tht th ttt ppld t th lltn f th — tht dfndnt ttd th bl plntff h r trvln n pbl rd b th blvd th drvr vl rht rr — ld b phld ndr thr th thrtnth ndnt prhbtn f lvr r th ntttnl rht t trvl" rhp b th ft lld b th plntff n Grffn r l t th ft hh prptd p f th ttt n th frt pl th Crt nt frd t dfn th p f Stn 195(3 nd n prtlr th nd lnt f th f tn h vn hl th Crt nnl phld th plntff f tn th prn f t Strt pnn rtd t prbl hh frthr pr- plld th Crt trd t ltr ntrtn f th tn n Crpntr. h frt prbl th Crt ttnt tht "rl r prhp thr l-bd n" n lnt f th f tn" h ttnt ntnd t db pl- tn frt tht "l-bd n" ld b trtd n lnt prt fr th "prttn f th l" r "prvl nd nt" ln f th tn nd nd tht rl n th l r prnpl nrn f th Cnr hh ntd th K Klx Kln At h nd prbl t Strt flr t pf hthr th f tn tnd b plntff lld dprvtn f l prttn f th l dprvtn f l prvl nd nt r bth A rlt f th flr th Crt dd nt vn ddr th rtl tn pd b th dffrnt prn f

31 Id. t 97 (tn Untd Stt v r 33 US 771 (195

" Id. t 1-3 h Crt ntrprtd th tr "l" hh ddd b th ltn ndnt t th rnl bll t rr lltn nd prf tht thr xtd " rl r prhp thr l-bd nvdl drntr n bhnd th nprtr tn" Id. t 1

" Id. t 1-3 " Id. t 1 h Crt ttd "Cnntl nd nt fnd th ln f Stn 195(3 n bfr ntttnl n ll t pbl ppltn n rdr t phld t fl ntttn- lt nd t ppltn t th plnt n th " Id. "Id. t 1- It hld b ntd tht nthr f th ntttnl b fr phldn th ppltn f Stn 195(3 dd b th nd Cnr n th xtnv dbt vr th ntttnlt f th At Onl t pbln prnttv Wln nd Sntr Snr ntnd th thrtnth ndnt (n njntn th th frtnth ndnt pbl pprt fr th bll G pr nt 13 t 15 nd lthh vrl br f Cnr vd nrn bt th fft f th Kln tt n frd f trvl n th Sth n n td th rht f trvl thrt fr th bll 9 Grffn, 3 US t 1 8 BOSTON COLLEGE LAW REVIEW [l. 2: th ttt: n th f th l prttn prn, h ld prvt prt dprv prn f prttn f th l, nd n th f th prvl nd nt prn, ht ld b th prvl nd nt npd b th ttt? h pr n n th Crt trtnt f th nd lnt f th f tn hntd th nd lf f Stn 8(. tn Griffin nd Carpenters, th Spr Crt ddd nl n ntr prtn Stn 8(. In , Great American Federal Savings & Loan Association v. Novotny" prntd ttn bt fr fr Kln tt n ntrtn ld b ft thn th ln f th ttt, nd fr tht rn, th Crt rjtn f plntff f tn dd lttl t lrf th nn f th tn. h plntff in Novotny n h d h frr plr lln tht h dd fr dvtn l plnt pprtnt fr n. ld„ nd th hrd Crt rd, tht h ttd f tn ndr Stn 8( hn h lld tht th dfndnt hd dprvd h f h tl II rht b f lbd n nt n." h Spr Crt drd, hvr, frt ttn tht, "[]tn 8( prvd n btntv rht . . .."" h Crt thn fnd tht tl II rht ld nt b rtd thn th "rdl frr" f tn 8( b tht ld dft Cnr ntnt t rr tl II plnnt t fll th prdr pll tblhd n tl . 4 ° Mnhl, n th tlv r btn Griffin nd Carpenters, th lr rt trld t ntrprt Stn 8( n rd f ft ttn bt rhd n nn n h t pprh th t tn rtd b th nltl frr f th Griffin pnn: ht l r nt t b prttd ndr th "l" ln f th ttt, nd ht r th "l" r "prvl nd nt" h vltn rhd b th ttt?" In pprhn th lbd n , th rt rd tht Stn 8( nt ltd n t rh t ttn nvlvn rl

" 42 U.S. 366 (1979). " Novotny v. Great Am. Fed. Say. & Loan Ass'n, 584 F.2d 1235 (3rd Cir. 1978) (en banc), vacated and remanded, 442 U.S. 366 (1978). Novotny, 442 U.S. at 372. 40 Id. at 376. Justices Powell and Stevens would have gone further and limited Section 1985(3) to reach only those conspiracies that violate "fundamental rights derived from the Constitution." Id. at 379 (Powell, J r concurring); id. at 381 (Stevens, J., concurring). Justice White dissented in an opinion joined by Justices Brennan and Marshall. Id. at 385 (White, J., dissenting). In his dissent, Justice White stated two things which seem curious in light of his later opinion for the Court in Carpenters. On the subject of class-based animus, Justice White noted that the Court had assumed correctly that class-based animus other than racial animus was covered by Section 1985(3) and that animus toward someone because of his or her sex clearly was covered. Id. at 389 n.6 (White, J., dissenting). Justice White also questioned the Court's conclusion that the section was solely remedial and did not create any substantive rights. Id. at 388-91 (White, J., dissenting). 41 Less frequently, other issues divided the circuits. The meaning of "conspiracy" when applied to entities occasioned some problems. Compare Novotny, 584 F.2d at 1245-55 with Herrmann v. Moore, 576 F.2d 453 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 1003 (1978). See generally Note, Intracorporate Conspiracies Under 42 U.S.C. Section 1985(c), 92 limw. L. REV. 470 (1978). Similarly, the question of whether one not a member of the class against whom the animus was directed could sue under Section 1985(3) produced inconsistent answers. Compare Cnl v. San Joaquin Sheriff's Posse Comitatus, 641 F.2d 711,720-21 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 967 (1981) with Novotny, 584 F,2d at 1241-45. September 1986] USE A MISUSE O ISOY 919

animus. 42 They also agreed that to invoke the section, a plaintiff would at least have to show animus toward a class qua class, as opposed to animus toward a group of persons arising from personal disputes or engendered by the victims' actions on a particular occasion." The Third Circuit" and some district courts" indicated that Section 1985(3) should apply only to classes defined by immutable characteristics." None of these courts, how- ever, explained why the section should apply to all classes defined by "immutable char- acteristics" or should exclude all other classes. A somewhat different approach was to apply Section 1985(3) to all "suspect classes." 4 This type of analysis meant that Section 1985(3) was found to protect religious groups in addition to some groups defined by immutable characteristics." All of the circuits which actually dealt with the issue also applied Section 1985(3) to classes defined by political views and associations." The Sixth Circuit, in an early case and by way of dictum indicated that Section 1985(3) should apply to all classes. ° No other court read the class-based animus requirement so broadly.

42 See cases cited infra notes 46-49.

4 In short, a group of persons suffering a common injury as the result of a conspiracy was not necessarily a class within the meaning of the Section. Silkwood v. Kerr-McGee Corp., 637 F.2d 743, 748 (10th Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 833 (1981). See also Browder v. Tipton, 630 F.2d 1149, 1149-51 (6th Cir. 1980) (people crossing picket line not a class); Askew v. Bloemaker, 548 F.2d 673, 678 (7th Cir. 1976) (family subject to a police raid not a class); Hughes v. Ranger Fuel Corp., Div. of Pittson Co., 467 .2d 6, 10 (4th Cir. 1972) (individuals taking photographs of industrial pollutors not a class).

44 See Carchman v. Korman Corp., 594 F.2d 354, 355-56 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 898 (1979). " See Kent Island Joint Venture v. Smith, 452 F. Supp. 455, 459 (D. Md. 1978); Heyn v. Board of Supervisors, 417 F. Supp. 603, 607-08 (D. La. 1976), aff'd, 550 F.2d 1282 (5th Cir. 1977); Bellamy v. Mason's Stores, Inc., 368 F. Supp. 1025, 1026-27 (D. Va. 1973), aff'd, 508 F.2d 504 (4th Cir. 1974).

46 A number of courts applied Section 1985(3) to classes defined by nonracial immutable characteristics. See People by Abrams v. 11 Cornwell Co., 695 F.2d 34, 42-43 (2d Cir. 1982) (physical disability); Life Ins. Co. of N. Am. v. Reichardt, 591 F.2d 499, 505 (9th Cir. 1979) (gender); Novotny, 584 F.2d at 1243-44 (gender); Conroy v. Conroy, 575 F.2d 175, 177 (8th Cir. 1978) (gender); Marlowe v. Fisher Body, 489 F.2d 1057, 1065 (6th Cir. 1973) (national origin). See also Silkwood, 460 F. Supp. at 407 (dictum), aff'd, 637 F.2d 743 (10th Cir. 1979), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 833 (1981). ° See Kirkpatrick v. Seligman & Latz, Inc., 636 F.2(1 1047, 1049-50 (5th Cir. 1981).

48 See Taylor v. Gilmartin, 686 F.2d 1346, 1355-60 (10th Cir. 1982), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1147 (1983); Ward v. Conner, 657 F.2d 45, 47-48 (4th Cir. 1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 907 (1982); Marlowe, 489 F.2d at 1065 (6th Cir. 1973). See aLso Silkwood, 460 F. Supp at 407. This approach apparently looked to fourteenth amendment jurisprudence to limit the Section, but in fact, the of the fourteenth amendment, although applied more strictly in the case of "suspect" classes, has never been limited in its application to particular classes.

46 See Keating v. Carey, 706 F.2d 377, 387 (2d Cir. 1983) (Republicans); Hampton v. Hanrahan, 600 F.2d 600, 623 (7th Cir. 1979) (members of the Black Panther party), modified on other grounds, 446 U.S. 754 (1980); Means v. Wilson, 522 F.2d 833, 838 (8th Cir. 1975) (political opponents of a tribal officer), cert. denied, 424 U.S. 958 (1976); Glasson v. City of Louisville, 518 F.2(1 899, 910-12 (6th Cir.) (political opponents of Richard Nixon), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 930 (1975); Cameron v. Brock, 473 F.2d 608, 610 (6th Cir. 1973) (supporters of a political candidate).•See also Silkwood, 460 F. Supp at 407. Such an interpretation was entirely consistent with Congress' view that the Klan was primarily a political organization. " Azar v. Conley, 456 F.2d 1382, 1386-87 n.5 (6th Cir. 1972). 920 BOSTON COLLEGE LAW REVIEW [l 7911

thr th lr rt nrll fnd tht th tn dd nt prtt l thr thn "tbl hrtrt" l "pt" l nd "pltl" l" h lr rt flld th ld f th Spr Crt n Griffin nd v rltvl lttl ttntn t th nn f "prttn f th l" nd "prvl nd nt"" Whn th rt ndrd th nn f th phr hvr th dvdd n nbr f lvl lln Griffin, t lr tht Stn 195(3 ld b ppld t vltn f fdrl ntttnl rht hld nt prvt prn" nd prbl t vltn f fdrl ntttnl rht hld nt th fdrl r tt vrnnt hn fdrl r tt ffl r nvlvd n th

npr Whthr Cnr ntndd Stn 195(3 t rt f tn fr prvt ntrfrn th rht hld nl nt th fdrl r tt vrnnt h frt ndnt rht th bjt f r dpt h f hthr Stn 195(3 nt t prtt h rht fr th tn f prvt prt l b nfd th th tn f hthr Cnr ndr th Cntttn nd prtlrl ndr th frtnth ndnt tn 5 could rt h f 5 tn th th Ehth 55 nd th hrd Crt t th ptn tht b Cn- r ld t ndr tn 5 f th frtnth ndnt t rh prvt prn n rdr t fftt th rht rntd nt th tt n tn I f th fr-

tnth ndnt t prbl dd n Stn 195(3" ntrt th rth 5 nd Svnth" Crt rnd tht Stn 195(3 trtl rdl nd tht thr n ndpndnt rht nfrbl nt prvt prn rtd b th frt r frtnth ndnt" Whl th lr rt nrll rd tht vltn f fdrl tttr rht ld b th b fr Stn 195(3 tn th drd vr hthr vltn f tt-rtd rht ld pprt f tn"

An th l fUnd nprttd r th bd n n tt n - tn xl rnttn tt ltnt nd frr rdn See Crtv Envrnnt In v Etbr d (1t Cr cert. denied, 59 US 99 (19 (n tt; Kbl v Mff In d 3 (5th Cr cert. denied, 5 US 111 (191 (tt ltnt; Snt v f l l C d 37 (9th Cr 1979 (xl rnttn; n v MCr 591 d 5 (1th Cr 1979 (n tt; Mrn v Od 55 d 17 (5th Cr 1977 (frr rdn; Mlln v Mpp r ht C 55 d 919 (5th Cr 1977 (n bn (n tt; Arnld v ffn 7 d 1 (9th Cr 1973 cert. denied, 15 US 9 (197 (n tn

5 h lr rt l flld th Spr Crt n fln t dtnh btn l prttn nd l prvl nd nt

55 See, e.g., Means, 5 d t 3 (rht t vt n fdrl ltn m See, e.g., Cameron, 73 d t 1 (npr n tt ffl t ntrfr th frt ndnt rht

55 Atn v Cnnn 5 d 17 135 (th Cr 1971 (n bn

5 hrdn v Mllr d 17 19 (3rd Cr 1971

5 Action, 5 d t 13-3; Richardson, d t 19 5 Bellamy, 5 d t 57

59 Mrph v Mnt Crl h Shl 53 d 119 119-95 (7th Cr 197 m Id.; Bellamy, 5 d t 57 See also Novotny, US t 3 (Stvn nrrn

E.g., hr v Shbr d 15 1-1 (1th Cr 19 But see Novotny, US t 379 (ll nrrn; id. t 31- (Stvn nrrn

Compare Reichardt, 591 d t 55 (Stn 195(3 nt ltd t dprvtn f fdrl rht with Knnbrh v rlntn 5 Spp 55 ( Mnt 193 (Stn 195(3 tn nnt b bd n tt l nttlnt See also Stt v Mr d 7 71 n7 (5th Cr 191 Sptbr 19] USE A MISUSE O ISOY 91

C Crpntr v Stt nd th Snd th f Stn 8(

1 h t nd r Crt n

h Crpntr r t f n ndnt f lbr vln t ntrtn prjt f th Cr Cntrtn C nr rt Arthr x Cr hd hrd nbr f nn-nn rr fr t f th r nd lthh n nn thn trn t rnz Cr ll rdnt rnd Cr rr tht rt Arthr "nn

r" nd tht Cr pl f hrn nn-nn rr ld ld t trbl 3 h Crt f Appl fr th fth Crt rzd th ndnt fll

On th rnn f nr 17 ftr t f th Cr pl hd rrvd t r rd f nrl thr hndrd ppl bld t th n rd ldn t th Cr ntrtn t h rd bn t t nrl phn nd hvn th rnn Cr rr th rrvd vrthl Cr pl bn r l hn hrtl ftr 7 tht rnn rp f fr pp tr h rrn b- tn tlv nd htn prn rd fr th rd thrd t th rd nd drv nt th jbt lntff Stt nt t t t th ntrdr nd t rt th t lv th r bt n f th p- prhd Stt nd d "Mn ll hv t t b rz th nn tn" Stt tld h ntrltr tht th dd nt nt n trbl nd h ttptd t thr tthr th thr pl nd t lv th jbt vr bfr h ld plt h n n tppd t f th rp nd tr h n th hd Sddnl th b rd vr th ntrtn t brtll btn Cr nd h pl th rn rd nd dn brd vrtrnn nd ttn fr t th trlr tht rvd th ntrtn t ff hn tbl nd tr nd- hld nd vndlzn pn tl nd pnt

Cr nd t f th pl brht t ndr Stn 195(3 n njntv rlf nd d nt vr nn nd ndvdl h dtrt rt phld th f tn ndr 195(3 nd rntd jdnt fr th plntff h rt fnd dprvtn f th prttn f th l b th dfndnt hd nprd t nd dd vlt tt rnl nd vl l h rt

"3 Stt v Mr 1 Spp (E x 197 rvd n prt nd ffd n prt, d 7 (5th Cr 191 rvd n prt nd ffd n prt, d 979 (5th Cr 19 (n bn rvd b n. Untd d f Crpntr v Stt 3 US 5 (193

Stt Mr d 979 93- (5th Cr 19 ((n bn rvd b n., Untd d f Crpntr v Stt 3 US 5 (193

Stt, 1 Spp t 31 n Id. t -3 h rt nt n t "n nd n hv th rht t t r nt t t th n rp r l f ndvdl nd ntntl t b fr f vlnt t nt thr bd nd prprt b f h tn r nn-tn" Id. t 3 vn lrd fnd Stn 195(3 f tn bd n th vltn f tt l th dtrt rt nfd th (nd lttl th nl f th Crt f Appl b ntrdn th pblt f vltn f th "rht t t" 9 OSO COEGE AW EIEW [l 7911

fnd tht th dfndnt td th l-bd n nt "nn-nn lbrr

nd plr f nn-nn lbrr" 17 On ppl pnl f th fth Crt ffrd th jdnt n prt nd rvrd

n prt bt rhrn n bn rntd A dvdd fth Crt n ffrd n prt nd rvrd n prt h tlv jd ntttn th jrt rd th th dtrt rt tht th plntff hd f tn ndr Stn 195(3 bt th dffrd th th dtrt rt n thr nl" Whr th dtrt rt hd tnd th f tn n th rnd tht dfndnt hd nprd t vlt tt l th l-bd n th jrt f th rt f ppl ffrd n th rnd tht th dfndnt hd nprd t dprv plntff f thr frt ndnt rht" On th bjt f l-bd n th jrt f th rt f ppl fnd tht th 171 Kln pltl rnztn h vt r lt l ltd b f thr tn th th pbln rt h rt nldd tht th plntff l l th 171 pbln nd thrfr vrd b th tn n tht th l ttd b f th br xr f thr rht f tn nd b f prvv rnl htlt trd th br v" n jd dntd" h prnpl dnt nd b ht jd drd th th jrt n bth rtl hthr rht vltd nd hthr thr hn f l-bd n" h dntr rd tht th ntttnl rht f

7 Id. t 3 hr r tn hthr th rt rrtl drbd th ttr tv nd hthr thr n l-bd n t ll It r rnbl t drb th tt drtd t prtlr plr fr h tn n prtlr n S Stt, d t 11 (bn & Wll dntn Stt v Mr Ed 7731 (5th Cr 191 rv?, n prt nd ff d n prt, d 979 (5th Cr 19 (n bn rvd b n., Untd d f Crpntr v Stt 3 US 5 (193 9 Stll, d t 1 " Id, t 9-91 h fth Crt l ddd t th pplblt f th rr- Grd At nd th ffn f th vdn nt rtn dfndnt nt prntd t th Spr Crt nd bnd th p f th rtl Id. t 9-999-1 " Id. t 9-91 7 Id. t 99 h jrt rld fr t nl n t prv dn n Mlln v Mpp r ht C 55 d 919 (5th Cr 1977 (n bn h jrt rhd t nln dpt t v tht th plntff r ttd fr thr n, rthr thn thr pltl, tn nd t v tht th rt-Snd Cnr ld nt hv bn nrnd th th tvt f lbr nn n "lth lbr nn vnt n Ar t t b brn" Stt, d t 99 Whthr lbr nn tvt "n" rthr thn "pltl" tlf dbtbl tn bt th jrt plnl rn n n tht th lbr vnt dd nt xt n 171 S AA A OA l CII WA A ECOSUCIO (199 t nl r nn n xtn bt thr r vn bl nn WE ACK ECOSUCIO I AMEICA 17 (1935 In ft n dbt n th rt-Snd Cnr n pbln-pnrd bll t ppnt n t td th bjt f th " nd hr f lbr nd th dvn f prft btn lbr nd ptl n th Untd Stt" ( 37 nbr f pbln h r tv n th p f th K Klx Kln At nldd th rth nd prtn f th lbr vnt Cn GOE 9nd Cn nd S 1 (rr f p Kll; d. t (rr f p Str; d. t 5 (rr f p l "Stt, d nt 1 (bn Wll dntn jnd b t rn n Krvth ndll t nd hnn; d. t 1 (Andrn dntn; d. t 1 (Grd dntn

7 h prnpl dnt bn b rn th th jrt tht th 171 Kln fr th t prt pltl rnztn" Id. t 11 (bn Wll dntn h dnt nt n t pnt t hvr tht "Cnr dd nt prrl t prvnt rl drntn bt t prrb npr h bjtv r fft t frtrt th ntttnl prtn Sptbr 191 USE AND MISUSE OF HISTORY 93

tn nvr nrprtd th "[rr] rht t r nl th th nd f prn th h t r th" 75 h l rd tht th plntff l nt l prttd b th ttt nd prbbl nt l t l1 7

h Spr Crt n

h Spr Crt rvrd th fth Crt dvdn 5- 77 h jrt pnn thrd b t Wht nfrd th d f nl pld n Griffin: t trtd "l-bd n" thrhld tn dtnt fr n nl f "prttn f th l" r "prvl nd nt" nd t fld t dtnh btn r drb th p f th t prn f th tn h pnn trn fr th p f t ln; lthh t hldn nrr nd fr th rt f t nl t Wht hd lttl trbl dpn f th t hh hd dvdd th fth Crt nd nr f th thr lr rt n Griffin. frt nldd b f dt tht plntff hd fld t prv npr t dprv th f thr frt ndnt rht b th hd fld t prv thr tht th tt nvlvd n th npr r tht th npr d t nflnn th tt" t Wht thn hld tht n nt plntff l” nt "l-bd n" fr prp f Stn 195(3" h Crt nln n Carpenters tht Stn 195(3 d nt tnbl prvt npr t dprv prn f th rht prttd b th frt nd fr- tnth ndnt rlvd n f th tht hd bn dvdn th rt f ppl In rhn th nln t Wht d n rfrn t lltv htr bt pl rld n ll I tn 195(3 "prvd n btntv rht

tlf "; 1 th frt nd frtnth ndnt prrb nl th prvt tn t lt ntndd t nfln tt tvt; 3 thrfr b thr n tn tht th dfndnt hr ntndd t nfln tt tn thr n f tn

ndr Stn 195(3 Crl lthh th Crt nt t f t t dd th

f vrnnt thrh lt n th prn prprt nd lbrt f ndvdl — Id. t 11 (bn Wll dntn (tn fr Cnt A Construction, supra nt 11 t 3 7 Id. t 115 (bn Wll dntn 7 Id. t 117 (bn Wll dntn In th r f rjtn th plntff l th dntr lldd t f th rtr hh ht dfn l vrd b Stn 195(3 "[h plntff l] nt l rd b htrl pprn b nrt tt b n l r pltl n drtd nt t b n pltl r rl blf r b n f th nd ll d t dntf l f prn h t b rdd pl prttn" Id. t 11 (bn Wll dntn In h prt dnt d Grd ttptd t dtnh btn th l prttn f th l nd th l prvl nd nt prn f th Stn Id. t 1- (Grd dntn nldd tht thr ld b n dnl f l prttn f th l tht t lt ntnt n th prt f th nprtr t fft tt tn nd tht n prvl r nt f fdrl tznhp nvlvd n th Id.

77 See Untd d f Crpntr v Stt 3 US 5 (193 7 Id. t 31-3

9 t Wht nhr drbd th l h dn bt h prbbl d t t b "nn nn pl n th rt Arthr r" Id. t 3 In n th l dfntn th Crt ntnd th nfn rrndn dfndnt tv n ttn plntff If nthn dfndnt n nt nnnn employers n th rt Arthr r 80 Id. t 3-39 ", Id. t 33 (tn vtn, US t 37 M. t 33-3 In rhn th nln th Crt dd nt ndt hthr t thht th 24 OSO COEGE AW EIEW (l. 2:

pt f th p f Stn 8(, t xprl lft pn th trbl tn hthr Stn 8( f tn ld b bd n npr t vlt thr prvn f th Cntttn, fdrl ttt, r tt l. 8 In hldn tht plntff l nt f th nd ntndd t b prttd b Stn 8(, t Wht vd r dbt tht th tn nt t rh

n n thr thn rl n. 84 In pprt f th tn, hh ntrr t th nn v f th rt f ppl nd nttr," t Wht rd, tht nl ttn t th lltv htr tht Cnr tr ntnt nt t prtt th h pprtd ntrtn — pbln nd, n th, r — bt t prtt "r nd th h hpnd thr , t ntbl pbln."" Whl jt Wht lft pn th tn hthr pltl rp r prttd b Stn 8(, th jrt hld tht n drtd nt l f prn b f thr "n v, tt, r tvt" nt lbd n . t Wht pprd t rnz, hvr, tht th hldn t dd th ttnt n th lltv htr ndtn tht th 42nd Cnr thht th Kln nd l rp r htl t rthrnr b f thr rl n th n lf f th Sth." t Wht ttptd t xpln th pprnt nflt hn, th

nl b ttn t th lltv htr, ° h dtrnd tht th rthrnr

plntff r rln n th Stn "l prttn f th l" prn r th "l prvl nd nt ndr th l" prn r hthr th dtntn ttrd. 8, It 84 d. t 86. 8" S pr txt pnn nt 462.

8" S, .., Shhn nd pp, h Sp nd Appltn f 42 U.S.C. Stn 8(: nd th

rtnth Andnt Qtn, 2 AIOC , 2 (82 t, Cnpr t n Cvl

ht: Un Stn 8( t Cntrl br ln, 6 S. CA . E 0, 08 0 (8 t, h Cld An rnt f 42 U.S.C. Stn 8(: A Std Apprh, MI . v 6, 642 (80 Cnt, h Spr Crt 0 r, 8 MA . E , 0 (. Crpntr, 46 U.S. t 86. t Wht l xprd nrn tht f Stn 8( r t rh "pltl" n, t ld nvrt th fdrl rt nt "ntr f pn tt n bth tt nd fdrl ltn." Id. n nrt xpl f th nd f prbl tht ht rlt fr h n ntrprttn — tht pltl prt ht hv fdrl f tn fr th hln f t pr b rvl prt — nlrl nprv. S d. At n, t Wht nldd t ntn rlr, th hln ld frt hv t b "thr nlfl" t b tnbl. S d. Whthr hln pltl ppnnt ld b nlfl ndr tt l (nd hthr h tt l ld rvv frt ndnt hlln dbtfl. In ddtn, n lht f th Crt rlr nln tht frt ndnt l nt b th b f Stn 8( tn n th bn f nvlvnt f th tt, t nlr h Stn 8( tn fr hln ld b brht vn f hln r thr nlfl. S pr nt 8082 nd pnn txt. " Crpntr, 46 U.S. t 8. t Wht nd n lhtfhnd n th prt f th pnn l, hftn th dn fr n trd prn th rtn n v t "n nd rl n." d. " S GOE SUpr nt , t 68 (rr f Sn. Shldn d. t 44 (rr f p. brt d. t 00 (rr f p. rlnhn d. t 6 (rr f Sn. Obrn. "" Crpntr, 46 U.S. t 88. t Wht rld n rr b Sntr l. rvl h hd dd th ttnt f Sntr Ednd (th nr f .. 20 n th Snt nrnn th p f th Stn n th rnd tht th bll rntd n th . d. t 86 . Sptbr 86] USE A MISUSE O ISOY 2

r rll th vt f Kln htlt b th r pbln h r thht t b ptht t r." h dnt, thrd b t ln, ptd t Wht d f nl bt, rln t rtr dr n th lltv htr nd n htrn trtnt f th ntrtn prd, drd th th jrt nln n bth . In rpn t th jrt nln n th f th frt ndnt, t ln frt rd tht th 42nd Cnr blvd tht th frtnth ndnt nfrrd th rht t l prttn drtl n ndvdl nd tht prvt nprtr ld vlt th rht. 2 Wht tn b prvt nprtr ld nttt h vltn, hvr, nt d lr n th rndr f th dnt. On th n hnd, t ln pprd t dr th th jrt ptn tht th plntff hd t pnt t th vltn f n ndpndnt rht, h vltn f th frt ndnt, t tt f tn ndr Stn 8(. d tht "[n] vltn f n ndpndnt ll rht rrd ...." 2 On th thr hnd, h l ttd tht th rvn f th f tn prvntn th "l njnt

nd xr f ... vl rht"" 4 r th "l xr nd njnt f ... ll rht." " jt ln nhr ndtd ht tn b prvt nprtr ld dprv n f l prttn r ht h nt b "vl rht" r "ll rht" nr dd h ndt n ht th plntff n Crpntr r dnd l prttn. t ln dnt fr lrr, hvr, n th f "lbd" n. ndbtdl rrt n rn tht th ln f th tn tlf dd nt xld vr f pltl r n l nd tht, f thr nthn t b lrnd fr lltv htr, t tht Cnr vd th Kln pr nntl pltl rnztn nd ntrtn hvn pltl, rl, nd n pt."" t ln thn nldd b prpn fntnl pprh t th lbd n ftr: Cnr ntndd t prvd rd t n l f prn, h blf r tn pld th n dnr f nt rvn l prttn f

" Id. t 88. t Wht ttd: W d nt ntrprt th prt f th dbt rtn tht th Kln hd nrl n nt thr lbr r ptl, r nt prn fr thr tt h. r t plbl tht th Sthrn rt r prjdd nrll nt ntrprn prn trn t bttr thlv. Id. t Wht n rfrrd. t th ppd prtl prbl hh ld rlt fr dptn th brdr ntrprttn nd ndtd tht h prbl r bt dlt th b "ttt, fdrl r tt, pfll ddrd t h prbl, ll b th nrl l prrbn njr t prn nd prprt." Id. t 8. t Wht nl ttpt t dntf pf nrn — tht, n lht f th tnl br ltn At, 2 U.S.C. § , t ld b "nttln" f tr nd ptln vln hd t b ndrd ndr Stn 8( — pl nr th ft tht th A d nt rlt h vln h vln rltd, f t ll, b tt thrt nd th tt rt. See id. t 88. See generally Sn ld. rd Cnl v. Grn, U.S. 26 (.

2 Carpenters, 46 U.S. t 8464 (ln, ., dntn. "Id. t 84 (ln, ., dntn. 4 Id. t 84 (ln, ., dntn. 2 Id. t 84 (ln, ., dntn. 6 See infra txt pnn nt 44. 26 OSO COEGE AW EIEW [l. 2:

th l fr ll thrt. Whl rtn l trt, h r, rln, x, nd ntnl rn, per se t th rrnt, thr trt l plt th fntnl nrn n prtlr ttn

h, t ln fntnl pprh ntrtd hrpl th th jrt nln tht n drtd nt prtlr l — pbl "pltl" l, rtnl "n" l — nt lbd n.

. Stn 8( Sn Carpenters

h Carpenters Crt hldn, tht Stn 8( dd nt ppl t npr rltn fr n r rl n, nd t nln, tht frt ndnt rht r nt pltd b prvt . tn nt ntndd t hv n fft n tt ffl, r nrr. vrthl, th brdth f th Crt ln nd t lrl xprd dr t lt th p f Stn 8( nvd trn hh h nt bn lt n th lr rt. A th Svnth Crt h ttd, "[t]h prt f bth Griffin nd Scoff tht th lltv htr f Stn 8( d nt pprt xtndn th ttt t nld npr thr thn th tvtd b rl,

lbd n nt r nd thr pprtr" 8 h nth Crt h nrrd:

In r t th Scott pnn, fnd nthn thrn t v n nrnt htvr t xtnd Stn 8( t l thr thn th nvlvd n th trf n th Sth n 8 th hh Cnr thn nrnd. In ft fr Scott t nl tht th l vrd b Stn 8( hld nt b xtndd bnd th lrd xprl prvdd b th Crt. °

Sn th Carpenters dn, n rt h fnd lbd n hr plntff n ndr Stn 8( hv lld tht npr drtd nt prl "pltl" l." Whr Stn 8( plntff hv lld tht npr drtd nt nnrl "pt" l r l dfnd b thr tbl hrtrt, th lr rt hv bn n nflt. S hv rd Carpenters rrn lltn f rl n n rdr t tt f tn ndr Stn 8(." Othr rt hv ntnd t ppl Stn 8( t prvl r

" Carpenters, 463 U.S. at 853 (Blackmun, J., dissenting). " Grimes v. Smith, 776 F.2d 1359, 1366 (7th Cir. 1985). Wilhelm v. Continental Title Co., 720 F.2d 1173, 1176 (10th Cir. 1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1103 (1984). See also Nilan v. De Meo, 575 F. Supp. 1225, 1226-27 (D. Pa. 1983); Fiske v. Lockheed- Georgia Co., 568 F. Supp. 590, 593-95 (D. Ga. 1983). """ See, e.g., Harrison I. KVAT Food Management, Inc., 766 F.2d 155, 157-63 (4th Cir. 1985) (characterizing Section 1985(3) as being a response to violence and acts of terror directed at blacks and their supporters). Accord Grimes, 776 F.2(1 at 1366; Fiske, 568 F. Supp. at 593-95. Gibson v. United States, 781 F.2d 1334, 1341 (9th Cir. 1986); Rayborn v. Mississippi State Bd. of Dental Examiners, 776 F.2d 530, 532 (5th Cir. 1985). One court has gone further and suggested that not all racial animus, but only animus against blacks, is covered. Marsh v. Board of Educ. of City of Flint, 581 F. Supp. 514 (D. Mich. 1984). Sptbr 86] USE AND MISUSE OF HISTORY 2 nzd, nnrl, "pt" l nd l dfnd b thr tbl hrtrt, h ntnl rn," rln," x," nd hndp." 8 h nflt n th lr rt t h t ppl Carpenters t l nt dd n Carpenters ndt tht th Crt rnn l thn lr. h nblt f th lr rt t ppl th Crt hldn vn t th l dd n Carpenters vdn tht th Crt ntrprttn rn. h tht prnt th lrt hlln t th Crt dtrntn f lltv ntnt th 84 rth Crln dtrt rt f Waller v. Butkovieh. 06 h Waller r t f n ndnt rrn n vbr , , n Grnbr, rth Crln. On tht d, th Cnt Wrr rt td "th t th Kln" rll h prtpnt r ttd b br f th K Klx Kln nd th Arn z rt. In th nd, fv f th dntrtr r lld nd nr thr r njrd. In lt brht n prt ndr Stn 8(, plntff lld tht th tt rltd fr npr nvlvn vr dfndnt, nldn tt nd fdrl ffl. h plntff lld tht th npr tvtd b th dfndnt htlt t th dntrtr b th dntrtr r br f th Cnt Wrr rt, hh dvtd l rht f bl ndr lbr rnzr. h, th Grn br pd — vlnt tt b th Kln nd thr n nrt pltl prt pn npplr pltl, rl, nd n v — l n prntd ndnt ld t th tr hh prptd th ntnt f th K Klx Kln At." h dfndnt vd t d th Stn 8( l, nd th dtrt rt n Waller ttptd t fll ht t t t b th Spr Crt pprh n Carpenters b prn th dfndnt tvtn fr th tt. h dtrt rt hld tht t th xtnt th dfndnt ttd th plntff b f thr pprt fr bl, plntff ttd f tn ndr Stn 8(." 8 h rt l hld tht t th xtnt dfndnt ttd plntff b th r prlbr, plntff dd nt tt f tn." nll, th rt hld tht t th xtnt dfndnt ttd plntff b th r Cnt, th rt ld nt dd hthr f tn xtd b "th n nt nt nd dvt f l rht fr bl ppl, n th ntnt , b nxtrbl ntrtnd." °

102 Photos v. Township High School Dist. No. 211, 639 F. Supp. 1050 (D. Ill. 1986). Contra Hauptmann v. Wilentz, 570 F. Supp. 351 (D.N.J. 1983).

105 Filers v. Coy, 582 F. Supp. 1093, 1100 (Di Minn. 1984); Stolzfus v. Ulrich, 587 F. Supp. 1226, 1230 (D. Pa. 1984) (dictum). um Chambers v. Omaha Girls Club, 629 1. Supp. 925, 942 (I). Neb. 1986); Hunt v. Weatherbee, 626 F. Supp. 1097 (D. Mass. 1986); Scott v. City of Overland Park, 595 K Supp. 520, 528-29 (D. Kan. 1984); Skadegaard v. Farrell, 578 F. Supp. 1209, 1220 (D.N.J. 1984).

6 Tyus v. Dept. of Youth Services, 606 E Supp. 239, 246-47 (1). Ohio 1985). Contra D'Amato v. Wisconsin Gas Co., 760 F.2d 1474, 1485-87 (7th Cir. 1985).

106 584 F. Supp. 909 (D.N.C. 1984) (ruling on defendants' motions to dismiss); 605 F. Supp. 1137 (D. N.C. 1985) (ruling on plaintiffs' renewed 'notion to dismiss defendants' counterclaims).

107 There were further similarities in Waller to the situation in 1871 in the criminal prosecutions which resulted from the Greensboro incident. Despite films which showed certain defendants shooting at the demonstrators, the state in 1980 and the federal government in 1984 failed to obtain convictions for the killings against any defendants in cases tried to all-white juries. N.Y. Times, Apr. 16, 1984, at I.

OS Waller, 584 F. Supp. at 936-37. th° Id. 'RP Id. at 937. In Hobson v. Wilson, the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals used a similar analysis and 28 BOSTON COLLEGE LAW REVIEW [l. 2:

h Waller rt nl vn l nlv hn t t dln th th ntrl f th K Klx Kln nd z dfndnt. h dfndnt ntr ld nt th plntff ndr Stn 8(, lln tht th r n ft ttd b plntff b f plntff n trd ntnt Chrtn nd ht Arn nd b f plntff dr t ntrfr th dfndnt frt ndnt rht, thr rht t trvl, nd "thr ntttnl rht."" h dtrt rt rjtd plntff tn t d th ntrl tht xplnn hthr t th rl, rl, r pltl n lltn, r ll thr, hh tfd th

lbd n rrnt f Stn I8(. 2 If nthn lltrt th n rblt f th dtntn td b Carpenters, t th prpt f trl n th rt n Stn 8( l h th n Waller, th h d trn t tblh hh f vrl pbl nvd tv th ntn fr bhnd rnl

npr." rdn Carpenters ltn Stn 8( t nvlvn rl, r prhp tnl n, th lr rt hv lrl ndd th tlvr rvvl f th tn. th prvd ntnt f th 42nd Cnr n ntn th K Klx Kln At frd th b f th rtrtv ln f th Carpenters dn, rt II xn th htrl trl brn n Cnr ntnt t lbd n.

II. E MISUSE O ISOY A E MISCOSUCIO O "CASSASE AIMUS"

h ln f th ttt tlf ht t b th trtn pnt fr t ntrprt tn." Stn 8( brd nd ppl t "n prn r l f prn." h rd "l" — th r f th lbd n lnt — t n lt t th l t b vrd. Mrvr, nl th fr thr ntrtn r vl rht

phld f tn hr t lld tht th plntff r ttd b th r br f pltl rp hh, inter alia, hpnd vl rht fr bl. .2d , 6 (.C. Cr. 84, cert. denied, 0 S. Ct. 84 (8. See also Mrtnz v. Wnnr, .2d 424, 4404 (0th Cr. 8. "' Waller, 60 . Spp. t 840.

" 2 Id. t 4. It pprntl th ptn f th rt n Waller tht th plntff tfd th lbd n lnt f rl n tvtd th nprtr t n dr. h rt n Howard Gault Co. v. Texas Rural Legal Aid, Inc., hvr, t hv rd Carpenters r rtrtvl. 6 . Spp. 6 (.. x. 8. hr, hpn nn rnzr ttptn t rnz hpn frrr, h nn, nd th ll rv rnztn hh rprntd th d vr rr nd pr f prd fr nprn th ll l nfrnt ffr t hr th plntff nt vn p th rnzn ffrt nd lvn th r. Id. t 20. Althh th rt nldd tht th dfndnt hv hd thr thn n tv, h htlt t th ttrn b th r "rptbr" fr rvrd, t hld tht n lbd n hd bn hn b "th t hl nrll rt[d n n tvtn. – Id. t (tn Carpenters, 46 U.S. t 88.

" In ft, th trl n Waller dd nt ntr n th tn f n b th rt dd th ntrl t th bnnn f th trl nd th dfndnt dfndd n thr rnd. h jr brht n vrdt fr thr f th xtn plntff nt ht dfndnt nd rdd ttl f jt ndr $400,000 n d. .Y. , n , 8, t . 4 h Spr Crt, n Albernaz v. United States, ttd: "bnt lrl xprd lltv ntnt t th ntrr, [th tttr] ln t rdnrl b rrdd nlv. – 40 U.S. , 6 (8 (tn Cnr rd. Sft C . v. GE Slvn, In., 44 U.S. 02, 08 (80. • Sptbr 86] USE A MISUSE O ISOY 2

t, hh r d t rntn r rn btntv rht t frdn," th K Klx Kln At d n ntn f "r" r "lr" n dfnn "lt." In ft, th l prttn ln f th tn tn fr th frtnth ndnt, hh, fr th rlt ntrprtn t, h bn ppld t n drntn, nt t jt

rl drntn. 1 h Crt ntrtn f Stn 8( ttt pd prrl fr th prttn f th nl frd lv drv nt fr th ln f th ttt, bt fr th Crt dtrntn f Cnrnl ntnt. Whl h ntrtn h t rt n t n ffhnd ttnt n Clln nd n t Strt rfr n t lbd n n Grffn, Crpntr th frt nd nl hr tht ntrtn b fr th hldn. h fft f th ntrtn , f r, t lt drtll th p f th ttt nd t lbd n th ntrl lnt f th f tn. thn n htrl trl brn n Cnrnl ntnt pprt th prptn tht lbd n thht t bë xlvl rl n, r tht n drtd trd rp dfnd b thr n v r thr nnrl, nnpltl hrtrt xldd fr Stn 8( vr. Qt th ntrr, vn rltvl prfl xntn f th htrl ntxt n hh th K Klx Kln At pd nfr tht Cnr ntndd ht th nlfd ln f Stn 8( t: th tn nt t prtt n l bjt t th nlfl ndt frbddn b th tn.

A. h Spf trl Evdn: ltv tr nd Cntprn Cntrtn f Stn 8(

In Crpntr, t Wht, rtn fr th jrt, ffrd t nln bt lbd n fr h rdn f th lltv htr. rt, h ttd tht "[t]h ntrl th f th bll prpnnt tht th Kln nd thr r frbl rtn ffrt t npt r nd v th l t pr." Snd, h nldd, "[] d nt ntrprt ... th dbt rtn tht th Kln hd nrl n nt thr lbr r ptl, r nt prn fr thr Stt h."" 8 Yt fr rdn f th lltv htr d nt pprt thr nln. S br f th 8 Cnr xprl drbd th brdth f vr ntndd b th tn. Sntr Ednd, n f th t nr f th bll n th Snt, ntrprtd th tn t vr npr frd nt n "b h rt, f pl, r b h Cthl, r b h Mthdt, r b h rntr ...."" 8 prnttv l ttd, "[t]h prpd

15 Compare Cvl ht At f 866, 4 Stt. 2, Enfrnt At f 80, 6 Stt. 40, rt r At f 8, 6 Stt. 4, Cvl ht At f 8, 8 Stt. . Evn t th At, th Crt ln ndtd tht, thh ntd t prtt frdn, th r pplbl nrll. S Untd Stt v. Ml, 28 U.S. 8, 888 (. II G It h bn ttd tht th vrhln jrt f hrd ndr th l prttn l n t dptn hv nvlvd lld drntn nt n ntrt rthr thn rl rp. See . AIS QUES O EQUAIY (60. In th vn, Stn f th K Klx Kln At (42 U.S.C. § 8 h ln bn ppld t dprvtn ndr lr f l hvn n rl vrtn. ''' Carpenters, 46 U.S. t 86. 11 1d t 88. 19 GOE supra nt , t 6 (rr f Sn. Ednd. t Wht ndd tht Sntr Ednd v r "nt tht ht," bt h lttl drrdd Ednd 930 BOSTON COLLEGE LAW REVIEW [l 7911

lltn nt t prtt pbln nl n thr prprt lbrt nd lv

bt rt ll nt th lrd nl bt th ht l; vn n " 1 rdnt Grnt l p n brd tr n h prltn d n th nn f th t rfrrn t th t ntnn "th rht f ll tzn f th Untd Stt"

nd rn "t ll h tzn" th l prttn f th l rn th dbt n 3 th br f th pbln jrt n bth th nd Snt xprd ntnt v f th ntr f th K Klx Kln

prbl 1 Spr ftr pr drbd th Kln pltl rnztn bnt n zn pltl pr b trrr nd n vrthrn ntrtn prnttv tlr ttd

It vdnt tht th lln f th Sth t frt ndrtd v b t ht n b rnzd n th rv f pltl prt t rh t ppnnt nd t drv fr thr brdr vr frnd f pbln Adntrtn r th prp t rnzd r th prp t rv th rdr nd xt th dr f ntrl hf r th prp t rdr lltr nd jd brn hl-h nd hrh rdr l nt vr rt nd lt th jd br jl nd ll r rl th prnr th r f r frnd hndr th lltn f th rvn nd tr t ffr nd lv tlth r pn th Untd Stt n hh t pprtd b jrt f th h fvr th f n n th Sth If t nt pltl n th bnnn t th bjt f t fr t prn r nr nd nrthrn n h hd n Sth th nl frnd f rpbln lbrt; nd t prprt hl-h nd hrh nd th hbl dlln f th ppl — ll f hh prdl l t b frnd nd ntrnt fr th prpnd f pbln prnpl — t h nrl b pltl nn n th hnd f th

r 13

Slrl prnttv Cbrn ttd

h n f ltd tr nt ht plnd f bt f r prptrtd b nrt nd rnt b n n lr nbr tn th n prp fr th njr f rtn l f tzn ntrtnn rtn pltl prnpl W fnd tht th t p- ltl n t ntr xlv n t brhp nd ttrl htl t

ntrprttn n th rnd tht th bll nd t bnt ndnt rntd n th Carpenters, 463 US t 37 It dfflt t ndrtnd t Wht rnn hr If lltv ntnt ttr t th ntnt f th bd hh dptd th r nt th ntnt f th drftr hh nt; nd f th t bd hd dffrnt ntnt thr n ll jtftn fr fvrn th ntnt f n vr th thr 1° r Arr pr nt 15 t 19 11 rltn f M 3 171 1 h br f Cnr rfrrd thrht t th K Klx Kln bt n ft th Kln jt n f nbr f lr rp n th th Knht f th Wht Cl th Wht rthrhd th l nd th 7 Atn prtn t th t K SAM E EA O ECOSUCIO 199 (195 h rp ll b jntl rfrrd t hr th K Klx Kln 15 GOE supra nt 13 t 3 (rr f p tlr Sptbr 19] USE A MISUSE O ISOY 931

th pbln prt nd t th Unn f th Stt nd tht t vt r

br f tht prt 1

A vdn tht th Kln tn fr pltl prp vrl pr phzd tht th Kln nl tv n r hr ltn ht b l 5 It th ndrtndn f th pbln tht th Kln nl prtd hr thr n pprtnt t t th pbln rt fr pr nd tht n th r hr th rt rtrnd t pr th lll tr d nd th pprn -

plhd ndr lI h rt dd nt t th th rtn tht th Kln tvtd b pltl prp h rt h dd nt dn ltthr th Kln tr ttptd t xpln th "ntrl" rpn t pbln

vrnnt 17 If n th r fr th dbt n th bll t tht th nd Cnr prnpll nrnd th prttn pbln nd th h ht b ptd f pbln pth prnttv brt phzd th pnt

t n rl nvr fl th vt h prprt dtrd h prn r tltd h lv r rfd r l pbln h b bl r ht; th nld th h r th bl nd th h r th r; n-r nd lf-ln rdnt bt nl pbln Stn th dr lntl th th r f pptn t rntrtn nd f htlt t th ntnl Adntrtn nd th dtrn nl p b Ot tht n nd th trh ndl th rf tht vr n nd hldrn; th r fll pn hldr tht tp th n nd th ; th bllt pr th brt tht rnn Sh nfrt f rlt n nl fr dn pbln nl r btn nd - tltd nd rdrd b th bl r d t pbln nl

r pbln pr trd tht th Kln h r prbl prl b pltl rthr thn rl nt nvlvd nd tht th tt thrfr thrtnd th prpt fr fr nd drt vrnnt n th Sth prnttv l ttd "r d th K Klx bn t t rn n th ntn f r Wht nd bl ffr l; r lrd thn ht b th

lrd r th t nr t ll r ll ntnlt r th vt" 19 p- rnttv Cbrn l ntd n th

W frl tht hvr bd t b t t r t n ddtnl dn t npr tthr t d It r tll rtr

Id, t 57 (rr f p Cbrn Ard d. t 157 (rr f Sn Shrn; d. t 197 (rr f Sn A; d. t 3-1 (rr f p Sthtn; d. t 339 (rr f p Kll; d. t 5 (rr f Sn Mrtn; d. t 37 (rr f p Cbb; d. t (rr f p tlr; d. t 517 (rr f p Shllbrr; GOE A pr nt 15 t 1- (rr f p ltt; d. t 19 (rr f p Sndr; d. t 5 (rr f p Wln; d. t 73-7 (rr f p rtr; d. t 9-99 (rr f p Stvnn

15 GOE Mn nt 13 t 15 (rr f Sn Shrn; d. t (rr f Sn ; d. t 13 (rr f p brt 15 GOE A pr nt 15 t 7-77 (rr f p rtr

7 GOE pr nt 13 t 39-3 (rr f p Mrn; d. t 31 (rr f p Snn; d. t 51 (rr f p Cx; GOE A pr nt 15 t 17 (rr f p rh 5 GOE pr nt 13 t 13 (rr f p brt 15 GOE A pr nt 15 t 19 (rr f p l 2 BOSTON COLLEGE LAW REVIEW [l. 2:

dprvt t rnz thr n nt t, bt th vr hht f rnl nrt rhd hn th bndd tl, th rdr hnd, tr t nnnt nd hlpl n fr rl ntrtnn rtn pltl pnn."

In th dbt, pbln pr pfll rfrrd t pbln nd t thr thr rp, Unnt, r, nd rthrnr ("rptbr", th bjt f Kln tt." Unnt r ttd b f th Kln htlt t thr pltl blf. l r n vrhln nbr br f th pbln rt." h l nd th rptbr r ttd, nt pl b f rl r tnl n, bt b f thr prd ffltn th th pbln rt." h 42nd Cnr l ndrtd tht th ltt l f th Kln t rlz rtn pltl l — t n, th rtrtn f hn f th rt rt n th Sth, prhp th rtrn t pr f th rt rt n ntnl lvl. h th vl th pbln Cnr ddrn n ntn th K Klx Kln At, nd th prnpl tt n th At fr th rt r n th pr pnt — th pltn f th At fr th frtn f th t jr prt." t Wht thr dtntn n Carpenters, btn n nndrd b pr n "pltl" v r tn nd n nndrd b thr "n" v r tn, l fnd n pprt n th lltv htr nd n n. An, pr pfll rfrrd t "n" pt f th Kln tvt b rfrrn t th Kln tn "t ntdt ptl nd ntrpr, nd ntrn th t rn tht [th Sth] brdr r t fl fr th ftr hvn hd th trt t ntr,"" ntrfrn th "[t]h rht t rt nd t n n ltt trff,"" nd ntrfrn th th rht f rnn t rt t th Sth." h thr pr h dntfd pbln th trt f Kln tvt pl fld t ndt hthr pbln r ttd fr thr pltl r fr thr n v. Yt n ntr hr th ntrl pltl h ftn bn th trtnt f th n, t nt rprn tht th pr dd nt ndr n h dtntn. A dd bl, th pbln rt ntrtn prr

13° GOE supra nt , t 4 (rr f p. Cbrn. , See id. t 8 (rr f p. Kll id. t 84 (rr f p. l id. t 44 (rr f p. tlr id. t 4 (rr f p. Cbrn GOE A pr nt , t 0 (rr f p. Wllrd id. t 228 (rr f Sn. rn id. t 22 (rr f p. Stvnn. " GOE supra nt , t (rr f Sn. Shrn. "Id. t 44 (rr f p. tlr ("["h bjt f t fr, t prn, r nr nd nrthrn n h hd n Sth, th nl frnd f rpbln lbrt ....". " GOE A supra nt , t 2 (rr f p. lr GOE, supra nt , t 4 (rr f p. id. t 60 (rr f Sn. Slbr. h nln tht Cnr nt prrl nrnd th rl n l pprtd b ht not d drn th dbt. Onl t f th pbln h dd th ntttnlt f Stn 2 ntnd th thrtnth ndnt, hh ld rl hv bn nvd f th prp f th tn t prtt th frdn: p. Shllbrr d th pnt n dtnhn Stn f th bll fr th 866 Cvl ht At, hh, h pntd t, hd bn ntd ndr th hrtnth Andnt nd fr th prttn f th frr lv nl. GOE A supra nt , t 68 (rr f p. Shllbrr. "Id. t 8 (rr f p. Kll. 6 Id. t 68 (rr f p. Shldn. Id. t 00 (rr f p. rlnhn. Sptbr 19] USE A MISUSE OF HISTORY 933

d t hnn bth th pltl nd th n lf f th Sth nd th vr ntrtn l r nxtrbl ntrtnd Gvn th nrn f vrl Cn- rn bt th Kln rl n pdn th fr vnt f lbr t nnt b d tht vn th pf v d t b t n Carpenters — v bt th drblt f lbr nn — r pl "n" v nd th bnd th nrn f th nd Cnr" h Spr Crt n ntprn ntrtn f Stn f th K Klx Kln At ll npprtv f th Crt rrnt l-bd n nl In 1 lvn r ftr th ntnt f th ttt t Wd ttn n rt hld th rnl prtn f Stn nntttnl ftr fndn tht t ld rh f t r r ht n h nprd t dprv nthr ht n f prttd rht 199 h flln r t Wd rtrtd h ntrprttn n bhlf f th hl Crt n United States v. Harris, n hldn th ttt nnt- ttnl t Wd hld tht th tn ppld t f t r r ht n h nprd "fr th prp f dprvn nthr fr ht tzn f rht rdd b th l f th Stt t ll l f prn — fr ntn th rht t ntrt brn t r v vdn 1 t Wd hld tht th ttt prvn r brdr thn n ntttnl thrt nd thrfr ld nt b tnd" r r ltr n Baldwin v. Frank,' 42 th Crt fnd tht Stn ntndd t vr th ttn thn bfr th Crt — npr nt rp f prn dntfbl b r r ntnl rn — bt th Crt pnn b t hthr th vln nt th rp prdt f rl r n ndrtn" In hrt Harris lrl ndt tht rl n nt thht b th 13 Spr Crt t b nr lnt f n tn ndr Stn nd nthr rr, nr Baldwin, td tht npr rn fr n n r xptd fr t vr

The General Historical Evidence

h Spr Crt h rld n th ntxt f nthr vl rht ttt tht rt ttptn t rtn th Cnrnl ntnt n ntn ttt hld n

13 Sh dtntn btn pltl v nd n v n r n td r xpl t ppl th dtntn t h Wllr, rt ld b rrd t dtrn hthr n trd Cnt n trd prn b f thr pltl r b f thr n v h Spr Crt h ln rnzd th ntrrltd ntr f plt nd n "r dn nrnn th ndtn n ndtr nd th f lbr dpt ppr t ndpnbl t th fftv nd ntllnt f th pr f pplr vrnnt t hp th dtn f drn ndtrl t" hrnhll v Alb 31 US 13 (19 vr th Crt tndn t trt lbr ttr nt nvlvn pltl nd l dnn nt n ltd dvlpnt n Crpntr. In r f rnt th Crt h d th dtntn vr th bjtn f nn E.., Ell v rthrhd f l Clr US 35 (19; Etx In v 37 US 55 (197 S nrll d En br v. ltl br ltn,: l fr brl l, x E 1 (191

39 Grnd v Untd Stt 1 577 51 (CCE x 1 K Untd Stt v rr 1 US 9 1 (13 Id.

11 1 US 7 (17

1 " h ndtnt hrd tht th vt "r nd n ltt bn nd lbr t rn lvn" nd tht th dfndnt nprd tthr t nd dd dprv th f "th prvl f ndtn thr ltt bn nd f th prvl f lbrn t rn lvn ."d. t 1 4 BOSTON COLLEGE LAW REVIEW [l. 2:

ddtn t xnn lltv htr, t nt f th htrl ntxt n hh Cnr td." nthn n th ln, lltv htr r ntpr n ntrtn f Stn 8( ndt tht Cnr ntndd th tn vr t b ltd t rtn l r l, t Wht n Carpenters t hv d h dtrntn f Cnrnl ntnt b rdn Stn 8( ( dd t Strt n Griffin) n lht f nttd ptn bt th prp f th pbln rt, th l f th Kln, nd th plt f ntrtn nrll. h plt ptn ndrln t Wht pnn n Carpenters tht th ntnt n th ntrtn bttl hh rltd n th p f Stn 8(, r pbln, prnpll tvtd b nrn fr th plht f th frdn, nd Kln br, drvn xlvl b r. Sh plfd v f ntrtn plt ntr dtd b th htrl vdn.

. h pbln nd th Kln Wth th xptn f th frr bltnt n th pbln rt, pbln r nvr tvtd prrl b n nlfh nrn fr th plht f th frdn. In ft, th pbln rt n nrl t rt. r xpl, prr t th r, Sntr rbll, h ltr thrd th 866 Cvl ht At nd vtd fr th K Klx Kln At, xprd pbln pptn t lvr fll: "W, th pbln prt r th ht n prt. W r fr fr ht n, nd fr n ht lbr rptbl nd hnrbl, hh t n nvr b hn nr lv lbr brht nt pttn th t." rr t nd drn th r, n prnnt pbln, nldn nln, dvd h fr dprtn th xlv t ln n Afr r tn Ar." Evn ftr th r, ll prt t th ntrtn dbt dvtd ht pr." In vt ftr vt drn th ntrtn prd, nrthrn tt, vn th tt ndr pbln ntrl, rjtd ttpt t r nz th pltl rht, nd prtlrl th rht t vt, f bl." 8 h tttd f th pbln rt trd bl, bl, prhp t lrl rvld n th prt 868 pltfr, hh ttd:

" Untd Stlrr f A. v. Wbr, 44 U.S. ,20 ( (Stn 0( nd (d f tl II f th Cvl ht At f 64 t b rd n lht f htrl brnd fr hh th At r. " Wdrd, Seeds of Failure in Radical Racial Policy, n EW OIES O E AMEICA ECOSUCIO 262 (. n d. 66 . IWACK O O SAEY 26 (6. " E OE EE SOI EE AO EE ME 2680 (0 Wdrd, supra nt 4, t 282. On At 4,862, n ttptn t prt h lnztn ltn t th r prbl, nln lld bl ldr t th Wht nd tld th: hr n nllnn n th prt f r ppl, hrh t b, fr fr lrd ppl t rn th . [Y]r r ffr vr rtl, n f th b lvn n , hl r ffr fr r prn .... If th b dttd, t ffrd rn t lt h hld b prtd. Wdrd, supra nt 4, t 2 (tn fr . ASSE E COECE WOKS Or AAAM ICO 2 (. " , Comment on C. Vann Woodward) Paper, n EW OIES O E AMEICA ECO- SUCIO 0 (. n d. 66. rfr Wdrd nt, "[t]h ft tht th nttn n hh th pbln nrn rld n th rth lvd n rn, rtd t dvtd t th dtrn f ht pr nd r nfrrt." Wdrd, .pr nt 4, t 226. " Wdrd, supra nt 4, t 0,8. Sptbr 86] USE A MISUSE O ISOY

h rnt b Cnr f l ffr t ll ll n f th Sth dndd b vr ndrtn f pbl ft, f rttd, nd f jt, nd t b ntnd hl th tn f ffr n ll th ll [.., nrthrn] Stt prprl bln t th ppl f th Stt. " h, t th hht f rdl ntrtn, th pbln rt n fvr f prttn bl t vt n th Sth, hr th prt ndd thr vt n rdr t pt, bt ppd frn nfrnhnt f th bl n th rth, hr th pbln hd h trnr b f pprt n ht vtr h ht hv bn lntd b n vrl prr tn. Adttdl, th ntrt f th pbln rt nd th frdn dd nd t t pnt. h ntrt ndd n th f th bltn f lvr nd t ndnt nd n th f th frdn rht t vt. Evn hr th prt dd hpn th f th frdn, hvr, t td h fr t n pltl nd n prp fr nrn fr th frdn. On th f th bltn f lvr, lthh th pbln rt fr t nptn htl t lvr, th pptn nt bd h n rl fln n th dnnt l r n dl f th pbln rt." h pbln vn f Ar

tht f n xpndn, drt, ptlt t f ll ntrprnr . nd rr prn t b ll ntrprnr. A ntrl tnt f th vn t nt t th npt f th dnt f "fr lbr." Eh Sth, th t rtrt vl nd fdl n, n th ntth f th vn. A rfr nr pnt t, h t hrhd vl f th fr lbr tl — n dvlp nt, l blt, nd pltl dr — ll pprd t b vltd n th Sth. Intd, th thrn n d tnnt t pbln, th thrn l trtr n rrvbl fxd hrrh, nd thrn t dntd b n rtr f lvhldr. pbln, th Sth pprd n ln nd thrtnn t h vl nd ntrt r n fndntl nflt th th f th rth." Snd, th ntrt f pbln nd frdn ndd n th f th frdn rht t vt b th pbln rt ndd th bl vt. Sn t frtn, th pbln rt hd bn nrt prt n th ntr. In th 860 prdntl ltn, nln rvd l thn frt pr nt f th pplr vt n h ntt th thr thr nddt fr th plntrd rt rt. " Aftr th Cvl Wr, th pbln rt blt t rtn ntrl f th fdrl vrnnt dpndd n th vt f Sthrn bl." ht th pbln r ntd n thr pptn t lvr nd n thr pprt f th rht f bl t vt n th Sth d nt ndt tht ntrtn pbln lltr r thr pprtr r r nrll nrnd th th plht f bl. A n htrn h pt t, "[t]h prbl f bl ppl pd ntr t fr t bth b th ntttn

4 Id. t . ," E. OE supra nt 46, p. ' Id. t 6. 2 Id. t 40. . ndll nd . nld, supra nt 2, t . l" Wdrd, supra nt 4, t 2. h lr xtnt, th pbln rt l dd b th dnfrnhnt, b th frtnth ndnt, f n Sthrn ht. 6 OSO COEGE AW EIEW [l. 2: t b pt nvlvd th nd b th dn th pn dvrd tht th ndd th frdn hlp n rdr t plh thr nd."" If th pbln r nt prrl tvtd b nrn fr fr trtnt f th frdn, nthr r th br f th Kln tvtd xlvl b r. h Kln, f r, rt. 6 At th t, th Kln rll nbr f rnztn h nt prtd tnl, nd n Kln tn r fr tv thr thn th pltl pprn f bl. A t f th tn, th tv r n. trn Sn nd Wd nt: r r hppd fr rfn t r fr ht vrl r f Sprtnbr r ltrtd b th drtd fr t b rlrd lbrr. h prnnt tzn f Sprtnbr r f th pnn tht prr tv fr Kln tvt th dr f th lr l ht t rv th r pttr n lbr, nd pll n th rntn f lnd. h Kln tvt r r vlnt n th ppr rrl nt, n hh th f th ht ppltn hd t r th thr hnd fr

lvn, thrb n nt n pttn th th r. h, th trl btn pbln nd Kln br nt pl trl vr frdn rht, bt vr th pbln hl ntrtn prr. h prr ntndd t prrv nd ntttnlz th frt f th Cvl Wr vtr. t th Cvl Wr nt bn vr th f lvr nd nt fht prnpll t fr th lv r btn lt fr bl," ntrtn, t, hd thr prnpl .

2. ntrtn h nhrnt pltt f htrl trl h pnd, n htrn, nbr f dffrnt thr t xpln ntrtn. h frt nrtn f htrn t rt bt th ntrtn (nd th n h dvlpd th th f n trtn t nd flr trnl phzd th pltl, rthr thn th rl, l f th pbln. h htrn phzd th ttpt b th fdrl vrnnt t nr t pr vv th tt nd th ttpt b th pbln rt t r ntrl f, r t lt tblh b n, th Sth." h ph n

55 ld Ideology and Race in American History, n EIGIO ACE A ECOSUCIO 1 ( Kr nd Mhrn d. 19 5 On vrn f th Kln th n prt Y lnl r tht r nt n br f th d Strn Ordr Unn r f Ar Grnd Ar f th pbl r n thr r- nztn h nd ntntn t dtr th rht f th Sth r f th Stt r f th ppl r t lvt th nr t pltl lt th rlf nd tht r ppd t ll h prnpl Y frthr r tht ll pp ll dl nd nr n ll f thr pltl dn GOE pr nt 13 t 153 (rr f Sn Shrn SIMKIS A WOOY SOU CAOIA UIG ECOSUCIO (193 See also A EEASE supra nt 17 t xlv (1971 55 AA A OA supra nt 7 t 37-71; WE pr nt 7 t 55- 57 '" See nnn The Undoing of Reconstruction n ECOSUCIO I EOSEC 13-35 ( Crrnt d 199 ( rpbltn f rtl rnll pprn n 19; Chbrln Recon- struction in South Crln n ECOSUCIO I EOSEC 75 ( Crrnt d 199 Sptbr 86] USE A MISUSE O ISOY

pbln pltl l dr ndrbl pprt fr hdd Stvn, prhp th ldn dl pbln, h t blnt n th pnt. In ph bfr th f prnttv, h dlrd:

v th prt prp? xl hrrr trn d. I d. r I blv ... tht n th ntnd ndn f tht prt dpnd th ft f th rt ntn. If [r] ffr xldd n th rbl Stt thn vr n f th r t nd ld rbl rprnttv dltn t Cnr .... h, th thr ndrd Cpprhd f th rth, ld l lt th rdnt nd ntrl Cnr .... r th, n thr rn, I fr nr ffr n vr rbl Stt."

Mr rnt htrn l hv tn th v tht pltl rthr thn rl, l r prdnnt. S hv phzd th prtn pltl tv:

[h rt ntrtn At] nt prrl dvd fr th prttn f r rht nd th prvn f r lt. It prr prp, hvr rdl nd prl plntd, t pt th thrn tt ndr th ntrl f n ll t th Unn r n pbln thht th ld trt t ntrl th tt fr thr prp."

Othr htrn, h rfr ld, hv phzd tht pbln r ttptn t fndntl hn n th trtr f th Arn pltl t: "It h r fndntl t th htr t f ntrtn t dfn th prpr rltn f th Sthrn tt t th ntnl vrnnt, nd f th tzn t th ntnl vrnnt, thn t t prv rltn btn th xlv nd xtr."" In th rl tntth ntr, htrn bn t dntf n tvtn bhnd ntrtn, nl, th dr b th ndtrl rth t prvnt rnl f th lln btn rrn ntrt n th Sth nd n th Wt nd th dr t pn p th Sth t ptlt dvlpnt." Mr rnt htrn l hv fd n th pbln n tv b pntn t tht vn bfr th Cvl Wr, ntrl th f th pbln dl th d f rntrtn th Sth th nrthrn vl thrh th rtn t th Sth f Yn ptlt, nftrr, nd rhnt." h htrn hv trd tht th pbln ftr th r dhrd t th l: "Mn rdl dlrd tht th Sth ld hv t b ttld b nrthrn n, dvlpd th nrthrn ptl, nd ndtrntd th nrthrn v n n pl — n hrt, nrthrnzd — bfr t ld b trtd th pltl pr n r."" In ft, t th ntnt f th l Cd b th thrn tt — l hh r "n" n hrtr b th

6° K. SAM pr nt 22, t 4. 11 Wdrd, supra nt 4, t . See also rh, Congressional Interpretations of the Guarantee of a Republican Form of Government During Reconstruction, .S.. l. (4. 1 ld, supra nt , t 64. 5 C EA A M EA 2 E ISE O AMEICA CIIIAIO 3-11 (193 I" E. OE supra nt 46, t 24. 15 K SAM pr nt 22, t . 93 BOSTON COLLEGE LAW REVIEW [l 7911 rltd frdn lbr rltn nd rtrnd th t fr f pn" — hh prptd th ntnt f th 1 Cvl ht ll nd prpttd th rdl rntrtn pl 7 In th lt tnt-fv r rvnt htrn hv n phzd th rl l f ntrtn nl t fnh th r f bltn nd t rnt th frdn thr pltl nd vl rht" Yt hl thr hv bn l n th htrl ntrprttn f ntrtn nd t dffrnt t htrn hv - phzd n r th thr f th ll hv rd tht ntrtn hd t lt th thr prnpl nd ntrrltd " th r nxtrbl ntr- tnd thr n t hh f th prdntd n th nd Cnr nd thr nthn t t tht Cnr xlvl prn rl l n ntn Stn 195(3 r th rn t pbl t lt nl tv fr th Kln tvt" It ntrtn t brv tht n th Cpr f 177 hh frll ndd ntrtn th pbln rt lln t bndn t rl n rtrn fr ptn f t n prr" In nthn n th ln f Stn 195(3 th lltv htr f th tn th ntprn ntrtn f th tn b th Spr Crt r th r nrl htrl vdn n th ntrtn prd pprt nthn bt th brdt rdn f th l-bd n rrnt h th Spr Crt n ntrn th rd "l" rtd dtntn btn l nt d r ntndd b th nd Cnr At th t th Crt nrd n xplt dtntn d n th ttt tlf In hldn tht Stn 195(3 plntff t ll l-bd n nd l ll vltn f n ndpndnt prhp fdrl rht"+ th Crt n fft pl bnd th "l prttn f th l" nd "l prvl nd nt" prn f th tn" A t frth n rt III t th dtntn d b th 171 Cnr hh th t th ntrprttn f th tn

1 []h Sthrn tt dtl ftr th Wr prdd t p lltn nn "l Cd" drtd pfll t th frdn th th prp f rnzn th nt brvnt rltrl lbrr Spl lbr pprnthp nd vrn ttt r ntd hh rltd n pnlzn n r h nt ntnl ndtr prfrbl rn fr ht plr In th r r frbddn t r nt r prh ln tht prt nd r rrd t b bl t h tht th r rn fr ht plr ddl Civil Rights and the Federal Law, n SAEGUAIG CII IEY OAY 11 (195 K SAM supra nt 1 t 79-111 See Gnrl ld Cntrtr An v nnl- vn 5 US 3759-1 (Mrhll dntn 1 See generally ECOSUCIO (K Stpp nd t d 199 0 See K SAM Mr nt 1 t 7-9713-15 "" "It pbl t prt Kln tvt nd prp nt xlv tr r t r rtl thr rptv prtn" A EEASE supra nt 17 t xlv 171 C A WOOWA EUIO A EACIO (1951 7 It lr tht t lt t ll nd Stvn ld rr plntff t ll vltn f fdrl ntttnl rht See Novotny, US t 37-1 (ll nrrn; id. t 31- 5 (Stvn nrrn 173 Althh h dffrd th th jrt n h t trt bth th l-bd n nd th ndpndnt rht t ln n h dnt dd nt dr th th jrt nltl frr Carpenters, 3 US t 39-5 Sptbr 19] USE AND MISUSE OF HISTORY 939

III E USE O ISOY O COSUE SECIO 195(3

A rrt ntrprttn f Stn 195(3 t bn th th rntn tht Cnr ntndd th "l prttn f th l" nd "l prvl nd n- t" prn f th tn t ffrd dffrnt prttn nd t rt ltrntv thd f tblhn vltn f th tn In th dbt n th r br f Cnr dr lr dtntn btn prttn f fdrl rht (prvl nd nt nd tt rht (prttn f th l r xpl p- rnttv Grfld h rdtd th bn th ldr f th pbln drt rfll dtnhd btn prttn th prvl nd nt f ntnl tznhp nd prttn tzn fr ntrfrn th thr tt-rtd rht" hr nrl rnt tht th prvl nd nt f ntnl tznhp r prnl rnt hh ld b prttd nt th tn f prvt pr- t" h ntrl dbt vr th dr f tt tn r ntn rrd fr thr t b dnl f th l prttn f tt l" nzn dtntn btn "l prttn f th l" nd "l prv- l nd nt" l ntnt th thr prtn f th ttt Whn ddrn npr t ntrfr th state thrt r pr th ttt rfr nl t dnl f l prttn f th l nd n ntn f l prvl nd nt r xpl th nd l f Stn 195(3 hh tn- bl npr t ntrfr th state thrt rfr nl t prvntn r hndrn tt fr vn r rn l prttn f l th Snt ndnt t 3 (n dfd th nd prt f Stn 195( n ddrn npr- t pd tt jdl pr rfr nl t n ntnt t dn l prttn f th l rhp th lrt lltrtn f Cnr ntnt t ffrd t nd f prttn fr Kln tr th ln f th Snt "Shrn Andnt" th prrr t ht n Stn 19 Aftr th p f 3 b th th Snt ddd vrl ndnt th t nfnt f hh th Shrn Andnt hh ttptd t p lblt n nplt fr Kln r h Shrn Andnt ppld t r ttd "t dprv n prn f n rht nfrrd pn h b th Cntttn nd l f th Untd Stt r dtr r pnh h fr xrn n h rht or b rn f h r lr r prv ndtn f rvtd""r h th Snt n n ndnt h prp nt t ltr th

1" GOE A supra nt 15 t 15-53 See also id. t 1-3 (rr f p Wln; GOE supra nt 13 t 5- (rr f p C; id. t 99-5 (rr f p rlnhn; id. t 55- (rr f p rtt

" See, e.g., GOE pr nt 13 t (rr f p tlr; id. t 1 (rr f p Wln; id. t (rr f p C; GOE A pr nt 15 t (rr f p Krr; GOE supra nt 13 t 55 (rr f p rtt

0 ", See, e.g., GOE A pr nt 15 t 151-5 (rr f p Grfld; GOE pr nt 13 t 5 (rr f p C; GOE A supra nt 15 t 31-15 (rr f p rhrd " h prtn f th ndnt rd n fll ht f n h tnnt bn hp bldn brn r rnr hll b nlfll r flnl dlhd plld dn brnd r dtrd hll r n prt b n prn rtl nd tltl bld tthr; r f n prn hll nlfll nd th fr nd vln b hppd rd ndd r lld b n prn rtl nd tltl bld tthr; nd f h ffn ttd to deprive any person of any right conferred upon him by the Constitution and laws 9 BOSTON COLLEGE LAW REVIEW [l 7911

f tn bt pl t nlr th rd ntrprtd 3 t prtt t dffrnt rp f ppl th ttd b f thr xr r ntptd xr f fdrl rht nd th ttd b f thr r r l" In lr nnr h f th prn f Stn 195(3 nt t prtt nt prtlr hr h Cnrnl ntnt t h prn dd bl h f th prn hld h vn brdr ntrprttn thn tht vn b th Crt ntttnl tn r rd nd th ntttnlt f th ntrpr- ttn dd ll

A Equal Protection of the Laws

I h ntnt f th nd Cnr

A th lltv htr bndntl lr nd th Spr Crt hld n Harris, Griffin, nd Carpenters, Stn ntndd t rh th ndt f prvt prt h rl tn thn h prvt prt n dn prn th l prttn f th l In Griffin, th Crt xplnd tht Stn 195(3 hd t b rd t rh ndt bnd th thr fr f tt tn dlt th n thr prt f th K Klx Kln At tn ndr lr f tt l; ntrfrn th r nfln pn tt thrt; nd npr v nd fftv t pplnt tt thrt" On th thr hnd t th pltl ntr f th Kln tn nd th nnt fft f th tn n th tt nd ll vrnnt tht th prnpl nrn f th nd Cnr h n ntrprttn f "l prttn f th l" tht ld dvr th npt ntrl fr tt nvlvnt nrrntd h pbln jr nrn th ntn f tt ll ffl n th f f Kln tr h pbln prtlrl th drt blvd t th ntn tht dnd l prttn prnttv Grfld ntd

[]h hf plnt nt tht th l f th Stt r nl bt tht vn hr th l r jt nd l n thr f t b tt ldntrtn f th r nlt r rfl t nfr thr prvn prtn f th ppl r dnd l prttn ndr th Whnvr h tt f ft lrl d t I blv [th frtnth ndnt] pr Cnr t tp n nd prvd fr dn jt t th prn

h r th dnd l prttn 1°

of the United States, or to deter or punish him for exercising any such right, or by reason of his race, color or previous condition of servitude, n vr h th nhbtnt f th nt t r prh n hh n f th d ffn hll b ttd hll b lbl t p fll pntn t th prn r prn dnfd b h ffn f lvn r t h ll rprnttv f dd GOE pr nt 13 t 7 (ph ddd

1 h dtntn btn "prvl nd nt" rfrrn t th rht f ntnl tznhp nd "l prttn f th l" rfrrn t tt l l d b th ntprr Spr Crt See Slhtr- C 3 US (1 Wll 3 (17 tr n Harris, th Crt nl f Stn d tht "l prttn f l" rfrrd t tt l Harris, 1 US t 3- 1 " Grffn 3 US t 9-99 1° GOE Av pr nt 15 t 153 (rr f p Grfld; accord GOE pr nt 13 t 59 (rr f p tt; G A pr nt 15 t (rr f p rr Sptbr 19] USE A MISUSE O ISOY 91

h pbln blvd tht th Kln dprvd prn f l prttn f th l hn t ttd rnl r prhp trt t nt t vt n ntxt hr th vt r nt rvn th prttn f tt r ll ffl h ndr th "prttn f l" prn f Stn 195(3 Cnr ntndd t prvd rd fr vt f rnl r trt nprtrl tvt h b f thr br- hp n l bjt t htr r prvv n n th nt r pltll prl nd ld nt ntpt prttn" Whl h dfntn ld n t nld rl nd rl nrt t l ld nld n rp h hrtrt r v r ffntl npplr n prtlr nt

h I f Cntttnlt

Intrprtn Stn 195(3 t rh h prvt dprvtn f l prttn r ntttnl tn In Crpntr, bth th jrt nd th dnt d t pt th fth Crt nln tht th Stn 195(3 f tn ld b phld ndr th Cr Cl" vr th ntttnlt f th l prttn prn f Stn 195(3 hld nt trn n th ndn f ntrtt rl tvt n th prtlr It hld b ntttnl n ll t ppltn ndr th frtnth ndnt h Spr Crt h nt t xpltl rnzd Cnr pr ndr S- tn 5 f th frtnth ndnt t prtt vl bdd n Stn On f th ndnt nt prvt ntrfrn vrthl x br f th Crt n th 19 f Untd Stt v. Gt"" rnzd tht Cnr pd pr ndr Stn 5 t p rnl ntn n prvt bhvr dnd t pd th njnt f frtnth ndnt rht" A t rnnn ntd n h nr- rn "[v]d n t prpr prptv Stn 5 f th rtnth Andnt ppr ptv rnt f lltv pr thrzn Cnr t xr t drtn n fhnn rd t hv vl nd pltl lt fr ll tzn""

Slrl n Ktznbh v. Mrn 1 th Spr Crt rld tht Cnr - prd ndr Stn 5 t bn Enlh ln ltr tt fr vtn n rtn ttn dpt rln b th Crt phldn h tt nt frtnth ndnt hlln In fft thrfr th Ktznbh Crt thrzd Cnr t bnd

1 " In h dnt n Carpenters, t ln rrvd t lr ntrprttn lthh h pprd t ppl t t th Stn hl rthr thn jt t th "prttn f l" prn "Cnr ntndd t prvd rd t n l f prn h blf r tn pld th n dnr f nt rvn l prttn f th l fr ll thrt" Carpenters, 3 US t 53 (ln dntn Cnttr hv ffrd thr xplntn f h prvt prt ld dprv prn f l prttn See generally Wldn 42 U.S.C. Section SA 1985(3)—A Private Action to Vindicate Fourteenth Amendment Rights: A Paradox Resolved, E 317 (19; Cnt A Cntrtn, pr nt 11

1 3 US t 33 (jrt pnn; d. t 9 n1 (ln dntn 33 US 75 (19

1 h pnn fr th Crt n Guest ntrd th ndtnt n tn lln tt nnvn n th h Id. t 75 vr t Clr l nd rt nrrd pll n th rnd tht Stn 5 prd Cnr t pnh prvt npr ntrfrn th frtnth ndnt rht Id. t 7 (Clr l rt nrrn Chf t Wrrn nd t rnnn nd l nrrd n prt n th rnd Id. t 71- (rnnn nrrn 15 Id. t 7 (rnnn nrrn

3 US 1 (19 9 BOSTON COLLEGE LAW REVIEW [l 7911 th btntv ntr f Stn 1 n frltn lltn ndr Stn 5 ln th lltn dnd t fftt th fndntl prp f th frtnth ndnt"

Equal Privileges and immunities

1 h Intnt f th nd Cnr

Undr th l prvl nd nt prn f Stn 195(3 Cnr ntndd t prvd rd fr b f n l dprvd f fndntl fdrl rht b thr nlfl t" tt tn (r ntn nt n b Cnr nr prndtn fr th nrnl prttn of federal rht" thr ld b n rn t tht Cnr ntndd t lt th ppltn f th prn t l bjt t htr r prvv n n th nt h ntrl tn nrnn th prn f Stn 195(3 ht Cnr nt b "prvl nd nt" h lltv htr rvl tht th nd Cnr hd t n v f th p f th tr Undr n v hld b n pbln nldn prnttv Shllbrr "prvl nd nt" npd th brd ptr f rht drbd n

Garfield v. Cotyell,IY° r r vl th rht fndntl t ll fr rnnt 9 prnttv Mnrd h br f th Cnr hh dptd th fr- tnth ndnt drbd th rht npd n th tr "prvl nd - nt" th

Katzenbach rntl rffrd n lllv v Kltzn US 7-77 (19 (plrlt pnn; id. t 5-1 (ll nrrn

Althh Stn 195(3 d nt pf tht th dfndnt t hv t b "thr nlfl" th rn f th Stn rd fr pf lt f nlfl t t th ntrprttn nd Stn f th K Klx Kln At ndrtd t th t f t p "[h ttt] n tht prn lt f hd rbbr rn h lt nd th l b brht thn th jrdtn f Untd Stt rt nd b pnhd b Untd Stt thrt t n th r nthn" 1 AIO (Apr 171

19 See GOE Mr nt 13 t 375-7 (rr f p ; id. t 99-5 (rr f p rlnhn; id. t 91-9 (rr f Sn Ednd; GOE A pr nt 15 t 5 (rr f p nh "" C 5 (CCW 13 ( 33 See, e.g., GOE App pr nt 15 t 7 (rr f p Shllbrr; GOE supra nt 13 t 33 (rr f p r; id. t 37 (rr f p Mnr; id. t 5 (rr f p rlnhn; GOE A Spr, nt 15 t 9 (rr f p rn See generally id. t 1-9 (rr f p Wllrd Ardn t t Whntn th rht nhdd 1pIrttn b th Gvrnnt th njnt f lf nd lbrt th th rht t r nd p prprt f vr nd nd t pr nd btn hppn nd ft; bjt nvrthl t h rtrnt th vrnnt jtl prrb fr th nrl d f th hl h rht f tzn f n tt t p thrh r t rd n n thr tt fr prp f trd rltr prfnl prt r thr; t l th bnft f th rt f hb rp; t nttt nd ntn tn f n nd n th rt f th tt; t t hld nd dp f prprt thr rl r prnl; nd n xptn fr hhr tx r ptn thn r pd b th thr tzn f th tt Garfield, 6 C t 551-5 See GOE A pr nt 15 t 71 (rr f p lr Sptbr 19] USE A MISUSE O ISOY 93

hht nd bt nd drt rht — rht rd ndr th Cntttn; rht ntrr t th Cntttn nd bv ll ntttn; rht ld nd brd hnt th rht f lf nd lbrt f ph nd pnn; th rht t nhllnd fr Stt t Stt hrvr th ntrt nlntn r pr t h —

Undr th nrrr v "prvl nd nt" nldd t lt th frt ht ndnt t th Cntttn" Evn prnttv Krr th rt ldn ntttnl xprt ptd th nrrr v

I th ttntn f vr ntln n th flr t th frt lvn ndnt f th Cntttn f th Untd Stt nd 1 tht n th nt th Untd Stt nd th Stt nd ll th rld, th Cntttn rnt t th ppl rtn rt prnl rht It tr th nd- nt r lttn n th pr f Cnr nt th Stt; bt t th r fndntl rnt t th ppl"

Undr thr v "prvl nd nt" nldd t lt th pltl rht ntnd n th Cntttn prtlrl th rht f fr ph nd tn h pbln r ll f th v tht th Kln ttn ppl fr thr pltl v nd tn th pbln prnpl nrn n ntn Stn 195(3 t hv bn t prtt jt th "pltl" rht — th rht t vt th rht t trvl" nd prtlrl th rht f ph nd tn prnttv rr ttd

h drl Cntttn r t vr tzn th rht f rtn t n prtn f r ntnl trrtr nd rrn th h ll h ntnt pll h ll ntnt nd f vntltn dfndn nd prptn th b th tt frd f ph t t d b th r tht n nt nt n nt nd xr th ntttnl rht f t ppd t th fln nd vtd ntrt f tht nt Sr ll fln nd vtd ntrt ppd t th frd f ph r thlv nntttnl lll nd rvltnr"

prnttv l lrl rrd

Sr bfr th lt r t ttr ll nn t nd t vr n brn nd rrd n th lnd tht thrht th thrn Stt f th Unn thr n frd f ph n frd f prn n frd t xpr th pnn hh r ntrtnd b fr n nl th

2 Id. t 311 (rr f p Mnrd

193 S GOE 5171 nt 13 t 7 (rr f p ; GOE A pr nt 15 t 1 (rr f p nh

19 GOE A SU nt 15 t (rr f p Krr (ph ddd h dbt vr th nn f "prvl nd nt" h th lrr drnt btn n ntrl l thrt nd r drn ptvt Althh rrnt ll thr dntd b ptv n ttptn t rtn th ntnt f th pbln h pd Stn 195(3 n t rd th ln f th Stn nd th lltv dbt n th ntxt f th ntrl l thr ndr hh n pbln ppr t hv bn prtn

195 Whl n xpr prvn f th - Cntttn rnt th rht t trvl th Spr Crt b th t f th dbt n 3 hd rnzd th rht b f t ntl rltnhp t ll pltl tvt Crndll v vd 73 US ( Wll 35 (17

1% GOE A tr nt 15 t 5 (rr f p rr 44 OSO COEGE AW EIEW [l 7911

pnn r n nnn nd n nfrt th th pnn f th dnnt l f th thrn Stt h d hn I ld nt xr n f th rht rntd t b th Cntttn f fthr n thrn Stt nl I xrd tht rht n h nnr ht t th bht r th ll f th lv pr Sr thn Gd tht d h pd; nd ln thr lv f lbrt n th ntr f r thr ll b th pr t dfnd th Cnt- ttn f th Untd Stt nd nfr th rnt hh t v t

vr tzn f th Untd Stt 197

h Spr Crt ntprn ntrtn f "prvl nd nt" ntnt th Cnr ndrtndn tht th tr npd ph nd tn rht In th Slhtrh C, vn hl th Crt pnn drtll nrrd th rh f Stn I f th K Klx Kln At th jrt ttd

Anthr prvl f tzn f th Untd Stt t dnd th r nd prttn f th drl vrnnt vr h lf lbrt nd prprt hn n th hh r thn th jrdtn f frn vrnnt h rht t pbl bl nd pttn fr rdr f rvn th prvl f th rt f hb rp, r rht f th tzn rntd b th drl Cntttn"

r r ltr n Untd Stt v. Crlhn," th Crt rfd t nfr th 17 Cvl ht At n th rnd tht th rht t pbl bl nt rntd b th Cntttn bt n fft drvd fr ntrl l h Crt rnd

h rht f th ppl pbl t bl fr lfl prp xtd ln bfr th dptn f th Cntttn f th Untd Stt In ft t nd l h bn n f th ttrbt f tznhp ndr fr vrnnt It "drv t r" t th ln f Chf t Mrhll n Gbbn v. Odn, 9 Wht 11 "fr th l h thrt nldd b vlzd n thrht th rld" It fnd hrvr vlztn xt It nt thrfr rht rntd t th ppl b th CntttnY"

Mh ltr n 19 th Spr Crt rjtd th rnt tht th rht f fr ph nd tn r prvl nd nt f ntnl tznhp" hn

tr GOE pr nt 13 t 3- (rr f p l S l d. t 1 (rr f p brt; d. t 7 (rr f p ; GOE A pr nt 15 t 5 (rr f p rr S l d. t 1 (rr f p nh "Slhtr C, 3 US (1 Wll t 79 h dntn jt hd h r xpnv ntn f prvl nd nt t ld pn fr fr br f th Crt ttd tht "prvl nd nt" rfrrd t "ntrl nd nlnbl rht hh bln t ll tzn" Id. t 9 (ld dntn t ld ttd "h prvl nd nt dntd r th hh f rht bln t th tzn f ll fr vrnnt. Clrl n th t b pld th rht t pr lfl plnt n lfl nnr tht thr rtrnt thn h ll fft ll prn" It t 97 (ld dntn (ph n rnl t rdl n prt dntn pnn trd tht th prvl f ph nd bl ld b prvl f tznhp vn f th dd nt ppr n th Cntttn b th r fndntl Id. t 11-19 (rdl dntn

199 9 US 5 (175 20" Id. t 551 1 S nn v r 11 US 7 (19 Sptbr 19] USE A MISUSE O ISOY 95

n Carpenters, th Crt dtrnd tht Stn 195(3 rdl nl nd th pprntl d nt prtt ph nd tnl rht ht th Crt ln ftr th ntnt f Stn 195(3 ntrd th tr "prvl nd nt" ( d n th Cntttn r nrrl hvr nnt rtrtvl ltr th ndr- tndn f th drftr f th ttt nd t thr ndrtndn hh hld h

ntrlln 13

h I f Cntttnlt

A Griffin hld Stn 195(3 ntttnl nfr t prvd rd fr th vltn b prvt prt f t lt th prvl nd nt f ntnl tznhp prntl ndrtd t b prttd b th Cntttn vr th tn r hthr Stn 195(3 ld b ntttnl f ntrprtd th drftr ntndd t prvd rd fr th vltn b prvt prt f th pltl rht d t b prvl nd nt b th nd Cnr prnpll th rht f ph nd tn In Carpenters, t Wht rld t rln n th frtnth ndnt r f ntttnl thrt fr prttn f ph nd tn rht nt th tn f prvt prt bt t th t p- prd t pt th plntff ntntn tht n th ft f th th Cr Cl ld hv pprtd ppltn f th tn hr nthr ntttnl prvn hvr hh ht pprt ppltn f Stn 195(3 t prtt pltl rht nldn ph nd tn rht nt th tn f prvt prt In dn pbl r f lltv pr fr th K Klx Kln At nr br f Cnr rnzd tht n ddtn t r n ltrntv t th frtnth ndnt Cnr hd th thrt t dl th Kln tr ndr Artl I Stn th pbln Grnt Cl 1

" Carpenters, 3 US t 33 h Carpenters Crt td t t Novotny dn fr th prptn tht Stn 195(3 prvdd n btntv rht bt th Crt n Novotny hd td t n thrt fr th rthr prtnt prptn Id. In ft th nd Cnr dd nv f th ttt bn "rdl" bt t ppr tht Cnr nt thn dffrnt thn t Wht b th tr It t b rbrd tht th rnl vrn f Stn drftd t nzbl n fdrl rt pf lt f ht ld thr b tt r nd trt h tn th nvd "rdl" n tht t prvdd fdrl rd fr vltn f state l

t ln lldd t th pnt n h dnt Id. t 1 n3 (ln dntn See, e.g., Alln v MCrr 9 US 9 (19 r h th rn tht Stn 195(3 t b ntrprtd t np vltn f th prvl nd nt d t xt b th nd Cnr th ptn f t ll nd Stvn n Novotny, tht th Stn hld nt ppl t vltn f ltr-ntd fdrl ttt rrt See Novotny, US t 379 (ll nrrn; id. t 3 (Stvn nrrn hrht th dbt n Stn th tr "prvl nd nt" d t rfr t nl th t fndntl rht thr rd b th Cntttn r drvd fr ntrl l nd thrfr ntdnt nd prr t th Cntttn r thr n nd t xtnd th vr f Stn 195(3 t ltr-ntd ttt drl ttt prbl ntn thr n pprprt h fr nfrnt nd thr ld t b n rn t ppl ddtnl rd nt pfll ndrd b Cnr n ntn th ttt

1 E.g., GOE pr nt 13 t 333-3 (rr f p r; id. t 37 (rr f p Mnr; d. t 3-1 (rr f p l; d. t 39-9 (rr f p Ellt; GOE A supra nt 15 t 7-73 (rr f p lr See also id. t 159 (rr f p Glld (nldn rt tht th pbln r rln n prt n th Grnt Cl 9 OSO COEGE AW EIEW [l 7911

Althh th Spr Crt h ntntl rfd t th Grnt Cl

n djdtr tndrd 5 t rn bndn drtv ddrd t th pltl brnh nd th nttt ptntll nfnt r f thrt fr Cnr-

nl tn °° Indd n x v. Wht, 20 th Crt xpltl rld n th Grnt Cl th r f lltv thrt t nt h f th ntrtn l- ltn f th 39th nd th Cnr h lthh thr hv bn f n hh th pbln Grnt Cl h bn bfr th Spr Crt nd l- thh th hv ntntl hld th l t b jdll nnfrbl th dn l hv rnzd tht th l d nfr prtnt pr n th fdrl vrnnt xrbl thrh t pltl brnh A rfr nfld h xplnd

h nl f th rnt l n lht f ntprr trl dntrt tht t ndd th fdrl vrnnt th rt pr hh t b d t prrv rpbln vrnnt A h t [prr t th dptn f th frtnth ndnt] th nl prt f th Cntttn tht ffrdd th ppl n prttn nt b n thr tt vrnn And prvl ntd h h n th hnd f th ntrl thrt dd ntl t th ntnd lfr f th

Unn °9

h frr f th Cntttn rnzd th ntl rl f ph nd - tnl frd n rpbln vrnnt nd vd ndvdl pltl tvt

rrnt 1 In dptn th pbln Grnt Cl th frr nt nl xptd fll xr f ndvdl pltl rht bt n fft dndd t A jt rnd ttd n h nrrn pnn n Whtn v. Clfrn, "[t]h h n r ndpndn blv tht pbl dn pltl dt; nd tht th hld

205 See r v Crr 39 US 1 7-9 (19; thr v rdn US (7 1 (19

See hlnd r r In v An 3 US (1937; f Stt l l C v Orn 3 US 11 1-9 (191

" 7 US 71 (19

" Id. t 73-31 Mr rntl n rd v. Tatum, th Spr Crt ntd tht th pnn "dt vln" prvn f Artl I Stn thrzd th ntnt b Cnr f 1 USC Stn 331 prn th rdnt t ll t nhbrn tt lt t ppr n nrrtn nt tt vrnnt US 1 3- n (197 Slrl n Untd Stt v phn 15 d 9 ((1 Cr 197 cert. denied, 333 US 3 (19 r v Untd Stt 17 d 1 -7 (C Cr . denied. 33 US 3 (19 nd Mrfrd v Untd Stt 17 (1 5 (C Cr 199 d on other grounds, 339 US 5 (195 th Grnt Cl prprl nvd r f lltv pr b th Un-Arn Atvt Ctt " nfld The Guarantee Clause of Article IV, Section 4: A Study in Constitutional Desuetude. MI E 513 53 (19 (ph n th rnl rfr nfld tll ntndd tht th "rt pr" ht pprprtl b xrd b n brnh f th fdrl vrnnt nldn th jdl brnh n pprprt hl nldn tht thr v rdn US (7 I (19 fr ntn nt t ll n pprprt See also generally nfld r v Crr New Light on the Constitutional Guarantee of Republican Government, 5 CAI E 5 (19

1 S GS Wn CEAIO O E AMEICA EUIC 177-177 7 (199 Sptbr 19] USE A MISUSE O ISOY 97

b fndntl prnpl f th Arn vrnnt"" ltn dnd t prtt prn fr b vln drtd t th b f thr ph r - tn ndbtdl n pprprt n f rntn rpbln fr f v- rnnt h th Grnt Cl n b rd t prvd Cnr th th pr xrd n Stn 195(3 t t nt prvt nprtr h tvt r ntndd t prvnt prn fr tn tthr nd frn nd xprn th dvr pltl pnn ntl t rpbln fr f vrnnt

COCUSIO

t th Spr Crt dn n rr hldn nntttnl th rnl prtn f Stn f th K Klx Kln At hv bn h prdt f th pt-ntrtn pltl lt f 13 th rlt f fr rdn f th ntrtn Andnt th Crt dn n Crpntr pln tht nl rl l-bd n thn Stn 195(3 hv bn h prdt f th pt-vl rht vnt pltl lt f 193 th rlt f n nl f th ntnt f th nd Cnr An xntn f bth th htrl vdn pf t th K Klx Kln At nd th nrl htrl trl n th pbln th K Klx Kln nd ntrtn rvl tht th r prp f Stn 195(3 t rtr nd prrv n pn nd drt pltl pr h t prt f th tn pprhd th prp n dffrnt On th n hnd th th l prvl nd nt prn Cnr ht t prtt fndntl pltl rht drtl On th thr hnd th th l prttn prn Cnr ht t prtt rp hh b f htrl r prvv htlt n th nt r ll t b pltll prl nd th nbl t btn prttn ndr tt l h trt fr prttn th pltl pr h th b th bdd n th

Cntttn tlf 1 A h Grffn v. rnrd nd Wllr v. tvh dntrt th prbl ddrd b Stn 195(3 tll xt td Gvn th ntnn nrtnt n th lr rt vr th nn f Crpntr nd th ppltn f Stn 195(3 t nvtbl tht th Spr Crt ll hv t rndr th tn Whn t d prhp th Crt ll n rvv Stn 195(3 b ntrprtn th tn rdn t th ln f th tn nd th prt f th h drftd t

Whtn v Clfrn 7 US 357 375-7 (197 (rnd nrrn S l A Mljhn Free Speech and Its Relation to Self-Government, n r EEOM 7 (19 rfr Mljhn ttd Whn n vrn thlv t th — nd n n l—h t p jdnt pn nd nd nfrn nd dnr And tht n tht n d t hv hrn ll n nfr ll fr dnr ll f n-Arn ll Arn h prnpl f th frd f ph prn fr th nt f th prr f lf-vrnnt It nt f tr r f n n th btrt It ddtn fr th b Arn rnt tht th pbl hll b ddd b nvrl ffr

1 S generally EY EMOCACY A ISUS (19 OSO COEGE AW EIEW

OUME I I SEEME 86 UME

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