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POLICY and PREJUDICE Shia Divisionism in Bahrain Toward
POLICY AND PREJUDICE Shia Divisionism in Bahrain Toward Completion of the MALD degree at: The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University Student: Pia Sawhney Date: May 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS A. SUMMARY 3 B. INTRODUCTION i. The Volatile Political Climate in Bahrain and Shia Public Opinion 7 ii. Demographic Portrait 10 iii. Primary Concerns 12 C. POLITICAL BACKGROUND i. Recent Events: An Overview 14 ii. Historical Context 21 iii. King Hamad’s Reign 25 iv. The 1973 Constitution, the National Charter and Bahrain’s Judiciary 29 v. A Legacy of Shia Disempowerment 32 D. LAND AND LABOR REFORMS i. Restricted Lands and Housing Shortages 37 ii. Battling Unemployment 40 E. GERRYMANDERING 47 F. LITERATURE REVIEW i. Waves of Democratization 52 ii. Developing Transnational Networks 54 iii. Winning the Information War 55 iv. The Local-Global Framework 59 G. CONCLUSION 61 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________2 TITLE: POLICY AND PREJUDICE – SHIA DIVISIONISM IN BAHRAIN AUTHOR: PIA SAWHNEY A. SUMMARY In early 2011, demonstrations erupted across the Arab world in an unprecedented fashion and revealed how powerful globalizing forces can weaken strong and even otherwise impervious states.1 Nations that experienced widening political revolutions shared a singular, significant trait—all had governments that were either monarchial or autocratic in structure. They were also situated for the most part in the Arabian Gulf and the Maghreb. Youth and pro-democracy movements that took hold also flared up on the Persian Gulf island of Bahrain, which has had the same ruling monarchs in power since 1783. A tiny archipelago of 33 islands in one of the world’s geostrategic oil belts, Bahrain is a nation that relies heavily on revenues from oil refining, industrial enterprises, banking and financial services. -
Protest and State–Society Relations in the Middle East and North Africa
SIPRI Policy Paper PROTEST AND STATE– 56 SOCIETY RELATIONS IN October 2020 THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA dylan o’driscoll, amal bourhrous, meray maddah and shivan fazil STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE SIPRI is an independent international institute dedicated to research into conflict, armaments, arms control and disarmament. Established in 1966, SIPRI provides data, analysis and recommendations, based on open sources, to policymakers, researchers, media and the interested public. The Governing Board is not responsible for the views expressed in the publications of the Institute. GOVERNING BOARD Ambassador Jan Eliasson, Chair (Sweden) Dr Vladimir Baranovsky (Russia) Espen Barth Eide (Norway) Jean-Marie Guéhenno (France) Dr Radha Kumar (India) Ambassador Ramtane Lamamra (Algeria) Dr Patricia Lewis (Ireland/United Kingdom) Dr Jessica Tuchman Mathews (United States) DIRECTOR Dan Smith (United Kingdom) Signalistgatan 9 SE-169 72 Solna, Sweden Telephone: + 46 8 655 9700 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.sipri.org Protest and State– Society Relations in the Middle East and North Africa SIPRI Policy Paper No. 56 dylan o’driscoll, amal bourhrous, meray maddah and shivan fazil October 2020 © SIPRI 2020 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of SIPRI or as expressly permitted by law. Contents Preface v Acknowledgements vi Summary vii Abbreviations ix 1. Introduction 1 Figure 1.1. Classification of countries in the Middle East and North Africa by 2 protest intensity 2. State–society relations in the Middle East and North Africa 5 Mass protests 5 Sporadic protests 16 Scarce protests 31 Highly suppressed protests 37 Figure 2.1. -
Turmoil in the Middle East
Turmoil in the Middle East Standard Note: SN/IA/5902 Last updated: 28 March 2011 Author: Ben Smith Section International Affairs and Defence Section This note looks at the instability in the Middle East and North Africa since the Tunisian and Egyptian uprisings. Source: worldmap.org This information is provided to Members of Parliament in support of their parliamentary duties and is not intended to address the specific circumstances of any particular individual. It should not be relied upon as being up to date; the law or policies may have changed since it was last updated; and it should not be relied upon as legal or professional advice or as a substitute for it. A suitably qualified professional should be consulted if specific advice or information is required. This information is provided subject to our general terms and conditions which are available online or may be provided on request in hard copy. Authors are available to discuss the content of this briefing with Members and their staff, but not with the general public. Contents 1 Tunisia and Egypt 3 2 Algeria 4 2.1 Background 4 2.2 Unrest in 2011 5 2.3 Algeria basic information 5 3 Bahrain 6 3.1 Increasing repression 7 3.2 Unrest in 2011 8 3.3 Saudi forces move in 9 3.4 Bahrain- Basic information 9 4 Iran 10 4.1 Unrest in 2011 10 4.2 Iran- basic information 11 5 Jordan 11 5.1 Unrest in 2011 11 5.2 Jordan- basic information 12 6 Libya 13 6.1 Unrest in 2011 14 6.2 International reaction 15 6.3 Refugees 17 6.4 Libya- basic information 17 7 Morocco 18 7.1 Morocco- basic information -
Counter Terrorist Trends and Analysis Volume 6, Issue 1 Jan/Feb 2014
Counter Terrorist Trends and Analysis Volume 6, Issue 1 Jan/Feb 2014 Annual Threat Assessment SOUTHEAST ASIA Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia and Singapore SOUTH ASIA Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka EAST AND CENTRAL ASIA China and Central Asia MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA Syria, Iraq, Yemen, Egypt, Libya and Somalia INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR POLITICAL VIOLENCE AND TERRORISM RESEARCH S. RAJARATNAM SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2 ANNUAL THREAT ASSESSMENT Terrorism and Political Violence in 2013 Southeast Asia peace talks were held in January 2014. Iraq, too, remains besieged by sectarian violence and constant attacks. In Yemen, Southeast Asia has seen some of its insurgencies and conflicts multiple insurgencies and a robust threat from Al Qaeda in the diminish while others have continued unabated. In Thailand, the Arabian Peninsula have hampered an already difficult political restive south continued to see violence in 2013 while Bangkok transition. In Egypt, Morsi’s ouster has seen protests continuing witnessed a political crisis with protests against the government to plague the country while the military attempts another turning violent. In Myanmar, reforms have moved forward but political transition. Libya, meanwhile, faces a persistent security communal violence continues to plague the country and has challenge in its southern border region and the success of its evolved from targeting Rohingyas towards Muslim minority transition after Gaddafi will depend on the militias which communities in general. Indonesia continues to face a potent deposed the former dictator giving up their arms. In Somalia, threat from radicalization and concern has emerged over the al-Shabaab has intensified its campaign against the role its “hard” counterterrorist approach is playing in fueling government in the wake of a hardline faction emerging further extremism. -
En En Motion for a Resolution
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT 2009 - 2014 Plenary sitting 4.7.2011 B7-0390/2011 MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION to wind up the debate on the statement by the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy pursuant to Rule 110(2) of the Rules of Procedure on Syria, Yemen and Bahrain in the context of the situation in the Arab world and North Africa Fiorello Provera, Rolandas Paksas, Lorenzo Fontana, Nikolaos Salavrakos, Mara Bizzotto, Jaroslav Paška, Bastiaan Belder, Juozas Imbrasas on behalf of the EFD Group RE\872694EN.doc PE465.718v01-00 EN United in diversity EN B7-0390/2011 European Parliament resolution on Syria, Yemen and Bahrain in the context of the situation in the Arab world and North Africa The European Parliament , – having regard to its previous resolutions on crises in the Middle East, Syria, Bahrain and Yemen, – having regard to the U.S. President’s 19 May 2011 speech regarding pro-democracy uprisings across the Arab world, in particular in Syria and Yemen, – having regard to the statements of the High Representative/Vice-President of the Commission on Syria of 20, 11 and 6 June 2011, and on Yemen of 3 and 30 June 2011, – having regard to Council’s conclusion on Yemen of 20 June 2011, on Syria of 20 June and on Bahrain of 23 May 2011, – having regard to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, – having regard to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) of 1966, to which Syria, Yemen and Bahrain are parties, – having regard to the UN Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment of 1975, to which Syria and Yemen are party, – having regard to United Nations Secretary General’s statements on human rights violations in Syria of 22 June 2011, – having regard to U.S. -
Briefing April 2011
WAR, TERROR & POLITICAL VIOLENCE WTPV BRIEFING APRIL 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS Transnational terrorism 2 Profile: Peru 3 Worldwide political violence 4 Africa Americas Asia Europe Middle East and North Africa Rebels ride past a fuel-storage facility attacked during clashes with government forces near Sedra, eastern Libya AIRSTRIKES HIT LIBYA AS MIDDLE EAST UNREST CONTINUES The US, UK and France began airstrikes Ali Abdullah Saleh declared a state of and cruise missile attacks against Libyan emergency, suggesting that the government air-defence installations and ground forces had lost patience with mediation efforts. on 19 March. Explosions were reported However, his position weakened on 21 in the capital Tripoli on 23 March as the March with the defection of three senior coalition continued enforcing a no-fly zone generals, who declared support for the over eastern Libya. The strikes followed a opposition and reportedly positioned units in UN Security Council resolution authorising central Sanaa to protect protesters. Looting the use of ‘all necessary measures’ to and arson were reported in the southern For more information about Hiscox or protect Libyan civilians from pro-regime city of Aden on 22 March, while there were Control Risks, please contact: forces. Uncertainty persists over the exact clashes in Mukulla on 21 March. purpose of the military engagement; Stephen Ashwell proponents of intervention have pointed to Bahrain’s government on 15 March Tel: 020 7448 6725 the humanitarian need for such measures, imposed a state of emergency and on 16 1 Great St Helen’s, London EC3A 6HX though there are also some indications March forcibly removed demonstrators from [email protected] that regime change is the ultimate goal. -
Sheikh Qassim, the Bahraini Shi'a, and Iran
k o No. 4 • July 2012 o l Between Reform and Revolution: Sheikh Qassim, t the Bahraini Shi’a, and Iran u O By Ali Alfoneh The political stability of the small island state of Bahrain—home to the US Navy’s Fifth Fleet—matters to the n United States. And Sheikh Qassim, who simultaneously leads the Bahraini Shi’a majority’s just struggle for a more r democratic society and acts as an agent of the Islamic Republic of Iran, matters to the future of Bahrain. A survey e of the history of Shi’a activism in Bahrain, including Sheikh Qassim’s political life, shows two tendencies: reform and t revolution. Regardless of Sheikh Qassim’s dual roles and the Shi’a protest movement’s periodic ties to the regime in Tehran, the United States should do its utmost to reconcile the rulers and the ruled in Bahrain by defending the s civil rights of the Bahraini Shi’a. This action would not only conform to the United States’ principle of promoting a democracy and human rights abroad, but also help stabilize Bahrain and the broader Persian Gulf region and under- mine the ability of the regime in Tehran to continue to exploit the sectarian conflict in Bahrain in a way that broadens E its sphere of influence and foments anti-Americanism. e Every Friday, the elderly Ayatollah Isa Ahmad The Sunni ruling elites of Bahrain, however, l Qassim al-Dirazi al-Bahrani, more commonly see Sheikh Qassim not as a reformer but as d known as Sheikh Qassim, climbs the stairs to the a zealous revolutionary serving the Islamic pulpit at the Imam al-Sadiq mosque in Diraz, d Bahrain, to deliver his sermon. -
Geopolitical Realignments
ARCHIVED - Archiving Content ARCHIVÉE - Contenu archivé Archived Content Contenu archivé Information identified as archived is provided for L’information dont il est indiqué qu’elle est archivée reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. It est fournie à des fins de référence, de recherche is not subject to the Government of Canada Web ou de tenue de documents. Elle n’est pas Standards and has not been altered or updated assujettie aux normes Web du gouvernement du since it was archived. Please contact us to request Canada et elle n’a pas été modifiée ou mise à jour a format other than those available. depuis son archivage. Pour obtenir cette information dans un autre format, veuillez communiquer avec nous. This document is archival in nature and is intended Le présent document a une valeur archivistique et for those who wish to consult archival documents fait partie des documents d’archives rendus made available from the collection of Public Safety disponibles par Sécurité publique Canada à ceux Canada. qui souhaitent consulter ces documents issus de sa collection. Some of these documents are available in only one official language. Translation, to be provided Certains de ces documents ne sont disponibles by Public Safety Canada, is available upon que dans une langue officielle. Sécurité publique request. Canada fournira une traduction sur demande. Competing Visions of the State Political and Security Trends in the Arab World and the Middle East Highlights from the conference 19-20 January 2012, Ottawa Think recycling This document is printed with environmentally C friendly ink FSC World Watch: Expert Notes series publication No 2010-09-02 This report is based on the views expressed by presenting experts and other participants at a conference organised by the Canadian Security Intelligence Service as part of its academic outreach program. -
His Majesty, King of Bahrain Hamad Bin Isa Al Khalifa P.O. Box 555 Rifa’A Palace Manama, Bahrain 16 November 2018
His Majesty, King of Bahrain Hamad Bin Isa Al Khalifa P.O. Box 555 Rifa’a Palace Manama, Bahrain 16 November 2018 Your Majesty, We write you in order to share with you our concerns regarding the upcoming elections for Bahrain’s lower house of parliament, the Council of Representatives, taking place on 24 November. We are deeply concerned about the restrictive political environment in Bahrain, in particular the government’s effective closing of all civil and political space. On 4 November, the Secretary General of Bahrain’s largest dissolved political society, Sheikh Ali Salman, was sentenced to life imprisonment. This sentence raises further concerns that the results will be viewed as unfree, unfair, and illegitimate. To ensure international recognition of election results, we urge you to take all necessary steps to ensure the elections’ credibility, including by releasing political prisoners and allowing the formation of independent civil and political society organisations. Denial of Political Participation In order for the elections to meet international standards of free and fair elections, citizens must be able to organise politically and have the opportunity to support a wide range of candidates running for office. However, your government’s decision to forcibly dissolve all major political opposition groups, including Al-Wefaq and Wa’ad, deprives large sectors of the population of their preferred political associations. Actions taken by your government’s security services – including harassment, intimidation, and arrest – towards smaller political societies like Al- Wahdawi, and high-profile leaders, further marginalised political opposition groups and limit many citizens’ ability to vote for policies they support. -
Bahrain: Reform Shelved, Repression Unleashed
Bahrain: reform shelved, repression unleashed amnesty international is a global movement of more than 3 million supporters, members and activists in more than 150 countries and territories who campaign to end grave abuses of human rights. our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the universal declaration of human rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. first published in 2012 by amnesty international ltd peter Benenson house 1 easton street london WC1X 0dW united Kingdom © amnesty international 2012 index: mde 11/062/2012 english original language: english printed by amnesty international, international secretariat, united Kingdom all rights reserved. This publication is copyright, but may be reproduced by any method without fee for advocacy, campaigning and teaching purposes, but not for resale. The copyright holders request that all such use be registered with them for impact assessment purposes. for copying in any other circumstances, or for reuse in other publications, or for translation or adaptation, prior written permission must be obtained from the publishers, and a fee may be payable. To request permission, or for any other inquiries, please contact [email protected] Cover photo : police try to restrain a suspected protester during clashes in the Bahraini capital, manama, 21 september 2012. © epa/maZen mahdi amnesty.org Bahrain 1 Reform shelved, repression unleashed BAHRAIN: REFORM SHELVED, REPRESSION UNLEASHED CONTENTS 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................2 2. Investigations into past torture and use of excessive force .............................................5 3. -
Protests Rock Iraq
TWITTER SPORTS @newsofbahrain OPED 6 Saudi Arabian artists explore Arab identity with sculpture INSTAGRAM Sar Club clinch /nobmedia 4 Futsal League LINKEDIN FRIDAY newsofbahrain OCTOBER , 2019 title 210 FILS WHATSAPP ISSUE NO. 8254 HH Shaikh Khalid 3844 4692 bin Hamad Al FACEBOOK Khalifa crowned /nobmedia the winners of MAIL Futsal League|P12 [email protected] WEBSITE newsofbahrain.com ‘Angelina Jolie won’t get married again’ 10 CELEBS WORLD 5 Facebook can be forced to remove illegal content worldwide N. Korea says fired ‘new’ sub-launched UAE’s Al Mansoori returns after space mission missile AFP | Almaty, Kazakhstan mos said immediately after the landing. King congratulates three-man crew includ- Hague and Ovchinin complet- Manama ing an Emirati who be- ed a 203-day mission aboard came the first Arab to the lab while Mansoori’s two is Majesty King Hamad reachA the International Space crewmates from his Septem- Hbin Isa Al-Khalifa sent Station returned to Earth safe- ber 25 launch -- Russia’s Oleg a cable of congratulations to ly yesterday and were in good Skripochka and NASA’s Jessica UAE President Shaikh Khal- What appears to be a submarine- shape, the Russian space agency Meir -- are staying on as part of ifa bin Zayed Al-Nahyan on launched ballistic missile (SLBM) Roscosmos said. a six-member team. the historic journey to the flies in an undisclosed location Hazzaa al-Mansoori of the Although Mansoori’s mission International Space Station Seoul United Arab Emirates touched was short -- eight days in to - (ISS) by Hazzaa al-Mansoori. down in the Kazakh steppes at tal -- it has been the source of HM the King described the 1059 GMT along with NASA as- great pride in the UAE, a new- achievement as a source of orth Korea successfully tronaut Nick Hague and Roscos- comer to the world of space pride to the Arab and Islamic Ntest-fired a “new-type” mos cosmonaut Alexey Ovchin- with ambitions to send an un- nations. -
Doing Business Report Proves Kingdom on the Right Track: CP
TWITTER SPORTS @newsofbahrain OPED 6 Iraqi musician brings didgeridoo to the Middle East INSTAGRAM Purser, Knox Jones, /nobmedia 25 Graham and Endler LINKEDIN FRIDAY newsofbahrain OCTOBER , 2019 keep title-double 210 FILS WHATSAPP hopes alive 3844 4692 ISSUE NO. 8275 All four players FACEBOOK advanced to their re- /nobmedia spective doubles finals MAIL while also booking a [email protected] place in their singles WEBSITE semi-finals |P12 newsofbahrain.com Jennifer Aniston spills the beans on her diet 10 CELEBS WORLD 5 Pakistan, India sign deal on visa-free corridor for pilgrims Doing business report proves Kingdom on the right track: CP that are progressing in the right Deputy Prime Minister, pledged er future. HRH Prince Salman direction, said HRH the Crown to continue his works in this HM King Hamad expressed • Prince. direction. his pride in the achievement pledges to continue “This achievement is a source The outstanding accomplish- and stressed, “It reflected the diversification efforts of pride and results from the ment, Crown Prince said, indi- ability of Bahrainis to rise to the guidance and support of His cates the works of the executive occasions, meet challenges and TDT | Manama Majesty King Hamad bin Isa Al and legislative branches, the pri- achieve successive successes Khalifa,” said HRH Prince Sal- vate sector and NGOs together as that place Bahrain in a leading man bin Hamad Al Khalifa in a ‘Team Bahrain’. position in the world.” ahrain’s improved ranking congratulatory message sent to Separately, His Majesty sent His Majesty hailed Prince Sal- Bin the World Bank Group’s HM the King.