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(Thou.) Lindl. at the Manga Range Ecosystem in Kisii EFFECTS OF ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITIES ON DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF EPIPHYTIC ORCHID POLYSTACHYA FUSIFORMIS (THOU.) LINDL. AT THE MANGA RANGE ECOSYSTEM IN KISII, WESTERN KENYA EVANS ONWONGA MAGETO MASTER OF SCIENCE (Zoology) JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016 i Effects of anthropogenic activities on distribution and abundance of epiphytic orchid Polystachya fusiformis (thou.) Lindl. at the Manga range ecosystem in Kisii, Western Kenya Evans Onwonga Mageto A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Science in Zoology in the Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology 2016 i DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other University. Signature: -------------------------------------------- Date: ------------------------------ Evans Onwonga Mageto This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as the university supervisors Signature: -------------------------------------------- Date: ----------------------------------- Dr. Abel M. Kamweya JKUAT, Kenya Signature: -------------------------------------------- Date: ----------------------------------- Prof. John M. Ochora JKUAT, Kenya Signature: ------------------------------------------- Date: ---------------------------------- Dr. Samson N. Maobe KARI, Kenya ii DEDICATION To my parents, Mr. Henry Mageto and Mrs. Hellen Mageto, my wife Pauline, and children for giving me easy time during the study. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank Dr. Abel Macharia Kamweya (Department of Zoology, JKUAT), Prof. John Memba Ochora (Department of Botany, JKUAT) and Dr Samson Maobe (Senior Principal Research officer, KARI) for their continued guidance and encouragement throughout the research. I also thank the National Museums of Kenya, Ecology laboratory team especially Mr. Maurice Obunga, I thank Mr. Josphat Muthanga of JKUAT Botany laboratory for assistance during the period of mycorrhizal fungi culture, isolation and identification. Special regards go to my wife Mrs. Pauline Onwonga, daughter Felicia; sons Festus and Erastus for their patience and encouragement during the research. Many thanks to my workmates at Matagaro High School; the school Principal Mr. Daniel Anyieni for their co-operation and support during the study together with all friends and relatives who contributed in one way or the other towards my success. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ............................................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................ v LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... ix LIST OF PLATES .......................................................................................................... x LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................... xi ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ..................................................................... xii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. xiii CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background of the Study ......................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Orchidaceae ....................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Literature review ..................................................................................................... 3 1.2.1 Distribution and abundance of epiphytic orchid ................................................ 3 1.2.2 Impacts of human activities on epiphytic orchids ............................................. 4 1.2.3 Fungal infestation of orchid mycorrhiza ............................................................ 7 1.3 Statement of the problem ........................................................................................ 9 1.4 Justification of the study ........................................................................................ 10 1.5 Research hypotheses .............................................................................................. 11 1.6 General objective ................................................................................................... 11 v 1.7 Specific Objectives ................................................................................................ 11 1.8 Research questions ................................................................................................ 12 CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................... 13 MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................................. 13 2.1 Study area .............................................................................................................. 13 2.2 Sampling design for distribution and abundance of epiphytic orchids ................. 14 2.2.1 Orchid distribution and abundance along an altitudinal gradient .................... 14 2.2.2 Anthropogenic activities .................................................................................. 17 2.2.3 Fungal abundance ............................................................................................ 19 2.3 Determination of sample size ................................................................................ 19 2.4 Determination of distribution and abundance of P. fusiformis (Thou.) Lindl. ..... 20 2.5 Determination of common human activities at Manga range ............................... 21 2.6 Determination of symbiotic fungi infestation on mycorrhiza of P. fusiformis (Thou.) Lindl. .............................................................................................................. 22 2.7 Data analysis .......................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................... 24 RESULTS ...................................................................................................................... 24 3.1 Distribution and abundance of P. fusiformis (Thou.) Lindl. across altitudinal gradient ........................................................................................................................ 24 3.2 Effect of human activities on P. fusiformis (Thou.) Lindl. ................................... 26 3.2.1 Fire ................................................................................................................... 26 3.2.2 Logging ............................................................................................................ 28 3.2.3 Wood collection ............................................................................................... 30 3.2.4 Effect of fire ..................................................................................................... 31 vi 3.3 Identification of mycorrhizal fungal isolates ......................................................... 33 CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................... 36 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................ 36 4.1 Effect of altitude on distribution and abundance of P. fusiformis (Thou.) Lindl. 36 4.2 Effect of human activities on P. fusiformis (Thou.) Lindl. ................................... 37 4.2.1 Fire ................................................................................................................... 37 4.2.2 Logging ............................................................................................................ 38 4.2.3 Wood collection ............................................................................................... 39 4.3 Fungal diversity ..................................................................................................... 39 CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................... 42 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .......................................................... 42 5.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 42 5.2 Recommendations ................................................................................................. 43 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 44 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................... 53 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: Standing trees and stumps hosting P. fusiformis (Thou.) Lindl. during the study period (2011-2012) .............................................................................
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