5100 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JUNE 6 The motion was agreed to; and Cat 6 o'clock and 2 minutes unable to amortize their debt elsewhere, to amend the p.mJ the Senate, as in legislative session, took a recess until Federal Home Loan Bank Act, to increase the market for tomorrow, Wednesday, Jtme 7, 1933, at 12 o'clock meridian. obligations of the United States, and for other purposes, with a Senate amendment, disagree to the Senate amend­ NOMINATIONS ment, and agree to the conference asked by the Senate. The SPEAKER. Is there objection? Executive nominations received by the Senate June 6, 1933 There was no objection. UNITED STATES ATTORNEYS The Speaker appointed the following conferees: Mr. John A. Carver, of Idaho, to be United States attorney, STEAGALL, Mr. GoLDSBOROUGH, Mr. LUCE. district of Idaho, to succeed Hoyt E. Ray, resigned. MEMORIAL DAY William J. Barker, of New Mexico, to be United States Mr. RANKIN. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to attorney, district of New Mexico, to succeed Hugh B. Wood~ extend my remarks in the REcoRn by inserting therein an ward, term expired. address delivered by myself at the Confederate memorial William Mcclanahan, of Tennessee, to be United States services at Arlington Cemetery on Sunday last. attorney, western district of Tennessee, to succeed Dwayne The SPEAKER. Is there objection? D. Maddox, refigned. There was no objection. Carl C. Donaugh, of Oregon, to be United States attorney, Mr. RANKIN. Mr. Speaker, under leave granted me to district of Oregon, to succeed George Neuner, term expired. extend my remarks, I insert an address delivered by myself UNITED STATES MARSHAL at the Confederate Memorial Day exercises in Arlington John M. Comeford, of Wisconsin, to be United States Cemetery, Washington, D.C., on Sunday, June 4, 1933. marshal, western district of Wisconsin, to succeed Charles The address is as follows: H. Rawlinson, term expired. General Wilkinson, Confederate 'Ueterans, Daughters of the Con­ SOLICITOR FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE federacy, Veterans of the Spanish-American War and of the World w~. ladies and gentlemen, if I had known that these exercises South Trimble, Jr., of Kentucky, to be Solicitor for the were to be broadcast I would have reduced my speech to writing Department of Commerce, to succeed E. F. Morgan, resigned. and tried to devote more time and attention to its preparation. As it is, I am sorry to say that I have no address "cut and dried." I feel, however, that by the time I have finished, the verdict will be unanimous to the etiect that it was dry enough. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES It is not my desire to open afresh the healing wounds of war or to stir the dying embers of sectional strife. I would not for TUESDAY, JUNE 6, 1933 the world ·utter one word to hurt the feelings of a Federal soldier. or of one who stands in the same relation to him that we of the The House met at 12 o'clock noon. South do to the men who wore the gray in that unfortunate con­ The Chaplain, Rev. James Shera Montgomery, D.D., offered fllct. I agree with the southern poet who said that- the following prayer: "None but a coward would revile An honest soldier's dust:• Gratefully, blessed Lord, do we acknowledge Thy love and mercy, which have given us all this day, with its privileges I have often heard it contended that either the soldiers of the South or those of the North were wrong in that contest. My and opportunities for service and joyous, useful hours. answer to that contention is that they were both right. They Animated by Thy wonderful providence, may we approach were both fighting the battles of their country in a conflict pro­ our labors with conscientious zeal and with hearts full of duced by causes over which they had no control. They a.re both equally entitled to the love, admiration, and respect of the people sympathy with the calling needs of our land. Feed us, of our reunited country. Heavenly Father, with the bread of life that shall enrich I want to pause for a moment to pay my tribute to the our minds and hearts, and lead us not to forget those pre­ Daughters of the Confederacy, under whose auspices these exer­ cious treasures that help the common man. Humble us cises are held, and to congratulate them on their splendid achieve­ ments, one of which is the erection of this magnificent monu­ amid our manifold blessings, and may we ever aim to be ment, in the shadow of which these exercises are being held. among the pure in heart, who alone shall be permitted to I once had the pleasure of taking an airplane flight over Wash­ see Thee face to face. In the name of our Savior. Amen. ington with Col. Charles A. Lindbergh, and as I looked down upon the many wonderful things to be seen in the Nation's The Journal of the proceedings of yesterday was read and Capital, the most attractive of them all to me was this beautiful approved. cemetery of Arlington-the bivouac of our heroic dead. The most beautiful object in this great cemetery was this splendid MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE monument. dedicated to our Confederate dead, and erected by A message from the Senate, by Mr. Horne, its enrolling the generous, patriotic, loving, and loyal Daughters of the Con­ federacy. clerk, announced that the Senate had passed, with amend­ If I were a Southern woman I would rather be listed among ments in which the concurrence of the House is requested, your members than to be a member of any other civic or patri­ the bill (H.R. 5240) entitled "An act to provide emergency otic organization on earth. You are not only the daughters of relief with respect to home-mortgage indebtedness, to refi­ the greatest soldiers of all time, but you are the daughters of those glorious women of the South who sustained our soldiers in nance home mortgages, to extend relief to the owners of times of war and shared their burdens in times of peace. homen occupied by them and who are unable to amortize You have another monument to your credit which time cannot their debt elsewhere, to amend the Federal Home Loan Bank efface, and that is Memorial Day. On April 25, 1866, about 1 year after the close of the War Between the States, the women of Act, to increase the market for obligations of the United Columbus, Miss., in the district which I have the honor to rep­ States, and for other purposes"; that the Senate insists resent in Congress, went out to decorate the graves of Confed­ upon its amendments to said bill, requests a conference with erate soldiers. They were the wives, the widows, the mothers, the the House thereon, and appoints Mr. BULKLEY, Mr. WAGNER, sisters, and daughters of Confederate veterans--many of them st1ll in the weeds of mourning. There were about 40 Federal and Mr. TOWNSEND to be the conferees on the part of the soldiers buried in that cemetery. With a generosity that has few, Senate. if any parallels, those noble women decorated alike the graves of The message also announced that the Vice President had the Confederate and the Federal dead. A report of that incident got into the press and inspired from appointed Mr. CoNNALLY a member of the committee of the pen of the Honorable Francis Miles Finch, a distinguished conference on the part of the Senate upon the disagreeing northern jurist, a little poem called " The Blue and the Gray " votes of the two Houses to the amendment· of the Senate that will live as long as the Stars a.nd Stripes continue to fl.oat to the bill of the House, H.R. 4220, for the protection over a free people, as long as the sweet strains of old Dixie shall stir the southern heart with its " sweet but melancholy pathos ", of Government records, in place of Mr. PITTMAN, excused. in which he said: RELIEF OF HOME OWNERS " By the flow of the inland river, Whence the fieets of iron have fled. Mr. STEAGALL. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent Where the blades of the grave grass quiver, to take from the Speaker's table this bill the New York Times, a few years ago an edi­ Under the laurel, the blue; torial on that old southern song, Way Down Upon de Swanee Rib­ Under the willow, the gray. ber. The editor thoroughly convinced himself that no such lan­ guage was ever used by the Negro, and that while the music was 'From the silence of sorrowful hours only fair, the sentiment was entirely overdrawn. It occurred to The desolate mourners go, me that no man who W&s reared north of the Ma.son and Dixon's Lovingly laden with :flowers line ever really heard that song. Few, if any, of the generation of Alike for the friend and the foe; today ever heard it, or ever will hear it. In order to have caught Under the sod and the dew, the real pathos of this soul-stirring melody one would have had to Waiting the judgment day; sit in the gathering tw1light at the end of a summer day before a Under the roses, the blue; humble Negro's cabin door back in the "years that are fading" Under the lillies, the gray, on the impoverished estate of a bankrupt planter and heard it " So with an equal splendor sung by an old-time darky, conscious of the impending desola­ The morning sun rays fall, tion of helpless old age, instead of the assurance of that care and With a touch, impartially tender, protection he had hoped to look forward to at the hands of his On the blossoms blooming for all; beneficent master in his declining years. Under the sod and the dew, Slavery was a grievous fault, and grievously has Dixie answered Waiting the judgment day; it; and in doing so we have answered for the sins of the very ones Broidered with gold, the blue; who have presumed to mete out our punishment. Mellowed with gold, the gray. But our critics tell us that we were guilty of " treason" because of our secession from the Union. I have often wondered when .. So, when the summer calleth secession became treason-whether it was before or after the pen On forest and field of grain, of Jefferson, the sword of Washington, and the voice of Adams With an equal murmur falleth proclaimed it as a divine right in separating these united Colonies The cooling drip of the rain; from the dominion of the mother country. I have wondered Under the sod and the dew, whether it became treason before or after the Hartford convention Waiting the judgment day; in December 1814, where representatives of the New England Wet with the rain, the blue, States met for the purpose of seceding from the Union, in the Wet with the rain, the gray. dark hours of the War of 1812, after an invaditlg enemy had ruth­ "Sadly, but not with upbraiding, lessly burned the Capitol of our country, and at a time when old The generous deed was done; Andrew Jackson was leading his southern and western volunteers In the storm of the years that are fading, on to New Orleans, where he .. taught the newly fledged American No braver battle was won; eagle to match its talons with the lion's strength ", and raised Under the sod and the dew, America for the first time to the dignity of a world power. Waiting the judgment day; No one questioned the right of secession for more than 50 years Under the blossoms, the blue, after our Government was formed. In fact, the American people Under the garlands, the gray. supported secession in the case of Texas, they condoned it in Cuba, they encouraged it in Panama. Abraham Lincoln himself, the " No more shall the war cry sever, great war President of the United States, in a speech made by him Or the winding rivers be red; in the House of Representatives of the National Congress on Jan­ They banish our anger forever uary 12, 1848 (60 years after the adoption of the Constitution}, When they laurel the graves of our dead! as reported. in the Congressional Globe of that date, at page 94, Under the sod and the dew, volume 17, Thirtieth Congress, first session, in defending the right Waiting the judgment day; of Texas to secede from Mexico, said: Love and tears for the blue, "Any people anywhere, being inclined and having the power, Tears and love for the gray." have the right to rise up and shake off the existing government, This poem was first published by Judge· Finch in the Atlantic and form a new one that suits them better. This is a most valu­ Monthly for Septemb.er 1867, under the following notation: able, a most sacred right--a right which, we hope and believe, is to liberate the world. Nor ls this right confined to cases in which "THE BLUE AND THE GRAY the whole people of an existing government may choose to exercise "The women of Columbus, Miss., animated by nobler senti­ it. Any portion of such people that can may revolutionize and ments, than are many of their sisters, have shown themselves im­ make their own of so much of the territory as they inhabit. More partial in their offerings made to the memory of the dead. They than this, a majority of any portion of such people may revolu­ strewed flowers alike on the graves of the Confederate and of the tionize, putting down a minority, intermingled with, or near a.bout National soldiers." (New York Tribune.} them, who may oppose their movements. Such minority was From this humble beginning came our present Memorial Day, precisely the case of the Tories of our own Revolution. It is a which was later adopted by the Grand Army of the Republic quality of revolutions not to go by old lines, or old laws, but to under General Logan, and is today observed throughout the land. break up both, and make new ones." Sufficient time has elapsed since the close of that war for us to I submit that the right of secession was never more clearly or pause and take an impartial inventory of the causes by which it more forcibly expressed by Jefi'erson Davis or Robert Toombs than was produced and the questions it involved. The three great it was by Mr. Lincoln in that address. Was it treason then? causes of that conflict were slavery, secession, and the di1Iering The South did not want to secede. They were nagged into it. political philosophies, coupled with different commercial and eco­ A few years more and slavery would have fallen of its own weight, nomic conditions of the two great sections of the country. as it had done in England. But there were great, selfish interests We are not apologizing for slavery 1n the South; we were not that desired not only to subdue the South but to drive a wedge responsible for it. We bought those slaves from the people of between the agricultural States of the South and West in order New England. They now call slavery a "moral" issue. I have to plunder them through high protective tarifi's and other dis­ often wondered how long it was after the slave trade became criminations that, carried out over a period of more than 60 unprofitable 1n New England before it became "immoral." It is years, have impoverished those sections, bled their peoples white, well known that in the Constitutional Convention of 1787 South­ provoked retaliation on the part of every nation under the sun. ern men desired to put a stop to the slave trade at once, but crowded our population into congested centers, and brought to pressure from the Northeastern States prevented them from plac­ the people of America the present direful depression-the greatest ing a limitation on it to take effect earlier than the year 1808. To economic calamity in all the tides of human history. hear some of the tirades that have been made against the South We must get back to the fundamental policies laid down by the one would think that we reduced a race of people to slavery and !ounders of the Republic and advocated by the great statesmen that the people of the South were the worst enemies the Negro of ante-bellum times, reinstitute the rule of common honesty for ever had. As a matter of fact, we elevated the Negro from a that of selfish greed, readopt the Golden Rule, instead of the position of savage to that of servant, civilized and Christianized rule of gold, in all our national and international relationships if him, and showed him for the first time the light of a Christian we are to enjoy in the future the respect of mankind as well as civilization, through the unfortunate institution of slavery. I those inherent blessings of civilization which the God of nature say unfortunate, because it was unfortunate for the white people and the God of nations intended for us to enjoy. of the South, but it was the greatest blessing the Negro had ever I wish to say just a few words about our great leaders during known. those perilous times. While there are many whose names are The people of the South have been the Negro's best friends. We written among the immortals, I shall mention only four: Jefferson are the best friends he has today. In the great depression through Davis, Robert E. Lee, Nathan Bedford Forrest, and Stonewall which we have been passing since 1929 the Negro, a.s a rule, has Jackson. been better cared for in the Southern States than anywhere else Stonewall Jackson, the matchless soldier of the Shenandoah, under the American flag. whose marvelous achievements in his valley campaigns thrill the We are glad that human slavery has disappeared from the !ace world today, and whose name and fame will live as long as that of the earth, as we are glad our country is reunited, in spt.rtt and majestic stream bears its wanton tributes to the sea. in truth; but we must deplore the e1!orts of the agitators to sttr Nathan Bedford Forrest, the Ach1lles of the Confederacy, the up strife between the two races. which can only result in detri­ greatest genius of them all, whom Lee pronounced " the outstand­ ment to the Negroes as a whole, whenever ~ peacetu1 and ing IOld.1er ~veloped by the war", the greatest fighter of ancleni 5102 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JUNE 6 or modern times. He never had on a uniform until he was 40 As to the rank and. me o! tbe Confederate Army, I do not years of age, yet in 4 short years he rose to the rank of lieutenant hesitate to say that they were the greatest soldiers, taken man general. Disregarding the didactic precedents of m.111tary pomp, for man, who ever wore a nation's uniform or followed a country's he ground his sword to the keenest edge, and Lnvariably led the fiag. charge. He killed more men with his own hand than did any Someone has said that many a Robert E. Lee was born to die other general who ever commanded an army. He had 38 horses unknown to fame, that many a Stonewall Jackson lles beneath shot from under him and was wounded many times. He said no the sod of mother earth, with no other monument to mark the sold1er was worth killing who went into battle expecting to come last resting place upon which a brave hero fell than the green out alive. It is said that he fought more open engagements than grass that feeds its hungry roots upon his decaying bones. As any other commander of that war, that he never lost a battle Hamlet said of his sainted father, " They were men, take them for when he was in ~upreme command, and never bucked a line he all in all, we shall not look upon their likes again." did not break. With a genius unsurpassed even by the great But their monuments are in our hearts. As long as valor is Napoleon, he invariably divided his ragged band of "mounted esteemed a virtue, courage is adm!red, and patriotism is prized, the infantrymen" into two or more separate parts on the march, and loyal children of the South will cherish as a most priceless heritage then successfUlly concentrated them on the field of battle, in­ the sacred right to claim kindred with their spirits. spired them with an enthusiasm akin to living fire, and swept all What shall I say to thi.!1 broken band of veterans in gray, this opposition before him with the fury of a storm. lingering remnant of the great armies of the Confederacy, who In the unfolding decades that are before us, as the passions sit before me at this hour? How shall I express to you our grati­ and prejudices of war pass away and America comes to recognize tude, our love, our admiration? the greatness of this mustrious man, his matchless genius, his Fifty years to a day after the Battle of Bunker Hill, in address­ marvelous courage, his invincible dynamity will fUrnish a subject ing the Veterans of the Revolutionary War, who were gathered to for musicians, painters, and poets. The children of fUture gen­ Witness the laying of the cornerstone of the great monument that erations will behold him mounted upon his fiery steed, rising crowns that historic eminence, Daniel Webster said: in his stirrups as in the heat of battle, his eyes fl.ashing, his body "Venerable men! You have come down to us from a former tense, his countenance ablaze, waving his sword as 1f inspiring generation. Heaven has bounteously lengthened out your lives his men to victory or death, as he goes charging down the that you might behold this joyous day. You are now where you centuries. stood 50 years ago this very hour, with your brothers and your Probably the three greatest Christian sold1ers of all time were neighbors, shoulder to shoulder, in the strife for your country. Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis, and Stonewall Jackson. Jackson, Behold, how altered I The same h~a vens are, indeed, over your the Puritan; Lee and DaviS the cavallers--what a picture that heads; the same ocean rolls at your feet; but all else, how will be for a Rembrandt of the future to give to the world­ changed! You hear now no roar of hostile cannon; you see no those three devout Christian leaders in solemn counsel on the mixed volumes of smoke and flame rising from burning Charles­ eve of a great battie. town. The ground strewed with the dead and the dying; the im­ Lee was undoubtedly the greatest commander of his day, and petuous charge; the steady and successful repulse; the loud call to easily takes his place among the leading military marshals of all repeated assault; the summoning of all that is manly to repeated time. Old Senator Ben Hill, of Georgia, once said that-- resistance; a thousand bosoms freely and fearlessly bared in an " When the future historian shall come to survey the character instant to whatever of terror there may be in war and death­ of Lee he will find it rising like a huge mountain above the undu­ all these you have witnessed, but you witness them no more. All lating plane of humanity, and he must lift his eyes high toward is peace; and God has granted you this sight of your country's heaven to catch its summit. He possessed every virtue of other happiness ere you slumber in the grave." great commanders without their vices. What a consolation it must be to you venerable men who have " He was a foe without hate; a friend without treachery; a sol­ "come down to us from a former generation", who now stand dier without cruelty; a victor without oppression; and a victim where you were 70 years ag<>-in the midst of a devastating, fratri­ without murmuring. cidal war-how gratifying It must be to you to behold our re­ " He was a public officer without vices; a private citizen without united country a:Qd to see our beloved Southland recovering from wrong; a neighbor without reproach; a Christian without hy­ the wounds of war and the scars of reconstruction, growing in pocrisy; and a man without guile. strength and influence, filled with the happy homes of your chil­ "He was Caesar without his ambition; Frederick without his dren and your children's children, and taking the lead in the tyranny; Napoleon without his selfishness; and Washington with­ new development, as well as in the onward march of our glorious out his reward. country. What a solace it must be to know that the passions of " He was obedient to authority as a servant, and royal in au­ war have passed away, that the world is coming to understand thority as a true king. He was gentle as a woman in 11fe; modest the great principles for which you fought and for which your and pure as a virgin in thought; watchful as a Roman vestal in comrades died. What a comfort it is to us, your children and duty; submissive to law as Socrates; and grand in battle as your children's children, your neighbors and your friends, to Ach1lles." have this opportunity to greet you on this occasion, to manifest In the words of Oliver Goldsmith- to you in our humble way a meager portion of our ·gratitude for the service you have rendered and the sacrifices you have made, " As some tall clitf that lifts its awful form, Swells from the vale, and midway leaves the storm­ to lay at your feet the undying flowers of filial love and affec­ Though round its breast the rolling clouds are spread tion, to add them to your laurels of fame which will live and Eternal sunshine settles on its head." brighten With the passing years, " TUI the sun grows cold, He stands out today the most commanding, the most masterly, And the stars are old, the most serenely inspiring figure upon the horizon of human And the leaves of the Judgment Book unfold." history. No man has ever been so much and so unjustly mallgned as has ACTIVITIES OF THE NEW ADMINISTRATION Jefferson Davis, the great President of the ill-fated Confederacy, "the noblest Roman of them all." Mr. VINSON of Georgia. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous The Honorable Caleb Cushing once said of him that he was consent to extend my remarks in the RECORD by inserting an " eloquent among the most eloquent in debate, wise among the address made by Hon. Harlee Branch, executive assistant to wisest in counsel, and brave among the bravest on the battlefield." He was the outstanding hero of the Mexican War. At the most the Postmaster General, at Ocala, Fla., on May 30. critical moment in that conflict, during the terrible battle of The SPEAKER. Is there objection? Buena Vista, it was Jefferson Davis, the young colonel of Missis­ There was no objection. sippi riflemen, who executed his famous " V" formation and saved Mr. the day by a military maneuver which the Duke of Wellington VINSON of Georgia. Mr. Speaker, under the leave to said was "something new and masterly." He was the ablest Secre­ extend my remarks in the RECORD, I inciude the fallowing tary of War this Nation has ever had. He towered like a giant in address delivered by Hon. Harllee Branch, executive assist­ the United States Senate, standing at all times by the funda­ ant to the Postmaster General, at Ocala, Fla., Tuesday mental principles of the Constitution, and defending against all comers the rights of the sovereign States. evening, May 30, 1933: As President of the Confederacy, during the dark and stormy We are living in a time of unprecedented events which at the years of war. as a prisoner, suffering indignities that would have inception of the Roosevelt ad.m1nistrat1on had been threatening been spared even the vilest criminal, as a proscribed citizen during to overwhelm not only the welfare of our own Nation but the wel­ the darker years of reconstruction, he never wavered in his devo­ fare and peace of the world. The situation that confronted Presi­ tion to the principle for which he fought and suffered, but stood dent Roosevelt when be took office called for immediate and at all times as- continuous action in dealing with many problems. It called also " • • • constant as the Northern Star for drastic treatment, necessarily along new lines and by new Of whose true-fix'd and resting quality methods, for most of the formulas that had been advanced had There is no fellow in the firmament." proved futile, and some of them bad only aggravated the condi­ As Bishop Galloway once said of him, "Marvelous, many-sided, tions from which we suffered. masterful man, his virtues wm grow brighter and his name be It is my purpose to narrate to you in some measure what has writ larger with each passing century. Soldier, hero, statesman, been going on 1n Washington during this strenuous period since gentleman, American-a prince of Christian chivalry-the un­ March 4 and the unexampled activity of the administration in its crowned chief of an invisible republic of loving and loyal hearts-­ application of new remedies under the new deal to relieve the when another hundred years have passed, no intelligent voice will Nation from the most acute phases of the depression. fall to praise him, and no patriotic hand will refuse to place a The platform upon which Governor Roosevelt was elected Chief laurel wreath upon his radiant brow." Executive last fall specifically pledged his administration to put 1933 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 5103 into effect det1nite principles, policies, and reforms advocated the eighteenth amendment, which ls being urged by the admin­ therein, and to eradicate the policies, methods, and practices istration. This bill has met with the favor of the large industrial­ therein condemned. So far as the policies favored could be put ists of the country, and is estimated to give at least 3,000,000 men into effect by legislation and those denounced could be abolished reemployment. by Executive action, the pledges of that platform have all been In behalf of wage earners already employed, President Roosevelt practically kept and will be wholly completed by the time Con­ recently addressed the Chamber of Commerce of the United States, gress adjourns in June. representing the principal employers, asking them to refrain trom President Roosevelt's first official act on the first working day further reduction in wages and to increase wage scales in con­ of his administration displayed the courage and the foresight formity to the rise in prices for the purpose o! achieving a well­ expected of him by the people. By an Executive order he put rounded national recovery. This met with a favorable response in an end to a Nation-wide run on the banks which, had it con­ many sections of the country, and numerous increases of wages tinued, would have closed all the weak and insolvent banks in have since been recorded. In addition to this he sent messages to the country and in turn would have brought about the closing the Governors of the 13 industrial States suggesting the adoption of the strong and solvent ones. By an Executive order he de­ of laws similar to the new minimum-wage act of New York State. clared a bank holiday to enable the Federal authorities to deter­ A large measure of recovery from the depression wm be noted in mine what banks were solvent and able to continue business. th~ valley of the Tennessee River through the immediate revival To allay the suspense created by this drastic action, the President of the great plant at Muscle Shoals, practically abandoned since in a radio address took the people into his full confidence and the war. explained the situation in such plain and simple terms that This project includes a broad plan for the improvement of the every man and woman with common understanding realized the whole Tennessee Valley and is designed to add comfort and hap­ necessity for his act and also that it was in behalf of the people piness to hundreds of thousands of people there and be generally themselves. It is no exaggeration to say that public confidence beneficial to national recovery. was almost immediately restored. With the lifting of the ban Another evidence of relief is found 1n the act for the refinancing the people knew that the ban.ks which opened were able to re­ of mortgages on homes. main open and that those whose solvency could be restored were The railways of the country, which have suffered heavily from being aided to resume. competition of motor transports and through the general decline Simultaneously with the bank-holiday order, the President of business, have been aided by the administration bill providing called Congress to assemble 4 days later, and on the opening day far a Federal coordinator of transportation and the repeal of the presented an emergency bill which gave him full authority over recapture clause of the Interstate Commerce Act. This bill makes the banking situation and provided additional currency to meet certain definite planning by the railroads themselves with the aid all demands. of the Government, eliminates the duplication and the waste re­ On the second day of the new Congress President Roosevelt sulting in railroad receiverships, and is expected to overcome oper­ submitted a message demanding that the Budget be balanced a.ting deficit. within a year, and transmitted an emergency economy bill to that Effective steps have been taken to prevent recurrence of the effect. Under this economy legislation the Government, begin­ enormous losses to the American people in the purchase of secu­ ning the next fiscal year, July l, will be in receipt of enough rities by an administrative measure providing for Federal control revenue to meet its current expenses. In addition to this, the over such issues. total savings effected are estimated above $1,000,000,000. A large In what I have said I have tried to give a record of the major part of this economy is in the Veterans' Administration, and the measures proposed by the administration. Most of them have al­ remainder in reduction of salaries and in reorganizing the de­ ready been enacted and the remainder are in process of passage by partments and bureaus, eliminating waste and duplication. This Congress. This record has no parallel that I can discover in the total is in excess of the pledge in the platform to reduce gov­ formulation of a legislative program in great detail and its prompt ernmental expenditures 25 percent. consideration and enactment by the Congress. While untoward Then came the beer bill before the President had been in office events of the depression have occurred with great rapidity, they a week, and on April 7 the States whose laws permitted it had have been met with equal speed since the present administration beer. The revenue from the beer bill is an important factor in the came into power. balancing of next year's Budget and for the future. It was orig­ inally estimated that it would bring the Government from Heretofore, the Democratic Party has been criticized for a lack $125,000,000 to $150,000,000 annually. From the returns so far it of party discipline and party cohesion. The opposition has empha­ is now estimated that the revenue from this source alone will be sized this criticism in an effort to create the impression that, between $250,000,000 and $300,000,000, or twice the original estimate. because of a lack of these things, the Democratic Party was unfit No time was lost by the administration in dealing with farm to govern the country. I cannot resist the temptation at this . relief. This is a problem that has confronted the Government juncture to observe that not in the history of this country has ever since the WOl'ld War, and while legislation has been enacted there ever been a better example of party discipline, party cohesion, in previous ad.ministrations it proved inadequate, and in one and party cooperation than now exists in Washingtqn. instance, an expensive experiment, known as the Federal Farm Throughout the session the President has had prompt and ef­ Board. Under this administration that futile agency has been fective cooperation by the House and the Senate. There have abolished, and all the fiscal activities relating to agricultural aid been differences of opinion concerning some of the legislation have been merged into the Fa.rm Credit Administration under one proposed, but this was only natural when it is recalled that Mr. head. Roosevelt himself has frankly stated that some of the measures Under the farm bill the President was delegated the widest were necessarily experimental. But it can be said that in this powers over the production and distribution of basic agricultural program many new points of view have been evolved and de­ commodities, and at the same time has been authori.zed to expand veloped, and that disastrous experiments of the past have not credit and the currency to meet all necessary demands that may been included in any of the legislation presented. be made by the agricultural program. The farm legislation also If this were all of what has been going on in Washington since includes a provision for refinancing the farm debts, so that holders the 4th of last March, it would be a record of Executive skill and of farm mortgages will have the privilege of exchanging them for diligence and statesmanship unrivaled in our history, but this 1s Federal land-bank bonds, the interest upon which is guaranteed only a major part of the domestic program. As far back as April by the Treasury of the United States. The President made a spe­ 4, 1 month after he entered the White House, President Roosevelt cial appeal to mortgage creditors when he signed the bill to abstain began issuing invitations to foreign nations to send repre~nta­ from bringing foreclosure proceedings or to dispossess farmers who tives to Washington for preliminary discussions concerning the are in debt to them. Favorable response has already been made World Economic and Monetary Conference to be held in London by large financial institutions, including insurance companies on June 12. Since then he has held conversations with the lead­ directing the suspension of farm-mortgage foreclosures. ing men of the nations of Europe, Canada, Mexico, South America, In less than 3 weeks before he took office, President Roosevelt and Asia. The official statements issued by the Executive and his set in motion his plan for unemployment relief by a reforestation visitors all indicate a harmonious spirit and desire to solve inter­ bill placing 250,000 unemployed young men in forestry work, pro­ national problems. Among these are international monetary sta­ viding them with food, quarters, clothing, and medical attendance, bility and exchange and international trade as affected by tariffs. and a cash allowance of $30 a month. A subsequent provision These conferences have been supplemented by interviews between adds 25,000 men from the bonus army who are able and willing the visitors and Secretary of State Hull, who will head the Ameri­ to work. can delegation to the international meeting in London. This was followed by a measure appropriating $500,000,000 While these Washington conferences were being held, a situation among ~he States for the maintenance and succor of the un­ developed abroad which seemed to threaten the placing of obstruc­ employed, thus relieving to this extent charitable organizations tion in the way of harmonious action at the conference and per­ and the taxpayers of the commonwealths. haps to endanger world peace. At the very outset of expected The major blow at unemployment is a gigantic one sent to the harmonious action at the conference, the President was faced with Congress on May 17, which provides for a $3,300,000,000 publlc­ a crisis. Mr. Roosevelt immediately threw himself into the breach works program and the control of industry designed to obtain and sent a message to 54 nations in behalf of disarmament and wide reemployment, to shorten the working week, to pay a decent world peace. Already the entrenched leader of a great Nation, wage, and to prevent unfair competition and disastrous over­ by this dramatic act of high statesmanship he made himself a production. world leader. He asked for a solemn, definite pact of nonaggres­ Under this measure sections of the antitrust laws which have sion and that they should individually agree that they will send restrained effective industrial agreements are automatically sus­ no armed force of whatsoever nature across their frontiers. By pended for the period of the emergency, which is 2 years. this act he has brought about the best assurance that could pos­ This program is to be financed by an isme of public bonds, to sibly be had o! the success both of the World's Disarmament Con­ be retired over a period or years at a cost of $220,000,000 annually. ference in Geneva and of the International Economic and Monetary It is estimated that the entire cost of this gigantic project could Conference in London, and has possibly averted tt_e worst of be met by the increased revenues that would follow the repeal o! hum.an plagues-war. 5104 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JUNE 6 . He has brought home to the nations of the world through this The conference report and statement are as follows: display of his courage and genius a clearer understanding that economic world recovery must have as its accompaniment the greatest of human blessings-peace. CONFERENCE REPORT PROSECUTION OF JEWS IN GERMANY The committee of conference on the disagreeing votes of Mr. SUTPHIN. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to the two Houses on the amendments of the House to the bill extend my remarks in the RECORD by placing therein a state­ Boston Evening American, the Boston Sunday Advertiser, the and his ability unexcelled. As one example, I may mention Judah Massachusetts Bureau of Industries, the Consumers' League of Benjamin, who not only was a great statesman but made a con­ Massachusetts, and the Simmons College of Social Work, reveal tribution, in the last century, to English jurisprudence which that the sweatshops have taken their toll of girl labor and caused called for the admiration of all lawgivers. · the general breakdown of industrial standards in Springfield. With us in the United States at present are upward of four "Because the public as a buyer has sought sweatshop goods in and one half millions of the Jewish race. They are part of us and 1sales, the general level of wages formerly paid in legitimate indus­ we recognize them as such. In our country they have equal 'try has dropped tremendously", she told the Sunday Advertiser. opportunity to move forward, and because of their exceptional ability, and in many instances their brilliancy, we find them hold­ BELOW COST OF LIVING ing some of the most important posts in our country. In the " Even the early reports from industrial workers attending the highest court of our land, the Supreme Court of the United States, I ' Y' who have been keeping a record of their hours and wages there are two members of this race whose legal talents shine with 1 have shown that the purchasing power of the average worker is luster. far less than required for a minimum standard of living. The There are several members in the House of Representatives. average weekly amount thus far is $10.09. And this amount must They are represented in our individual States from the governor­ 1 be used to look after members of her family who have been unable ships down. We find them in our universities and at other insti­ · to obtain work. tutes of learning. In every line of endeavor they have decided "Hand in hand with the depression has come the general break­ upon in this country they have, without exception, proved their down of industrial standards in Springfield. Although the work­ worth. They are a loyal people and have rendered real service ' ers engaged in representative industries, from electrical equipment in the development of our country and I want to take this oppor­ ·to jig-saw puzzles, have managed to survive far better than those tunity to pay my respect and tribute to them and to say that in a mill town, the standard of living has been forced to a low any experience that I have had with the members of this race level and wages which ordinarily would afford a minimum stand­ is to their credit. ard to the worker have suffered tremendously. LXXVII-323 5116 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JUNE 6. " Due to the sweatshop and unscrupulous employers taking furlough plan. I brought out at that time that Govern­ advantage of the plight of labor and girls whose philosophy 1s that a little money ts better than none, competitive Industry has ment workers in the Customs Department, Immigration been forced to reduce its wages to less than a living standard. Bureau, and Border Patrol worked. long hours overtime and $10.09 AVERAGE WAGE got paid nothing extra for it at all " In most of the cases reported in the study the girl Is contrib­ Mr. KOPPLEMANN. And in the Congressmen's offices? uting her money to a family budget and in some instances is the Mr. CONNERY. And in the Congressmen's offices, Con­ only wage earner. In many instances the minimum wage law has been completely ignored by employers who ordinarily woUld gressmen and their secretaries, as well as clerks of com­ meet its provisions." mittees, are willing to work long hours, but theY wor~ voluntarily and are not forced to such work. We have a minimum wage law in Massachusetts. In the Now, let me read some more from this newspaper article: hearings before the Committee on Labor on the 5-day wee~ If the average girl working in Springfield can be said to be a 30-hour bill, I brought out the fact that in one case where composite of clerk, stitcher, stenographer, cellophane worker, as­ the cost of living was shown to be $14 a week the minimum sembler, wrapper, machine operator, connector of small motors, wage board declared the minimum rate to be $13.50. In packer, rag picker, printer, folder, filer, bundle girl, labeler, book­ other words, I do not know how they figured an employee keeper, trimmer, inspector, pantry worker, then we shall say that the reports of 32 Springfield working girls, based on a 4 weeks' was going to live when having said that the lowest amount wage and hour study, reveal that 38.1 is the number of hours Miss on which they could live was $14 a week, they then set the Average works, and $10.09 is her average wage. wage at $13.50. In this study, which is still being made by the industrial de­ partment of the "Y" we find that the highest-paid girl receives Mr. ZIONCHECK. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? $22.50 as a stenographer for 41 hours of work, while her sister at Mr. CONNERY. I yield. the bottom of the ladder, employed as a clerk, gets $5 for 33 hours Mr. ZIONCHECK. Was the minimum wage of $13.50 of labor. One girl operating a power machine has the highest number of hours, that being 52.5, for which she received $9.15 for enforced? her etrorts. Mr. CONNERY. No; they had no way of enforcing it. IGNORE WAGE STANDARD The employers were supposed to post the wage they were Another girl during the 4-week period records only 2 weeks' paying, but the authorities could not follow it up and put work, one of 26.1 hours for which she received $6 and the second them in jaiL as they ought to. week of 9 hours at $2.80. For the remaining 2 weeks she was un­ employed. The five omce girls reporting show a steadiness in the Mr. GRANFIELD. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? regularity of their jobs, and their average weekly wage is much Mr. CONNERY. I yield. higher. For them as a group $15.18 is the average. Mr. GRANFIELD. I am in thorough sympathy with the The minimum wage set for the pocketbook industry ~ main­ gentleman's attitude on the subject he is discussing. tain health and decency standards 1s $13.50. However, in most of the cases studied in this particular type of work, a complete Mr. CONNERY. This is just Springfield. I am going to ignoring of such wage standards has been in effect. refer later to other cities in Massachusetts-Lawrence, New The sweatshop, you see, has taken its toll of the pr0duct1on of Bedford, and Fall River. young girls, working at below living standards. Mr. GRANFIELD. Springfield is a city in my district. What I have read has been from Springfield. Now, I read Does the survey the gentleman referred to give the names an article with reference to Lawrence: of any of the sweatshops located in Springfield? Margaret, 16, who worked at the bench for the Milchen Shoe Co., Mr. KOPPLEMANN. Or in Connecticut? Lawrence, earned at times 90 cents, $2.03, and $2.79 for three Mr. CONNERY. No names of the firms referred to are d.1.1ferent weeks of wo:rk., though she did work at home. She said she paid 10 cents a. week for drinking water and given as to Springfield. The Milchen Shoe Co. is mentioned, snatched moments from her noon hour to swell her weekly but that is in Lawrence, in my own district. My own home ear~ city of Lynn has labor conditions which are just as bad. I Working at the same factory, her sister" who also did home shall read a few more excerpts whether they are in my dis­ work, earned as top priee for 6 days of labor $6.47, although she had made as low at $1.91 once, and at another time 9 cents more. trict or not. If they are in my district, I shall be very glad At another time, for a day and a half of bellch work, she earned to show them up. 40 cents. Mr. GRANFIELD. If we have these conditions in Spring­ [Here the gavel fell.] field, I should like to have the names of the manufacturers Mr. ZIONCHECK. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent or the industries operating under sweatshop conditions. I that the gentleman from Massachusetts may proceed for 5 have always oppased sweatshops and I stand ready to go the additional minutes. very limit to drive them out. The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there objection to the re- Mr. CONNERY. The names of companies in Springfield quest of the gentleman from Washington? are not mentioned; their names are not given. There was no objection. Mr. KOPPLEMANN. How about Connecticut? Does it Mr. CONNERY. Now, New Bedford: mention the names of any sweatshops in Connecticut? For a Friday afternoon and a Saturday morning's work at Mut­ Mr. CONNERY. I refer the gentleman to the hearings terpearl's, a pocketbook factory in New Bedford, one girl was given before the Committee on Labor. We have tons of this sort 97 cents. Switching for the New Bedford Manufacturing Co. she of stuff in the report of that hearing. made $2.70 for 4 days' work. A girl ironing all day in this factory gets only $2.75, even though Mr. DUNN. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? her hands are blistered. Some girls reach $3 .25 at the same type Mr. CONNERY. I yield. of work. And table girls at this plant earn from $3 to $3.25, "de­ Mr. DUNN. Does the article say anything about the dirty, pending on how the boss feels", one girl added, "A 17-year-old boy at Mutterpearl's is earning $3.25 a week." rotten sweatshops in Pennsylvania? • • • • Mr. CONNERY. Of course we all know that Mrs. Pinchot, Jane, now 19, left school at 16 and began to work. She first went the wife of the Governor of that State, went out on picket to the Monarch Wash Snit Co. plant, remaining for 6 months. duty with the strikers of that State as a protest against the She first earned $4.80 a week as regular pay, then by switching infamous condition of little children working in the State to piece work made $5. H I left because I was so scared that I blushed. The swearing of Pennsylvania. and shrieking was horrible ", she said. · Mr. HOEPPEL. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? Now she is at the Harwood Underwear Co. stitching the clos­ Mr. CONNERY. I yield. ings on running pants at 1 % cents a dozen. When she works on Mr. HOEPPEL. Does the gentleman know the Govern­ pajamas she earns 3112 cents a dozen. in - .. But the most I can make a week is around $4 ", she pointed ment is imposing sweatshop conditions here the Recon­ out. struction Finance Corporation? They are working their employees, who are paid a low rate, 2 and 3 hours a night There is a. lot of this along the same line and here is one overtime. Only yesterday the Treasury Department posted further significant statement: a notice that its employees would be required to work 2 " But if we go too fast and we are able to make a fairly decent hours evezy evening without extra compensation. amount, the rate gets cut ", a woman said. This woman, mother of daughters, one of whom works at this · Mr. CONNERY. The gentleman will remember that we factory with her, bas years of experience as a stitcher. Yet with had that question up at the last session in referenc·e to t1ie all her ability she earns about $9 and $10 a week, and a church 1933 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 5117 organization must help her that she may decently keep her home Mr. CONNERY. As far as I know they are, yes; if the together so that a younger daughter may go to schooL gentleman means by "American" whether they have been If oil gets on the garments the workers must buy them. naturalized or not. Now, Fall River- · Mr. DONDERO. And hold the position of American citi­ • • * The Shelburne Shirt Co., of Fall River, has twice been zens under the Government of the United States? prosecuted by the Department of Labor for working girls over­ Mr. CONNERY. I do not know. I will say to the gentle­ time, and at present is under probation for the second of these two offenses. This period o! probation does not end until next man that I have found this out in my experience. It does August 9. not make any difference whether they are American citizens Gertie is a textile worker and only goes into the factories when or English citizens or Irish citizens or French citizens, or textiles are slack. She is the sole support o! her mother, so has anything else; when they get into these industries, without to try to find work when her own shop 1s closed. Last summer she worked at the Shelburne Shirt as a presser. She got around any control over them, with many of these manufacturers $2 for her first week and her last pay was $4. Found it extremely human beings become slaves to them from then on. It does tiring, so much so that she couldn't eat when she got home at not make any difference what their nationality is, race, night, because she had to stand all day holding a heavy pressing iron, and was bothered by the gas from the iron tube; she gave creed, or color; money becomes their god. up her job. Mr. DUNN. Will the gentleman yield? Sadie, who is a rapid worker and stitches shirts with top speed. Mr. CONNERY ~ I yield to the gentleman from Penn­ makes $10 for a full week. However, the pressers make less, some o! them only $5 and $6. sylvania. Mr. DUNN. The gentleman from Michigan asked I have simply brought out these facts to show some of the whether the people operating these mills are American citi­ conditions in my State, which is supposed to have fine labor zens. It does not make any difference whether they are laws and is supposed to protect the workers. You can American citizens; the fact that the United States Govern­ readily imagine conditions in other States which have poorer ment permits it indicates there is something radically wrong, labor laws than Massachusetts. not in Denmark but rotten in the United States. In the hearings before our committee we had many, many Mr. LOZIER. Will the gentleman yield further? instances brought out of sweatshop conditions in the coun­ Mr. CONNERY. I yield to the gentleman from Missouri. try, real slavery conditions, and I am now pleased to say Mr. LOZIER. The gentleman is making a very interest- they have put back the licensing provision in the Senate ing and instructive speech. What I intended to develop by Fin.ance Committee in their report to the Senate. This my previous interrogation is this: Under our industrial sys­ licensing provision is the real weapon to force unscrupulous tem there is not a fair division of the profits that accrue manufacturers to observe decent hours and pay decent from the processing of raw materials into the manufactured wages. I hope it will pass, and hope the House will agree products. In other words, labor in the last 3 or 4 decades to it when it comes over here. has not been receiving its fair and just proportion of the Mr. LOZIER. Will the gentleman yield? new wealth that annually accrues to the American people Mr. CONNERY. I yield. as a result of labor, because, in the last analysis, all wealth Mr. LOZIER. According to a report of the Treasury De­ that there is in the world, if not the gift of Almighty God in partment, in 1929, 36 supermillionaires in the United States the form of natural resources, is the result of labor. Labor had a net income of $350,000,000, which was $22,000,000 in is the only thing that can create wealth. excess of the total wages paid to 425,000 textile workers in The banks never created any wealth; the railroads never America. I want to propound this question to the gentle­ created any wealth; the merchants have not created any man: Is there not something radically wrong with our in­ wealth-they merely accumulate, manipulate, concentrate, dustrial system when the net income of 36 men exceeds the control, and direct wealth, but in the last analysis the only total wages of 425,000 workers in America? thing that creates wealth is labor, and labor, in the last few Mr. CONNERY. Not only is there something radically decades, has not received its fair proportion of wealth that wrong, I will say to the gentleman from Missouri, but there annually accrues to the American people. is something radically wrong with the Congress of the United Mr. CONNERY. The gentleman is absolutely correct. States taking $400,000,000 from disabled veterans when they When times are good, they overcapitalize and water the could get that money by taxing securities that are now tax stock, and then when times are bad the only thing they can exempt and by calling in the bonds now outstanding and think of is to cut wages. by reducing the interest rate to 2 percent, and in this way Mr. DICKSTEIN. Will the gentleman yield? raise all the money they need to balance the Budget. [AP­ Mr. CONNERY. I yield to the gentleman. plause.l Mr. DICKSTEIN. I am in sympathy with the gentle­ Mr. ZIONCHECK and Mr. KVALE rose. man's argument. The gentleman brought up the question Mr. ZIONCHECK. Then the gentleman feels that for of the minimum wage. You have a minimum wage in your radical wrongs radical remedies are required? State; why not bring them into court? Mr. CONNERY. That is right; yes. Mr. CONNERY. We have a minimum wage, but we can­ Mr. KV ALE. To return to the query of the gentleman not bring them into court. The only thing that can be from Missouri [Mr. LoZIER], with reference to net income, done under the State law is to publish them. should it not be noted for the RECORD that that net income Mr. DICKSTEIN. Why can you not have a minimum is net for taxable purposes only, and represents what is tax­ wage in the Federal law? able after all the generous allowances and exemptions and Mr. CONNERY. There is a provision for a minimum deductions and exceptions are taken into account that the wage in this bill, in the industrial recovery bill. administrative sections of the Revenue Act allow? Mr. DICKSTEIN. And that will be a check on all the Mr. CONNERY. That is right. States and on all labor throughout the country. [Here the gavel fell.] Mr. CONNERY. Yes. Mr. SHOEMAKER. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous con­ Mr. BLANTON. Will the gentleman yield? sent that the gentleman from Massachusetts may proceed Mr. CONNERY. I yield. for 5 additional minutes. Mr. BLANTON. The gentleman has been speaking of The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there objection to the ways and means for paying pensions and the compensa­ request of the gentleman from Minnesota? tion for disability allowances, and so forth, which ought to There was no objection. be paid, and also paying the bonus, which ought to be paid. Mr. DONDERO. Will the gentleman yield? I want to call attention to another means of helping to Mr. CONNERY. Yes. raise the funds. The big oil monopolies have countless huge Mr. DONDERO. Can the gentleman tell the House storage tanks in their numerous tank cities, and they have whether or not the firms he has mentioned in his district a storage capacity almost measureless. In order to fill their are American firms and owned and operated by American storage with cheap oil, they force oil down to 25 cents a citizens? barrel, and even in some places down to 10 cents a barrel. 5118 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JUNE 6 Then, after filling their storage tanks with cheap oil, ulti­ (e) If any labor organization, or any trade or industrial organi­ mately, when they get ready, the price takes a rise, and zation, a.ssociation, or group, which has complied with the provi­ sions of this title, or any person, shall make complaint to the they reap millions in profits. If we should tax the storage President that any commodities, articles, or materials are being of that oil, say, 5 cents, or even more, per barrel for every imported into the United States, and that such importation is 30 days it is stored, it would break up those storage monop­ detrimental to the effectuation of the policy of this title in that in the business of any industry, trade, or subdivision thereof, as to olies and be the best thing the world ever done for the which a code of fair competition under this title is in effect, is independent oil companies. adversely affected thereby and unfair methods of competition in Mr. CONNERY. I agree with the gentleman. the United States are resulting, the President may cause an in­ Mr. BLANTON. Under permission I will get later, I will vestigation to be made of such complaint, and if after such public notice and hearing as he shall specify the existence of such unfair extend my remarks at the conclusion of the gentleman's methods of competition shall be found he may, in order to effectu­ speech and insert a short statement from one of the oilmen ate the policy of this title, direct that the commodities, articles, in my district on this subject. or materials concerned in such unfair methods of competition Mr. CONNERY. Now, it is not a nice thing to say, "I shall be excluded from entry into the United St ates, and upon information of such action by the President, the Secretary of the told you so", but it is human nature. We all like to feel Treasury shall, through the proper officers, refuse such entry. The that others finally come around to legislation which we decision of the President shall be conclusive. Any refusal of entry initiated. I am not speaking for myself: but only for the under this subsection shall continue in effect until the President shall find and instruct the Secretary of the Treasury that the con­ Committee on Labor, of which I have the honor to be chair­ ditions which led to such refusal of entry no longer exist. man. The Committee on Labor worked long days and long hours, night and morning, in discussion and hearings on the May I say this to the House? I made the ;uggestion in 5-day week and 6-hour day bill. Also, last year, in the. last the committee to have that provision put into the bill be­ session of Congress, the Labor Committee reported out a bill fore we reported it to the House, and my reasoning was very Which passed the House of Representatives and passed the simple. I did not see how you could possibly make any Senate and was known as the "Metcalf-Connery bill", and manufacturer in Detroit, Topeka, Kansas City, San Fran­ which provided for predetermination of wages. cisco, Dallas, Tex., Philadelphia, or any other American city That was vetoed by President Hoover. In the public go on a 5-day week 6-hour day, thereby raising his costs recovery bill the Senate reported out today they have a and tell him that he must do that under penalty of law, provision which pleases me very much, because it carries while at the same time the Czechoslovakian manufacturer, the provisions of the Metcalf-Connery bill. I take no credit the British manufacturer, the German manufacturer, who for the name; it was due to the fine work and cooperation is competing with him in the same products, can work his of my committee that the bill was reported out. labor any number of hours he chooses and pay as low wages On pages 27 and 28 of the public recovery bill you find as he wishes and then ship his goods into this country to this provision: undersell our Americans. My committee agreed with me, (b) All contracts let for Federal construction projects pursuant and they put that in the bill. This foreign-import provision to this title shall contain provisions for minimum rates of wages, is the reason that the bill did not come before this House to be predetermined by the awarding authorities, which contractors for action, and it is extremely pleasing to me to know that shall pay to skilled and unskllled labor, and such mini.mum rates shall be stated in the invitation for bids and shall be included in the action of our Committee on Labor was endorsed by the the proposals for bids for the work. The awarding official shall Finance Committee of the Senate. Opponents of the for­ have power to revise the predetermined wages 1f in his judgment eign-import provision said to me," You are tying the hands changed conditions so justify. In event the rate of wages is in­ of the President when he goes into this conference on June creased, an amount equal to the amount of such increase in wages 1n any one month shall be paid at the end of such month to the 12, you are interfering with his tariff policy, with the reduc­ contractor by the United States upon a satisfactory showing by tion of tariff, or you are placing an embargo." In reply I the contractor as to the amount thereof, and in the event of a said, "We have seen what the European nations have been decrease in the rate of wages, the contract price shall be de­ doing in the last 2 or 3 months. creased by the amount of such decrease in wages, and such de­ crease in the contract price shall be computed on the basis of Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy-all the rest of satisfactory evidence submitted by the contractor. them have been making tariff treaties with the other nations So . there we have one proposition which the Committee of the world, and then they are going into this economic on Labor brought out and is now being incorporated in this conference and they are going to say to us, "All right; we bill. But far more important to the Committee on Labor have our matters fixed up; now what are you going to give at this time is the fact that we reported unanimously, us? We want some more from you." But if the 5-day week favorably to this House a short time ago a 5-day week 6-hour day with the foreign-import provision had become a 6-hour-day bill. It went on the calendar. It stayed on the law, the President would have had a club, and he could have calendar. We were not allowed to get action in the House, said to them, " If you do not work a 5-day week 6-hour day and the reason we were not allowed to have that bill come in Europe, you cannot send your goods into our country in up, to the best of my knowledge, is this: I called up Miss competition with our manufacturers, who are working their Perkins, the Secretary of Labor. She went to the President labor 5 days a week and 6 hours a day." This would have and asked him if he was in favor of the foreign proposition benefited labor not only in the United States but through­ in the bill which applied the same regulations to foreign out the world. From my experience, when you go into a as to American manufacturers and workers. He said, " no "; conference, it is much better to have a trump to play than that he was against the bill applying to foreign imports. to go in there with the other fellow holding all the good So, to the best of my knowledge, that is the reason that the cards. What is there left for us on which to trade, now bill was not allowed to come up in this House. In this bill that all these tariff treaties have been made by other coun­ which is reported by the Senate Finance Committee today tries between themselves? It is the old story. It is true, we have language which puts tb,e foreign-imports proposi­ as Will Rogers said, that America never lost a war and tion into the bill without any "ands", "ifs", or "buts"; so never won a conference. the Committee on Labor has the satisfaction today of know­ Mr. DONDERO. Can the gentleman explain to the ing that, while we were not allowed to bring that bill up on House by what means this Government can determine the floor of this House, the body at the other end of the whether or not goods made in a foreign country were made Capitol realized the necessity of such a provision and put it under a 30-hour week law? in the bill. We did not go over there and ask them to do Mr. CONNERY. It is the easiest thing in the world. that, so we feel that our work has not been in vain. Under the present tariff law you have the consular invoice Mr. KOPPLEMANN. Does that include agricultural prod­ telling you what the value of 25 or any number of different ucts? articles is. General knowledge of what hours a shoe factory Mr. CONNERY. I will read it for you. I am not sure in Czechoslovakia is working or a textile factory in England, under this reading whether or not it applies to agriculture. or their hours of labor, is a simple thing for the consul to On page 5 (e) of the bill I read: find out; under the present law he has to find out that the 1933 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 5119 value of a pair of shoes, for instance, is $1.47 before that Mr. WEIDEMAN. The gentleman made the statement shoe can be admitted to the American market. n would be that Will Rogers said we never won a diplomatic victory much easier to determine what hours of labor factories were and never lost a war. I do not think we won the last war. working. If enslaving our people and malting them carry the burden Mr. DONDERO. He would have no right to go into fac­ of the private bankers in foreign countries is winning the tories in a foreign country to find out from the people there. war. then I hope we do not win any more wars like that. Mr. CONNERY. He would not have to. The workers Mr. CONNERY. I think the gentleman is absolutely right. would tell him pretty quickly. Furthermore, before they All he has to do is to ask the first disabled veteran who is a could ship their goods into the United States a consular battle casualty and has had his compensation cut by the invoice must be O.K.'d by the consul. The foreign manu­ economy bill who he thinks won the war. The veteran's facturer would be obliged to state the hours of labor of his answer will be very illuminating. factory before he could get a license. It is a very easy mat­ Mr. WEIDEMAN. If we won the war, who did we win it ter to handle that. for? Mr. DUNN. Will the gentleman yield? Mr. CONNERY. Well, I might answer that in many ways. Mr. CONNERY. I yield. I think we won it mainly for the profiteers and the inter­ Mr. DUNN. I noticed when the gentleman read the bill national bankers. Ask the man who went up in the Argonne that it is not made mandatory upon the President to see and lost his leg or arms, was gassed or blinded. He will tell that that law is enforced, because as the gentleman read it, you that he fought the war and the big-moneyed interests the President "may.'' The word "shall" should be sub­ won the war. stituted. Mr. SHOEMAKER. Will the gentleman yield? Mr. CONNERY. Yes. It is not mandatory. I am will­ Mr. CONNERY. I yield. ing to leave it to the President as they have it in the bill. Mr. SHOEMAKER. We cannot collect our debts. We I feel confident when he looks over the situation thoroughly furnished the money to win the war and we cannot collect that he will see the necessity for such action. I would our debts. rather see " shall ", but if " may " is as much as we can get, Mr. CONNERY. We gave them a present of the first I shall be g1ad to accept that. I want to protect the Ameri­ eleven billion they borrowed and now they want the other can worker. eleven billion canceled. The SPEAKER. The time of the gentleman from Massa­ chusetts has again expired. Mr. SHOEMAKER. And Sunday night at midnight I Mr. ZIONCHECK. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous con­ understand we gave the Chinamen fifty million more. sent that the gentleman may be allowed to proceed for 5 Mr. CONNERY. I hope not, although China always gave additional minutes. us a better break than most of the others. The SPEAKER. Without objection, it is so ordered. Mr. ZIONCHECK. Will the gentleman yield? There was no objection. Mr. CONNERY. I yield. Mr. CONNERY. I hold no brief for the Aluminum Trust Mr. ZIONCHECK. The economy bill is coming before the or for the big concerns which are getting tariff protection House again, and it is my understanding that if we do not and do not need it at all I believe in the tariff policy of agree to the Connally amendment they will bring it back the Democratic Party as enunciated in our national conven­ with a sales tax on it and we will have to vote for a sales tions of the past, wherein it is stated that we believe in equal tax in order to help the veteran. Is that right? protection as to the difference in wages and cost of produc­ Mr. CONNERY. Well, I do not know. Of course, I would tion for the American manufacturers as against foreign not want to say anything about the House conferees who importers. If we are going to keep up our standards of liv­ are going to confer on the matter. As I feel now, if some­ ing, we must have protection for the American workers. We thing at least as good as the Connally amendment is not have radios, we have bathtubs, we have washing machines, offered, I am going to vote not to send it to conference, and various other things in our homes that they do not have but to accept the Connally amendment. I would rather in European countries or Asiatic countries, and if we are vote for the Trammell amendment, but under parliamentary going to keep up the American standard of living we must procedure doubt if I can get the opportunity. The Con­ protect the worker and the manufacturer and the farmer nally amendment provides a 25-percent cut; the Trammell in the United States against the importation of goods made 15 percent. abroad under sweatshop conditions, poor wages, and then Mr. ZIONCHECK. It is almost common knowledge that sent into this country and sold under the American market that is a fact, is it not? prices. Mr. CONNERY. I would not say that. We cannot keep up our standard of living unless we have Mr. Speaker, I thank the House very much for its in­ this weapon of defense in this bill Under the public recov­ dulgence. I did not intend to take up so much time. ery bill we are to license manufacturers. The President [Applause.] will be able to say to them, " Unless you work 40 hours a ifhe SPEAKER. The time of the gentleman from Massa­ week, you do not get a license", or it may be 35 hours or 30 chusetts has again expired. hours or 45 hours, whatever he says. Whenever you put that Mr. BLANTON. Mr. Speaker, under the unanimous con­ manufacturer on a 35-hour week, for instance, and you let sent that was granted me to extend the remarks I made the manufacturer in Manchester, England, or Czechoslovakia during the speech of the gentleman from Massachusetts or Russia or in any other foreign nation work 60 hours a [Mr. CONNERY], I want to discuss a little further the tax I week, you are penalizing the American manufacturer and proposed that Congress should levy upon petroleum stored workers and eventually you will drive our American manu­ by monopolies. Oil should be worth at least $1.25 per facturers out of business and put millions more American barrel. These huge combines with their countless tank unemployed workers on the streets. fields beat down the price of oil to 10 cents per barrel, g,nd So in conclusion on this matter I simply want to state then garner it away in their storage tanks, and then when that our logic, after our study of this matter in the Com­ they get ready to cut their melon and to declare their divi­ mittee on Labor, has amply justified itself when the Senate dends they allow the price to go up and then unload. They Finance Committee announces that in order to protect should pay a tax on this storage. American industry and American work.men the President My constituent, Mr. A. A. Spencer, is the general manager may put on an embargo, if necessary, thus regulating these of the Exchange Petroleum Corporation, refiners and mar­ products which are coming from foreign countries which keters of Liberty gasoline, and motor oil and greases, at employ sweatshop labor, long hours, and pay starvation Albany, Tex. I have an interesting statement from him wages. which I want to pass on to the President and to the Ways Mr. WEIDEMAN. Will the gentleman yield? and Means Committee for their consideration. It is the Mr. CONNERY. I yield. following: 5120 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JUNE 6 THE J!:xCHANGE PETROLEUM CORPORATION, of the people. With oil down as low as 25 cents per barrel, .ALBANY, TEX., June 2, 1933. Hon. THos. L. BLANTON, there can be no new development. All development is at a Member of Congress, Washington, D.C. standstill. And thousands of men who formerly had employ­ DEAR Sm: In a discussion with your son, Thos. L. Blanton, Jr., ment in oil fields as tool dressers, casing crews, truck drivers, 1t was suggested that I write yaa, outlining a matter which I believe has merit and which will at this time serve to simplify a and helpers are idle. This Congress should leyy this tax on few of the problems which confront the on business today. all oil storage. The meMUre which I wish to propose would be revenue-pro­ FURTHER MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE ducing to the Federal Government which. of course, is something that is now being given vital consideration. A further message from the Senate, by Mr. Horne, its As you are doubtless aware, it has been the custom of the enrol.ling clerk, announced that the Senate disagrees to the major oil companies for the past 15 years, and even before the I amendm. ent of the House to the bill (S 1580) entitled .. An World War, annually to run the price of crude petroleum any- . . . . · . . where from 50 cents to $1 per barrel, running millions of barrels act to reheve the eXIStmg national emergency m relation to to storage and then advancing the price, making a tremendous interstate railroad transportation and to amend sections 5, profit on this one operation at the expense of thousands of in~e- 15a, and 19a of the Interstate Commerce Act as amended" pendent oil producers. In fact, this very thing 1s what is gomg . ts nf . ' . . ' on right now throughout the United states, with a mid-continent reques a co erence with the House on the dISagreemg posting of 25 cents per barrel on crude oil. votes of the two Houses thereon', and appoints Mr. DILL, Using the present time as an illustration, the major companies Mr. SMITH, Mr. WHEELER, Mr. FESS, and Mr. METCALF to be have reduced the price of crude pet~oleum within the last few the conferees on the part of the Senate months nearly $1 per barrel, which will mean a profit of 300 per- · cent to the major companies. This operation costs them prac- The message also announced that the Senate had agreed tically nothing since gathering lines are a part of their normal to the amendments of the House to the bill CS. 1562) entitled operation, the ~mly extra investment necessary being storage. All "An act grantmg the consent of Congress to the Leyy Court major comparues have a tremendous amount of storage which f . . was built years ago a.nd paid for, doubtless, by the profits of one O Sussex County, Del., to reconstruct a bridge across the crude oil storage period. The upkeep on storage is very small. Deeps Creek at Cherry Tree Landing, Sussex County, Del." and the depreciation likewise 1s of small consequence. Since the storing of oil is such a profitable transaction and the LEAVE OF ABSENCE major companies have used this particular means to make the By unanimous consent, leave of absence was granted to larger portion of their profit, and also have not actually made Mr. HAINES, for 2 days, on account of important business. profit from refining and producing operations (as their inde­ pendent competitors have been forced to do), they have made this EXTENSION OF REMARKS profit wholly at the expense of the small producer. It certainly is, therefore, in llne that the Federal Government should levy a tax Mr. SOMERS of New York. Mr. Speaker, I would like to which would be payable monthly on each and every barrel of oll ask unanimous consent to insert in the RECORD speeches carried in storage in excess of 30 days. made by my colleagues, Mr. BLACK and Mr. O'CONNOR, last To my knowledge, no one has ever suggested such a measure-­ night at the American National Conference at the Mayflower a tax which would be beneficial to the entire industry; a tax that would be borne by the party who is certainly able to bear it. If Hotel. you w1ll investigate, I am sure that you will find that practically The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the every year since 1918 the major oll companies have forced the gentleman from New York [Mr. SOMERS]? price of oil down, storing oll and then raising the price back up within a period of 12 months, making a profit from this price There was no objection. .. juggling " operation of from 50 cents to il.50 per barrel. LETTER OF REPRESENTATIVE FISH PROTESTING ECONOMIC AND If we are to believe the propaganda that the major oll companies RACIAL PERSECUTION OF GERMAN JEWS have put forth to the e1fect that there is far too much production today, and by reason of that tremendous overproduction crude oil Mr. FISH. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to has declined 1n value to where it is only worth 25 cents per barrel, insert in the REcoRD a letter I wrote to that conference, then I say that this crude oil should remain underground in its together with a copy of a resolution I have introduced in the natural reservoir and should not be run and stored in tanks sub­ ject to tremendous evaporation loss of that valuable part of the House which was adopted by that conference. crude o11--ga.sol1ne. Mr. McFARLANE. Mi·. Speaker, reserving the right to A tax of say 2, 3, or 5 cents per barrel per month on storage oll object, what was the gentleman's request? would permit the Federal Government to share in some of the large profits which are made in the storage of crude petroleum Mr. FISH. The gentleman just asked permission to put and at the same time discourage that wasteful and extravagant in 3 speeches, a speech by the majority leader, 1 by Mr. method which has been employed in the past, accruing profit to BLACK, and 1 by a third gentleman, at this meeting last the major oil company, and at the same time would encourage night. the conservation of our natural resources by forcing nonproduc­ tion at times of unjustifiable market. Mr. BLANTON. The request in regard to the speech of Such a tax would also force the major oil companies to com­ the majority leader was granted this morning. pete in business with their small independent competitors to make Mr. FISH. It is the same as the request made on behalf profit from their refining and marketing operations, as well as their production activities, a thing which they are not doing today, of some others. and have not been doing for the past several years. Mr. SOMERS of New York. Mr. Speaker, I withdraw that The writer has watched with interest the present administra­ request. tion's efforts in their endeavor to rehabilitate, so to speak. industry, The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the and there 1s one thing that 1s of great consequence and one that should by no means be overlooked, and that is the encouragement gentleman from New York [Mr. F'IsHJ? of the small industry, for I am convinced that this country 1s There was no objection. suffering not a.Ione from a world-wide general economic depression Mr. FISH. Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my re­ but also that many, many men are out of employment as a result marks, I am including herewith a copy of House Concurrent of consolidations, amalgamations, and mergers which were so popular a few years ago. The small oil concern employs more Resolution 19, introduced by me, which was approved by the men per unit of production than the major companies, and this American National Conference Against Racial Persecution in must not be lost sight of, for the more small concerns that a.re Germany at their meeting held on Monday, June 5, 1933, at fostered and encouraged, the more men will be employed. The above suggestions with reference to the tax on storage oil are along the Mayflower Hotel, Washington, D.C. I am also including this line. a copy of the letter which I addressed to Justice Stafford, This is a rough outline, and I have not taken time to go into one of the sponsors of this conference: the matter in detail, reallz1ng that time for consideration of mat­ ters of this nature is lim1ted in Washington. However, if you House Concurrent Resolution 19 feel that this matter has merit--and I believe that you will find Whereas the German Government is pursuing a relentless and it has-I certainly should like to see this measure introduced at ruthless policy of economic persecution and repression of Jews 1D the present session of Congress and a law of thi.s nature enacted at Germany; and this time. Whereas it ls the a.vowed intention of the German Government Very truly yours, to deprive the Jews o! their civ1c, political, and economic rights; A. A. SPENCER. and . Whereas the comparatively small number of Jews in Germany, Mr. BLANTON. Mr. Speaker, there seems to be great not exceeding 600,000, or 1 percent of the German population, merit in the suggestions made by Mr. A. A. Spencer. Care­ constitute a peaceful, law-abiding, industrious, and defenseless ful consideration should be given to same, both by the Sen­ element of the population: Therefore be it Resolved by the House of Representatives (the Senate coa­ ate committee and our House committee. We must break up curring), That the Congress of the United States regrets the con­ these big monopolies. They are throttling the very life out tinued persecution of the Jews in Germany and expresses its 1933 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 5121 sympathy for them in their hour of trial, humiliation, and eco­ that were benevolent and revolutionary but not dangerous nomic discrimination, and requests the President of the United nor destructive; that he boldly attacked waste and extrava­ States to use his good offices and make friendly representation to the German Government in the interest o! humanity, justice, and gance in the expenditures of public funds, quickly effected world peace, to respect the civic and economic rights of their numerous and far-reaching economies in the operation of citizens of Jewish origin, and to put an end to racial and religious boards, bureaus, and commissions, abolished useless Govern­ persecution. ment activities, and the first year of his administration HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, Washington, D.C., June 5, 1933. reduced operating expenses of the Government more than a Justice WENDELL P. STAFFORD, billion dollars; that he formulated and secured the enact­ American National Conference, Suite 863, ment of numerous measures that amazed slow-going states­ Mayflower Hotel, Washington, D.C. DEAR JUDGE STAFFORD: I regret exceedingly that, owing to a previ­ men and students of political economy, and which marked a ous engagement, I will be unable to attend your protest meeting radical departure from long-established formulas for the against the tragic and inhuman attempt of the Hitler Government treatment of national ills; that he accepted no principle or to destroy the economic rights of German Jews and deprive them policy simply because it was ancient or long-approved, nor of citizenship. No nation, or no people, particularly the American people ac­ did he reject any formula, theory, or program on the sole customed to equal opportunities under the law, can remain silent ground that it was new and untried; that he measured every at the cruel, brutal, and systematic policy being pursued by the governmental policy by the yardstick of economic soundness, German Government to turn the hands of progress back 2 cen­ turies and force peaceful and law-abiding Jewish citizens to return its workability, and its adaptability to accomplish the desired to the poverty and disease of the Ghetto. purpose; that with the stroke of a pen he cut the Gordian The American people are shocked and horrified that any civilized knot of bureaucracy and untangled age-old departmental government, and I speak as a tried and true friend of the German red tape; that his policies, boldly conceived, carefully formu­ people, could in our day and generation undertake to outrage civilization by strangling through economic weapons a whole race. lated, and wisely administered, lifted the pall of depression, Stupid and ruthless leadership turned the world against Germany restored normal conditions, and revitalized and revivified 20 years ago, and God forbid that it should again come to pass. every vocational group and every branch of human industry. By encouraging and promoting intolerable injustices to the Jews, the German rulers are prejud1cing their own demands for justice Probably no Congress in our national history ever enacted before world public opinion. more constructive, comprehensive, forward-looking, epoch­ The fight has just begun and must continue until human marking, and benevolent legislation than the one now in rights and Jewish rights prevail I would appreciate the active and militant support of your congress toward securing a favorite session. Under the leadership of President Roosevelt, Con­ report and action on my resolution requesting the President of gress created agencies to i·estore our national credit, re­ the United States to make friendly representation to the Hitler finance our bankrupt National Treasury, tremendously Government regarding the economic and racial persecution o! reduce our Government's operating expenses, conserve, 600,000 German Jews, in the name of justice, humanity, peace, and friendly relations between nations. strengthen, and stabilize our banking institutions, refinance Wishing your congress every success, and assuring you o! my and otherwise rehabilitate agriculture, quicken industrial earnest cooperation. I am, activities, stimulate the flow of commerce, dissipate fear, Sincerely yours, HAMILTON FISH, Jr. establish confidence of the masses in their Government, and encourage the people to right-about-face and begin their UNDER WHOLESOME AND JUST LAWS WISELY AND SYMPATHETI­ CALLY ADMINISTERED, THE SO-CALLED " COM.MON " PEOPLE AND march toward better and more prosperous times. " MIDDLE CLASSES " MAY NOW WITH CONFIDENCE HOPE FOR When I contemplate the recently enacted legislation, BETTER TIMES AND A MORE EQUITABLE SHARE IN THE NEW measuring my words and speaking deliberately, I assert that WEALTH THAT ANNUALLY ACCRUES TO THE AMERICAN PEOPLE in all the tide of time, no other self governing nation has Mr. LOZIER. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to ever accomplished so much in such a short space of time. extend my remarks in the RECORD. The attitude of the American people toward their Govern­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the ment, their Congress, their institutions, and toward one gentleman from Missouri? another has materially changed in the last 3 months. There was no objection. Confidence has displaced despair. Courage has supplanted Mr. LOZIER. Mr. Speaker, when the record of this ad­ fear and indecision. Then they were controlled by doubt ministration is written, the future historian will say that and desperation. Now they are inspired by a new hope, a when Franklin D. Roosevelt became President the American new initiative, and a bold resolution to cut a pathway out people were facing an economic abyss; that our mills and of this wilderness of serfdom to ease and economic inde­ factories were idle, our industrial structure disintegrating, pendence. Then they saw only clouds and storms. Now the our railroads seemingly facing inevitable receiverships, our sun shines, fortune smiles, and the future promises ade­ merchants, shopkeepers, and small tradesmen dangerously quate rewards for their labors. Then they were a dis­ close to if not already in the pit of insolvency, agriculture couraged and defeated army in disorderly retreat. Now bled white and prostrate, our banking system broken down they are united, confident, and militant, advancing all the by maladministration and unconscionable practices, our com­ line. Then they were weary with the disappointments and merce stagnant and unremunerative, our business activities disasters of an unfriendly destiny. Then they were in the unprofitable, our masters of finance and captains of industry shadow of a starless night. Now the sun of prosperity is stupid, impotent, and devoid of constructive leadership, the rising with healing in his wings. Every vocation is taking masses mercilessly exploited and plundered, and social in­ on new life. justice in the saddle in every one of the 48 States. Under wholesome and just laws, wisely and sympatheti­ He will not fail to record the amazing fact that in a great cally administered, the so-called " common people " and nation of limitless resources and boundless wealth 13,000,000 "middle classes" may now with confidence hope for better men and women who previously had been gainfully employed times and a more equitable share in the new wealth that were idle, walking the streets seeking employment, and beg­ annually accrues to the American people. A new spirit in­ ging for bread; that millions of men, women, and children spires and dominates the people. A new purpose actuates were underfed and undernourished, though our granaries those intrusted with the administration of our national and warehouses were filled to overflowing with food com­ affairs-a purpose to rule wisely, righteously, and justly; an modities that could be bought at cutthroat prices. In short, inflexible determination to conserve our national welfare, that the people of the United States were facing ruin; that promote the well-being of the people, not of a favored few our agricultural, industrial, financial, and commercial struc­ people only, but to bring to the myriad millions of forgotten tures were tottering, our institutions threatened, and our men and women equal enjoyment of the blessings and social order endangered. And after accurately describing benefits of our free Government and their just and proper conditions on March 4, 1933, the unprejudiced historian will share of the wealth and prosperity of the Nation. say that on his accession to office President Roosevelt reso­ In the history of the world, in the experience of every lutely set himself to the task of bringing order out of chaos. nation, there have come times of peril and emergencies of That he laid a strong hand on the helm of the almost such magnitude as to shake the foundations of society and stranded ship of state, promptly initiated remedial policies threaten national disaster. In every great crisis a heroic 5122 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JUNE 6 figure has msen, generally from the ranks of the common a greater demand for all kinds of food products, which people, whose personal and political integrity, genius, vision, will mean a substantial advance in farm commodity prices. patriotism, and far-seeing statesmanship saved a nation All lines of industry and business will share in the pros­ from the evil consequences of their own folly, preserved the perity and increase of purchasing power which will inevi­ state, and averted social and political revolution. Om be­ tably flow from transferring 6,000,000 people from idleness loved country is no exception to this rule. On frequent to the grand army of employed and contented wage earners. occasions, in periods of Nation-wide unrest, when the per­ The agricultural classes are already receiving substantial petuity of our institutions hung tremblingly in the balance, benefits from the legislation enacted by Congress on the a Jefferson, a Jackson, a Lincoln, a Wilson, or a Roosevelt recommendation of the President. The Agricultural Credits has boldly challenged the forces of destruction, averted Act of 1933, which provides for the refinancing of farm disaster, and preserved inviolate our benign institutions. mortgages over a long term of years at a low rate of interest, And but recently, in a period of unprecedented danger, and which also provides for emergency loans to farmers, will when seemingly every vocational group was being rapidly go down in history as the most benevolent, progressive, and reduced to penury and impotence, when the ability of our far-reaching legislation ever enacted for the agricultural Government to solve our economic problems was being seri­ classes in the entire range of human history. It will tre­ ously challenged, the Americ~J. people in their desperation mendously aid in the rehabilitation of the American farmer and despair, with practical unanimity drafted another Roose­ and a restoration of agriculture to its rightful place among velt to lead them out of the miry slough of despond, and prosperous occupations. By a reduction of governmental out of the bogs and quagmire of financial, economic, and expenses an indirect tax burden of $25,000,000 will be lifted political idiocy and impotence. Judging by the phenomenal from the shoulders of American farmers. Livestock and accomplishments of the first 3 months of his administration, grain prices, in fact all farm commodity prices, are steadily we may with assurance assert that he will not disappoint advancing. In the last few weeks the aggregate increase the expectations of the American people. in farm-commodity values is approximately as follows: As Chairman of the Committee of the Whole House on the Livestock increased------$530,000,000 state of the Union, I presided while the National Industrial '\Vheat increased------200,000,000 Recovery Act was being debated. This is one of the most Corn increased------~----~------550,000,000 important of the President's proposals for the restoration Oats increased______120, 000, 000 of prosperity and to return to normal national life. It is In other words, since Mr. Roosevelt became President, essentially an emergency measure, and I supported it on under the inspiration of his commanding and magnetic per­ that theory, although I doubt the wisdom, workability, and sonality, and as the direct result of his wise and wholesome constitutionality of some of its provisions. The President policies, approximately $1,400,000,000 have been added to requested its enactment without substantial amendments. the ultimate probable income of American farmers which It is my conviction that the good that will be accomplished will be materially augmented from substantial increases in by its enactment and sympathetic administration will amply prices of dairy products, poultry, and other minor farm justify our acceptance of the objectional features of the bill commodities. This means hard cash in the pockets of the It is predicated on the admitted fact that we are suffering producers and furnishes convincing evidence that better from a national emergency of stupendous and unprecedented times are coming for the agricultural classes. proportions; that adverse economic conditions have been SAFE AND SANE NATIONAL DEFENSE productive of wide-spread unemployment; that industry is Mr. McSWAIN. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to disorganized, discouraged, and staggering toward prostration extend my remarks by printing an address which I delivered and the bottomless pit of disaster; that interstate commerce yesterday to the National Association of Reserve Officers. is burdened and sluggish; that the standards of living of the The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the American people have been undermined and fallen to dis­ gentleman from South Carolina? tressingly low levels, and that their purchasing power has There was no objection. been amazingly reduced, and in many instances entirely Mr. McSWAIN. Mr. Speaker, under leave to print, I offer destroyed. as my remarks the following address delivered by myself The National Industrial Recovery Act proposes to remove June 5, 1933, to the National Association of Reserve Officers obstructions to the free flow of commerce, provide for the at Chicago, m.: general welfare by promoting the organization of industry Mr. President and Reserve officers, in that admirable volume by for the purpose of cooperative action among trade groups, Richard Stockton entitled "Inevitable War", recently otI the press, induce and maintain united action of employers and em­ he summarizes our national-defense policies in these few words: ployees under adequate governmental sanction and super­ "Thirty successive Presidents of the United States, beginning with George Washington and including Herbert Hoover, have given us vision, eliminate unfair competitive practices, reduce and six cardinal principles of military policy. We must be peaceable; relieve unemployment, improve standards of labor and we must be prepared; preparedness tends to prevent war; our otherwise rehabilitate industry, and conserve our national main Army must be citizen soldiers; we must have some soldiers on permanent duty; and we must have an adequate Navy. These resources. are good principles, and I am glad to follow them." To this I This measure includes what is known as the public-works would respectfully add that we should have an air force equal to program, for which the sum of $3,300,000,000 is provided, of that of any other nation 1n the world. With some small countries, which sum $400,000,000 allocated equitable method occupying the same continent, as in the case of Europe, aircraft is by an may constitute a weapon of offense, and may be used for destruc­ among the several States to be expended in the construction tive and surprising invasion. But not so with America, due to our of highways. detached position, occupying the expanse of half a continent, with The public-works program is exceedingly comprehensive great oceans to the east and to the west, and with friendly repub­ lics to the north and to the south, for us an air force is essentially and embraces practically all varieties of public construction defense. Furthermore, I believe that for every dollar invested in by the Federal Government, States, municipalities or other air power we obtain a higher percentage of defense than a dollar public bodies, including projects aided under previously en­ invested in any other form of defense. With aircraft based upon our shores we could meet an enemy fleet and a hostile convoy 500 acted emergency-relief measures, as well as all projects miles at sea and beat down enemy aircraft operating in conjunc­ made eligible for loans under the Reconstruction Finance tion with the enemy fleet, and then the fleet would be at the Corporation Act. It is conservatively estimated and gen­ mercy of our aircraft and of our fleet. We could be sure of beat­ erally believed that under this Industrial Recovery Act ing down the enemy aircraft, because necessarily the enemy planes would be llm1ted in number, whereas with ours based upon land, within a short time approximately 6,000,000 men and women and with our entire air forces at our instant command, we could will be given employment. sacrifice plane for plane until there would be complete annihila­ It would be difficult to overappraise the beneficial effects tion of the enemy air force, and we would stlll have remaining sufficient force to prevent the invasion of our shores. of this measure. The employment of 6,000,000 work.men will add tremendously to the buying power of the American NATIONAL DEFENSE A PARAMOUNT DUTY The preamble to the Constitution of the United States expressly people. The benefits will be reflected in the rapidly ex­ declares that one of the four primary objects for the formation of panding activities of every vocational group. There will be a more perfect Union by the abandonment o! the Articles o! Con- 1933 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 5123 federation and the adoption of th~ present Federal Constitntion To the mind of the ordlna.ry citizen n1ttional defense is a single was to "provide for the common defense." It is a significant fact thought. If invading forces may be beaten back from the air, it is that every President o! the United States from Washington dq,wn air force that the ordinary citizen is concerned with. If, however, bas solemnly declared that national defense is a national duty invasion may be prevented by water craft, then it is ships the that we dare neglect at the perll o! our national life. Relatively ordinary citizen is concerned with. If the enemy lands either few of our Presidents have been soldiers as such. Not one of them from the air or from the water, and if its advance to the interior was a professional soldier. A few were conspicuous citizen soldiers. may be prevented by land troops, then it is land troops that occupy but with striking unanimity they agree that an unarmed nation the center of the stage with the ordinary citizen. 1s an invitation to war. To the practical man, this is complete It is true that under our organization defense forces are cut confutation to every proposal of the pacifists and the idealists that up into the Army and the Navy, and each, in turn, is subdivided; urge abandonment of arms and armaments as being themselves but such subdivision is for more convenience of administration, provocative of war. The messages of the Presidents reflect the and all are subject to the unified command centering in the thought of the picked men constituting their Cabinets. It is safe President as Commander in Chief. to say that every Presidential message is a representative cross sec­ Before we lay emphasis upon any one branch, it is necessary for tion of the best opinion of the statesmen of the time. If, there­ us to ascertain what is our national policy, as determined by our fore, every Cabinet of every President has approved of the expres­ history, by the nature of our institutions, by our industrial and sions that national defense is a paramount duty, then we may economic and commercial needs, and by our geographic situation. safely conclude that convictions of our duty to arm and to prepare The size of our country, with its variety of climate, o! soil, of re­ to defend ourselves against any possible enemy from any quarter solll"Ctls, rend{lrs us almost self-sufficient. Ninety percent of our do not arise from m111taristic and professional sentiments of ambi­ commerce is domestic commerce. For our future development, tious soldiers, but are the sober feelings of the masses of men and even until we shall number 300,000,000 or 500,000,000 people within women who love their country. our frontiers, it is not necessary for us to contemplate dependence upon any other part of the earth's surface for our subsistence and PEACE THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE happiness. We have barely scratched the surface of our national Reverting to Mr. Stockton's resume, we recall that the first resources. This applies particularly to agriculture. AB we shall policy to be pursued by our Nation is that of peace. We are a enrich our somewhat impoverished lands, as we shall develop mar­ peaceful nation. We seek neither the territory, nor the wealth, ginal lands, as we shall bring new lands under the plow, by clear­ nor the commerce of any other nation. We have vast untouched ing and by draining and by irrigation, we will be able to feed resources that for generations will tax the energies of our people and care for several times our present population. to develop. Our very form of Government inhibits any aggressive Our fixed and invariable policy has been mere defense. By our militaristic policy. Annual appropriations for the Army and the power we drove Spanish authority from the island of Cuba, and Navy keep our armed forces in constant control of Congress, and then set CUba free. We acquired the Philippine Islands, and are therefore instantly responsive to the popular judgment. No war now setting them free. We do not desire one single foot of foreign can be declared except by Congress, and our history shows that soiL We do not seek dominion over any alien people. We wish for Congress has never precipitately rushed into war, but as a matter all the nations of the earth the same independence, the same of fact has, in each instance, been virtually pushed into war by progress, and the same happiness we are earnestly seeking for our­ wellnigh unanimous popular sentiment. So long as our Consti­ selves. We believe that our own true economic prosperity can tution stands and is respected, and our representative system of be achieved only as our sister nations are prosperous. Fortunately government continues, then just so long will it be impossible for we are situated between two great oceans, with friendly neighbors this country to begin any aggressive and imperialistic war. The to the north and to the south; and 1! ever there was a nation desire of the people is for peace; the hope for our prosperity is qualified to feel and to exercise true neutrality, to be impartial peace; the object of our prayers is peace; the aim of our defense umpire in world affairs, to be the friend of all and the enemy of policies is peace; the purpose of our Army and our Navy is to none, that Nation is America. It would seem that Providence has preserve peace. placed us in this situation in order that we might lead mankind PREPAREDNESS FOR PEACE out o! the narrowness, the prejudice, the selfishness, the :rear and The common sense of responsible public men dictates adequate the dread that fill the minds, and dominate the policies of the preparedness to prevent war. Ofttimes the idealist thinks he has nations of the Old World, occupying relatively small areas, living answered the arguments for preparedness by asking the questions, close to each other, that are arrayed against each other by age­ "Where is the enemy you expect to fight? What nation has made old tradition, and unfading memory of invasion, of frightfulness hostile gestures? Why waste all this money while the whole world and of injustice perpetrated by unequal treaties, signed by the is at peace an<1 while other nations seek peace with the same point of a bayonet. sincerity that we do?" I invariably answer: "I do not know What, then, is the defense policy of America? Let us think where the enemy is, but I do know that when I do learn where of the problem as a whole, and not of its several parts, however the enemy ls, when I do know who the enemy is, then it will be important each may be. The American statesmen must declare too late to prepare." It is too late to• take out insurance after and administer that policy. War has been defined as a means the house is on fire. It is too late to take out life insurance after of accomplishing a nation's policy by force. So far as America death rattles are ln the throat. It is too late to begin to build is concerned, war may appropriately be defined as the means of a fleet and to organize and train its crews, and to butld martial preventing another nation from accomplishing its policy at the aircraft and to train men to use them, and lt is too late to train expense of America, either of American territory or of America's men in the use of land armaments after the enemy appears and rights. We have no land-grabbing policy. We seek no commerce, darkens the skies with his air forces and blockades our ports with save that which we can win by good will and merit. But we his fieet and sets his foot upon our shores. The wise man keeps must be realists. We must recognize the lessons of history. We his property and his own life adequately insured all the time. must know that in the course of events situations do arise Mark you, the significance of the word " adequate." Overinsur­ whereby uncontrollable passions are provoked, when the voice of ance of property tempts to incendiarism. Overinsurance of one's reason is hushed, and when war seems the only alternative. Due life tempts to suicide. In like manner excessive equipment for to the situation above described, we believe that America can war and inordinate training for war may undoubtedly precipitate keep cool the longest, that she may be able to reason, after others war. Hence the title of this address: "A Safe and Sane Policy for fall. But America must be ready if another nation, prompted National Defense." by greed or hatred or revenge, shall defy our rights and make WHAT IS A SAFE AND SANE POLICY FOR NATIONAL DEj'ENSE? war upon our people. In contemplation of such a situation, what is our plain duty? All men agree that defense forces, agents, and instrumentalities Manifestly our duty is to be reasonably well prepared, to be both should be big enough to make the country safe. On the other safe and sane. hand, they should be small enough to keep the country sane. Very heavy armaments and very large military establishments are OUR CHIEF RELIANCE IS THE CITIZEN SOLDIER apt to breed overconfidence and to develop an aggresive spirit. All our Presidents and public men have emphasized the im­ There must be a middle course somewhere, and that is the course portance of our policy of relying upon the citizen soldier in time for all disinterested, forward-looking Americans to seek and to of war. It is true that we must have some soldiers on permanent take. All history teaches tha.t aggressor nations, nations with im­ duty; some soldiers must devote their whole lives to the study of perialistic policies, are doomed to die. In like manner history military problems, in order to instruct and the better train citi­ demonstrates that defenseless nations, nations unprepared to meet zen soldiers through the years of peace, and especially to staff the aggressor neighbors, also die. But nations like Switzerland, that huge armies of citizen soldiers in time of war. Just how large keep themselves ready to beat off an invader and yet pursue a this Regular Army should be is a practical question and must be policy of mere sel!-protection, live on in peace, and with the solved like every practical problem. The National Defense Act of minimum of burdens for military service and military expendi­ 1916, as amended in 1920, is not sacro~nct. It was not formu­ tures. lated by inspired men. but by practical, common-sense men. It The National Defense Act is limited in its application to land has been amended many times and in many important respects, forces. But a true National Defense Act would contemplate every and will undoubtedly be amended in the future. The Congress agency, instrumentality, and force to be employed in defending that enacted it had no better nor broader information, nor any the Nation against aggression. Thus an all-comprehensive National purer motives, than the Congress now sitting nor the Congress Defense Act would include the fundamental policy of defense, that will sit 10 years hence. and would organize the forces for the administration of that fun­ But one thing that all must agree upon, relative to the Regular damental policy, whether such forces be operating on the water or Army, and that is that it should at all times be at the highest under the water, or cperating upon the land or above both land possible state of efficiency. There should be the minimum of and water. Thus the totality of national defense comprehends drones and deadwood within its personneL Each individual submarines, sea mines, surface ships, land troops, and air forces, should be constantly and instantly stimulated to make of him­ whether said air forces be operating with land troops or with the self the very best teacher-soldier possible. He is not me::.-ely train­ fleet or independently. ing to lead in war, but he is training to instruct and to inspire 5124 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JUNE 6 citizen soldiers who are training in time of peace. With this prin­ · more efficient preparedness, out of the Reserve officers, taken as a ciple in mind, I have long insisted that wholesale lopping off of group, and including every branch and arm of the service, than Army officers by any arbitrary standard of age or length of service from any other constituent of national defense. is unwise, prejudicial, and demoralizing. Many an officer at the The last item in the summary by Colonel Stockton 1s an ade­ age of 60 is better than some other officer at the age of 40. n 18 quate Navy. Truly all men must agree that in this modern world. a personal question and not a group question. Therefore. I advo­ with the oceans, more than ever before, lanes of commerce, and cate the more efficient functioning of class B boards. I insist with our ships steaming ewer all the seas and our aircraft flying that the officer who does not measure up in character, in abll1ty, in all the skies, a navy adequate for the defense not only of our and technical skill, should be eliminated.. The Regular Army shores but of our far-flung commerce is absolut ely necessary. should be a great continuous competitive contest. Those who OUr peace-loving and unselfish people are perfectly willing to agree strive hardest and exert themselves the most should win the to treaties to restrict our armament<> to any fair basis of parity, honors and receive the emoluments. Any other system leads t.o in keeping with the ·enlightened thought of the world and eco­ stagnation and drifting and inefilciency. In this complicated and nomic requirements. practical problem of what is " adequate " defense, the taxpayer But we will not lead in disarmament. Others may not follow must be considered. Every dollar taken from the taxpayer above our example. Disarmament must proceed equally by all nations. that which is absolutely necessary to maintain adequate defense, at the same time. We consider the taxpayers' burden, but we is an unjust burden. No city would wisely have an unnecess11rily must look far into the future, lest the intolerable burdens of large and expensive fire department, nor police department, nor indemnities, imposed by victorious foe, and the unspeakable health department. These must be large enough to prevent or humiliation of defeat, would set back the progress of freedom check fires, to preserve order, and to protect health, and no l~er. and civilization. The example of America, her freedom for the The business man must solve this problem,in fixing his fire insur­ individual, her opportunity for the poor and friendless, her devo­ ance and life insurance. He not only wants a solvent company, tion to high ideals, have for a century and a half been the sus­ but he wants the lowest rates, and the minimum amount, com­ taining hope of all humanity. OUr duty to ourselves, and our mensurate with adequate protection. duty to the whole world, call upon us to face the grim realities And so it is with the Congress which represents the people who of the times, and to be reasonably prepared for such emergencies. produce the Nation's wealth, who tyerform its work, who bear its as may happen at any moment. burdens, and who pay its taxes. Undoubtedly the people, as voiced With malice toward none, and with charity for all, America by every President, and as dictated by common sense, demand ade­ must continue in the way pointed by Washington, and repeated quate, safe, and sane national defense, and are w1lllng to pay every by every great American that has followed him in the leadership dollar necessary to insure it. But at the same time the people of our people. The safe and sane middle course must be pursued. resist extravagance, wastefulness, duplication of effort, inefilciency, Excessive militarism a.nd aggressive wars are unlikely, but certainly and any system that leads to stagnation. drifttng, and dry rot. must be avoided. On the other hand, we must not surrender to For these reasons the sound judgment and the practical sense of mere idealism. We must not forget that humanity is essentially the statesmen of America have from the first relied upon the citi­ what it has been throughout history. If we neglect the lessons of zen soldier for our chief defense. ~here is nothing so mysterious history now, then America's rise and fall may be but another about the art of war as to make it impossible for a citizen, while chapter in history's long list of powerful nations gone down to engaged in his ordinary business pursuits, to acquire both the ruin, and America prove but a mournful lesson to other nations knowledge and the training necessary to render hJ:m ready to take that shall in time rise upon the ashes of our ruins. the field the instant that war breaks. Washington, while busy as a farmer and legislator, was incidentally acquiring the knowledge TAX ON STORAGE OIL and experience necessary to equip h1m to lead the armies of inde­ Mr. BLANTON. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to pendence and to place him among the foremost soldiers of history. Thus it was that Andrew Jackson, while practicing law and farm­ extend my remarks made with respect to placing a tax on ing and merchandising, acquired the information and training to storage oil, and in this connection I should like to incorpo­ become such a soldier as to destroy the force and break the pride rate a short statement made by one of the leading inde­ of British regulars that had followed Wellington. The war be­ pendent oil men in the South. tween the States developed many soldiers of conspicuous ability and of commanding personality, who came fresh from the walks The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the of civil life. So the rank a.nd file of American armies in every war gentleman from Texas? have been quickly recruited from the civil population. In the There was no objection. World war the ratio of citizen soldier to Regular Army soldier in the ranks was about 30 to 1. THE ST. LAWREN CE PROJECT THE NATIONAL GU.ARD COMPOSED OF CITIZEN SOLDIERS Mr. BEITER. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to Notable among the citizen soldiers a.re the officers and men of extend my remarks in the REcoRD on the St. Lawrence the National Guard. These citizens are taking a pa.rt of the time waterway. that might otherwise be devoted to business or pleasure, and are equipping themselves for that unknown moment when war may The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the burst. It is the highest patriotic service. It is strictly volunteer. gentleman from New York? To volunteer after war breaks may be the sure way of escaping a There was no objection. subsequent draft. Certainly, the stimulation and enthusiasm of the moment, with the tocsin sounding in every ear, with the bugle Mr. BEITER. Mr. Speaker, on the reading of Senators blast upon every breeze, with the flag meeting every gaze, make it ARTHUR H. VANDENBERG, of Michigan, and ROBERT M. LA FOL­ easy then to volunteer to help defend the Nation's life. But dur­ LETTE) of Wisconsin, both Republicans, prepared arguments ing all these dull years of peace, when the heedless millions seem in the Senate on Monday, May 29, as to why action on the to decry even the thought of war, when the masses yield to the delusive suggestion that there is no enemy and there will be no treaty should not be longer declared, I cannot understand more war, the National Guardsman, conscious of the lessons of why the Wisconsin .Senator led an attack upon Senator history, knowing the realities of life, tears himself from his fami1ly ROYAL S. COPELAND, Democrat, of New York; but after a and :fireside and selfish pleasures and goes out to train for that unknown zero hour. Hats off to the National Guard. Hats off to little study. I have come to the conclusion that the strenuous the peace-time volunteer. Hats off to the officers and men who, efforts which have been made to aline a Senate majority at the minimum of expense, are preparing the maximum of against consideration of the treaty at this present session defense. are meeting with results, and as the time goes on " the PATRIOTIC SERVICE OF RESERVE OFFICERS compelling reasons, grounded in public welfare and in sound All that we have said about the cit12len soldier and the National public policy", are not as sound and compelling as was at Guard applies with equal force and emphasis to the Reserve officer. He, too, is a volunteer in peace time. He receives no drill pay, first believed. except when at the annual encampment. He devotes his evenings In the 6-point argument advanced by Senator VANDENBERG to military correspondence studies. He reads his service maga­ in which he pointed out, first-- zines and reads the latest books of mllitary policy, and especially books dealing with his particular arm of the service. The Reserve Because it offers direct and specific encouragement to the officer is a stabilizing force in his community. He forms sentiment economic welfare of the great American mid-continent. among his business and social friends for adequate defense. He is By the great American mid-continent, I conclude the not prompted by personal ambition nor the hope of high military honors. He knows that when war breaks he will be the flotsam Senator referred to the 23 States of the Mid West which and jetsam of organization. He will be thrust here and there, have expressed a desire that the seaway shall be built. The as convenience and necessity may dictate. He is subject to ca.ll roll includes California, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, by Presidential order, and must leave business and family on shortest notice. But from rather intimate contacts with the Re­ Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, serve officers since the close of the World War I can testify with South Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, South Carolina, Utah, Wash­ the greatest sincerity and without any desire to flatter my audi­ ington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. ence, and as I have often testified before m.y colleagues in Congress, The Senator was in error when he included Illinois in the that the Otficers' Reserve Corps is not only an indispensable part of our national defense program but that matching dollar for roll, for on May 16, 1933, a joint resolution of the Senate dollar of investment in preparation we get more genuine defense, and General Assembly of the State of Illinois passed a reso- 1933 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 5125 lution petitioning the Senate of the United States to dis­ For navigation: approve and refuse to ratify the proposed treaty. Improvements in St. Lawrence River ______$159, 000, 000 Improvements in interconnecting lake channels_ 90, 000, 000 The following is a copy of the resolution: Improvements in lake harbor and port facilities_ 250, 000, 000 STATE OF ILLINOIS, Welland -Ship Canal (under construction by OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE. Canadian Government)------115,000,000 To all to whom these presents shall come, greeting: I, Edward J. Hughes, secretary of state of the State of Illinois, Total------614,000,000 do hereby certify that the following and hereto attached is a true For power: photostatic copy of Senate Joint Resolution No. 27, the original of Improvements in International Rapids section__ 301, 000, 000 which is now in file and a matter of record in this office. Improvements in Sonlanges section______84, 000, 000 In testimony whereof I hereto set my hand and cause to be affixed the great seal of the State of Illinois. Done at the city of Total------385,000,000 Springfield this 25th day of May A.D. 1933. [SEAL] EDWARD J. HUGHES, Secretary of State. Combined navigation and power costs______999, 000, 000

STATE OF ILLINOIS, The annual charges against the shipway-that is, interest Fifty-eighth General Assembly, 1933. and depreciation on the capital investment and maintenance Senate Joint Resolution 27 and operation of the route-are estimated at approximately Whereas a treaty relating to the St. Lawrence waterway has been $40,000,000 a year. If the so-called" joint costs" common to negotiated between the United States and Canada which is now both navigation and power were allocated entirely to power, before the Senate for ratification; and Whereas this treaty internationalized Lake Michigan, a body of the charges would amount to approximately $36,000,000 a water entirely within the limits of the United States, and places year. the control in an international joint commission; and It will in all probability exceed the present estimates by Whereas it embodies the order of the Supreme Court reducing the fiow of water from Lake Michigan into the Chicago River to hundreds of millions of dollars. 1,500 cubic feet per second, and thereby makes this order un­ The officially published costs of the complete St. Lawrence changeable except by international agreement; and project have been greatly understated, to such an extent as Whereas 1,500 cubic feet per second, as provided in the treaty, A!3 is inadequate for the needs of the waterway from the Great Lakes to be badly misleading. far as they have gone, the engi­ to the Gulf, and is therefore injurious to the entire Mississippi neering reports are understandable. Instead of a total cost Valley; and of $543,429,000 1 it is believed that the public should be ap­ Whereas by the terms of this treaty the cost of the undertaking prized by the fact that the total eventual cost will aggregate 1s borne mainly by the United States and the benefits therefrom are received mainly by Canada; and not less than $903,829,000, as follows: Whereas not only are valuable rights of the whole United States Engineers' estimate (as published)------1 $543, 429, 000 surrendered by the treaty for no adequate consideration, but it Lock duplication______2 18, 700, 000 constitutes a gross injustice to the State of Ill1no1s against which Compensating works______3 100,000 Illinois should have the joint protection and support of its sister Channel deepening______4 25, 000,000 States; and Welland Canal 'tleepening______D 25, 000, 000 Whereas our two United States Senators, LEWIS and DIETERICH, Power projects in Canadian territory______0 262, 000, 000 are making a steadfast fight on behalf of the people of this State Montreal Harbor______7 4, 600, 000 against the treaty in its present form: Now, therefore, be it Private capital required to improve harbors______8 25, 000, 000 Resolved by the Senate of the Fifty-eighth General Assembly of the State of Illinois (the house of represen tatives concurring Total------903,829,000 herein) , That the General Assembly of the State of Ill1nois peti­ tion the Senate of the United States to disapprove and refuse to Upon whom will the original cost fall and upon whom will ratify the proposed treaty, to the end that a fair to just agree­ the cost of maintenance and operation fall? In giving con­ ment may be negotiated between the United States and Canada; and be it further sideration to the probable ultimate cost to each State and Resolved, That copies of this preamble and joint resolution be having at hand the various and divergent estimates, recourse transmitted forthwith to the President of the United States, the should be made to the average of estimates prepared by dif­ Secretary of State of the United States, and to each Senatgr and Member of the House of Representatives of Congress from the State ferent individuals or organizations who have given study of Illinois. to this project. Including President Hoover's figures, the Adopted by the senate May 16, 1933. average would be $914,857,250. If based upon the same per­ THOMAS F. DONOVAN, centage as internal-revenue receipts are based, the cost to President of the Senate. A. E. EDEN, each State would be as follows: Secretary of the Senate. Concurred in by the house of representatives May 16, 1933. Percent State or Territory Amount ARTHUR ROE, of total Speaker of the House of Representatives. CHAS. P. CASEY, Clerk of the House of Representatives. Alabama------0.17 o. 545, 257. 33 Alaska _____ ------____ -----______------__ _ .01 91,488. 57 ArkansasArizona ______------_ .06 548, 914. 35 In the annual report of the Commissioner of Internal .07 630,400. ()() Revenue for the fiscal year June 30, 1932, on page 66 will California ____ ------__ -----____ ------______4. 90 44, 828, 005. 25 Colorado ______------_-----___ ------_ ------_------.35 320, 200.04 be found a summary of internal-revenue receipts, by States. Connecticut _____ -----_ ---__ ------1. 31 11, 984, 629. 98 Of the 22 remaining States named in the Senator's roll, the Delaware ____ ------_ 1. 06 9, 697, 486. 85 District of Columbia ______.54 4, 940, 229. 15 total tax paid by them was $307,053,074.66, or 19.71 percent Florida------.54 4, 940, 229. 15 of the total tax, while New York State alone paid $394,989,- .28 2, 561, 600. 30 ~:~filf_-_: ======::::::::::: ::::::::: ::: :: ::::::::::::: =:: .24 2, 195, 657. 40 203.91, or 25.36 percent of the total tax, and 55.93 percent Idaho ______---______----___ ------_-- _____ --__ .03 Z74,457.18 was paid by the remaining 25 States. Illinois _____ ------6. 85 62, 667, 721. 63 IndianaIowa ______------_ . 79 7, 1Z7, 373. 28 Now let us turn to the Commissioner's report of the same .41 3, 750, 914. 73 year and make a study of the summary of income-tax re­ Kansas __ ___ ------__ ------.46 4, 208, 343. 35 l.69 15, 461, 087. 53 ceipts from corporations and individuals paid by the 22 ~:~::~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: .40 3, 659, 429. ()() States on the Senator's roll. Of the total amount paid, Maine ______------.28 2, 561, 600. 30 Maryland------1. 51 13, 814, 344. 48 $1,056,756,697.54, only $235,019,676.19 was paid by the 22 M assachusetts.~ _---- __ ------_- ----___ ---__ 3.16 38, 909, 489. 10 States while New York State alone paid $348,550,738.13. Michigan __ ------­ 3. 85 34, 810, 318. 36 Minnesota_ ----_------.92 8, 416, 686. 70 From the above figures it will and can be readily seen that Mississippi_ ____ ----__ ------__ ------______.05 45 7. 4.28. 63 the great American mid-continent would benefit, as far as their proportionate share of cost is concerned. 1 Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Deep Waterway Treaty (publication It does not appear that there would be any benefit to the no. 347, Department of State, p. 17). . 2 St. Lawrence Waterway project, Ottawa, 1932 (pp. 10, 11). American people sufficient to outweigh the burden of debt a For 32-foot depth, derived from S.Doc. 183 (69th Cong., 2d and taxation which will necessarily result from the cost of sess., pp. 27, 28), H.Doc. 253 (70th Cong., 1st sess., p. 4). the projects. The cost is summarized by the Institute of _4 For 32-foot depth, derived from H.Doc. 253 (p. 7). Economics of the Brookings Institution as follows, the cost 6 For 32-foot depth, derived from S.Doc. 183 (p. 28). • S. Doc. 183 (p. 48, tables II and ill). incurred jointly for navigation and power being allocated t S.Doc. 183 (p. 52). entirely to power: • H.Doc. 253 (p. 5). 5126 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JUNE 6 startling when it is realized that this is done in a short State or Territory · Percent Amount of total period of 7~ months, beginning sometime in April and end­ ing in the fore part of December. The amount of business that passes up and down the Detroit River in the same time Missouri------2. 22 $20, 309, 830. 95 Mon tana______-----______-___ -_---- __ _ .06 548, 914. 35 of year approximates 100,000,000 tons. This will give you Nebraska ____ ------.20 1, 829, 714. 50 an idea of the size and magnitude of the trade on the Lakes. Nevada ______------_____ ----_------___ _ .09 . 823, 371. 53 New Hampshire ___ ------____ ------___ _ .11 1, 006, 342. 98 If I may make just 1 or 2 comparisons, in the year New Jersey ___ ------4. 52 8, 416, 686. 70 1928 there passed through the Suez Canal approximately New Mexico_------____ ------.02 182, 97L 45 New York ___ ------25.36 232, 007' 798. 60 32,000,000 tons, representing a big part of the trade between North Carolina ___ ------14.84 135, 764, 815. 90 In North Dakota______------.02 182, 971. 45 the East and the West. the same year there passed 0 hio ______------_--- -- 3.97 26, 309, 832. 83 through the Panama Canal 29,000,000 tons. Now, you will 0 k:lahoma ______------____ _ .65 5, 946, 572. 13 Oregon ______------______.16 1, 463, 771. 60 bear in mind that I said that the passage through Detroit Pennsylvania ______------______7.02 63, 222, 978. 95 is a hundred million tons in normal times. Rhode Island __ ------.43 3, 933, 886. 18 Now, to the outside world it is easily believable that a large South Carolina------.11 1, 006, 342. 98 Sonth Dakola------.03 2, 744, 571. 75 part of this business is seeking an outlet to the sea. I should Tennessee..Texl\s ______-----_____ ------_ .58 5, 306, 172. 05 1.18 10, 795, 315. 55 like to analyze it. u tab __ ------.09 8Z3,371. 53 As the biggest commodity carried on the Lakes in a big Vennon t______-----______.06 MS, 914.35 .47 3, 374, 971. 83 year is iron ore, which originates back of Lake Superior 6.42 58, 733, 835. 45 in the ore mines there and back of Lake Michigan in th~ .45 4, 116, 857. 63 ore mines behind Escanaba and finds its way down the ~!~~::::~:~~==~::~~~~=~~~~~=~~:==~~=~~~~:~~~~::Wyoming ______1.06 9, 697, 486. 85 .03 274, 457.18 Lakes, some of it through the Soo and Mackinac to the steel Philippine Islands ______------______.02 182, 97145 plants at Chicago, the rest of it going on to Lake Erie for the great steel plants in the Mahoning Valley and Pitts­ In addition, New York is to pay $89,000,000 because o! burgh, while some of it goes to the steel plants at Buffalo. power rights. In a big year that totals anywhere from 60,000,000 to In his second point the Senator says: 65,000,000 tons. That is .the eastbound traffic. As far as Because it 1s a practical and primary contribution to farm that is concerned, it is not connected with the St. Lawrence relief. River project. It has nothing to do with it and has not any Now, who gets the benefit of the reduced freight rates interest in it. to Europe as the result of the building of this waterway? There are 40,000,000 tons of coal that originates largely in Does the American producer get the benefit or does the the West Virginia and the Pittsburgh districts, with a very European consumer get the benefit of the reduced freight small amount of anthracite from the Pennsylvania district, rates? That is a question that cannot be aiiswered defi­ that finds its way to Lake Superior and Lake Michigan nitely. It all depends upon the question whether in the paints, and from there is distributed into the interior. As terminal market it is a buyer's market, at the time the far as those 40,000,000 tons are concerned, they do not seek freight arrives or whether it is a seller's market at that an outlet to the sea. ti.tpe. The next big item is stone. In a big year we move about In 1929 the American railroads reduced the cost of trans­ twelve or fifteen million tons of stone. It originates largely porting wheat to the Atlantic seaboard for foreign export, in Michigan and is shipped out of ports like Alpena, Rogers in order to help the wheat situation, and immediately in the City, and Rockport. It follows in the wake of the iron-ore Liverpool market Argentine and Australian wheat was re­ cargoes. It is used for :fluxing purposes. Most of it is used duced in the same amount that the freight rates were re­ in steel plants for that purpose. There is a small amount duced in the United States, so that the benefit of the freight of it used for road building and for making cement, but that reduction and the loss of railroad revenues went to the is the minor part of it. European consumer and not to the American wheat grower. The next item · of importance is grain. In a big year we That could readily apply and would no doubt generally apply will move anywhere from 10,000,000 to 15,000,000 tons of with reference to reduced water freight rates on wheat origi­ grain on the Lakes. At least two thirds of that is Canadian nating in Duluth or automobiles originating in Detroit, grain, and I venture to say that we are not interested in that South Bend, Cleveland, or Buffalo. proposition. l want to ask another question. If, after we have built Translated into bushels, the range in difference is any­ this seaway through Canadian territory, in large part with where from two hundred and fifty to three hundred million our money, what is then to prevent Great Britain from bushels. putting a tariff on American wheat and excluding it from As I said before, at least two thirds of that is of Canadian the Liverpool market and letting Canadian wheat go over origin, and we have no concern with it. Probably one third this seaway, built with our money, free of charge? What is American grain. Now, we cannot say that all of that one is to prevent her doing that? If she does do it, we become third of the American grain is interested in an outlet to the the international boobs of the world. What is to prevent sea. We will admit that with the big population we have in her putting a tariff upon automobiles made in Detroit, after this country a substantial part of that grain is never in­ we have built the seaway, and allow Canadian-made auto­ tended for export. It is used for milling purposes in our mobiles to go freely to the English market over a seaway own country. The city of Buffalo has become the greatest built with our money, contributed in part by the American milling center in the world. The shipments of large amounts automobile manufacturers? of grain come down the Lakes to Buffalo and end there. That is exactly what Great Britain has done by the Ottawa The grain is converted into :flour and used locally. compact. She has put a duty on American wheat and I do not think it is difficult for anyone to visualize that allows Canadian wheat, if shipped through Montreal,· to go the amount of grain that this country is going to dispose of in without duty; but if that same Canadian wheat ·is brought will not become less with the population increasing. down to New York or Philadelphia and shipped, then she · The fourth reason is the weakest one offered: puts a duty on it. Because it is one of the greatest make-work projects which can The third reason advanced was- be dedicated to our war upon unemployment. Because it 1s a practical and primary contribution to the recap­ I may be mistaken, but I can visualize, if the St. Lawrence ture of American export trade. River project is developed and the gates are thrown wide The commerce of the Great Lakes is recorded in such open, that we can have the foreign ships built by cheap large :figures that it stirs the imagination of the rest of the labor in foreign countries, labor that is not accustomed to world. In normal times from 120,000,000 to 135,000,000 tons the standards we have in this country, vessels manned by are transported annually. The accomplishment is more Chinese coolies in many cases, or others worse, that such '1933 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 5127 ships could when times are bad send their boats up occa­ fore, he argues that this "superdirectorate of American sionally to the Lakes and try to eke out an existence on the business " is leading the :fight to defeat the treaty. low rates that have developed. It is all just as simple as that to the Senator from Wis­ As a temporary work-relief measure the St. Lawrence consin. But interesting as his representations may be, they appears in no better light. Nobody knows definitely how are far from convincing. Elon H. Hooker, who was chair­ much labor would be employed, but it is definitely known man of the committee of the chamber of commerce that that Canadian labor would profit more than American labor. made a study of the st. Lawrence project, declares that the Only 115 miles of the route, from Prescott to Cornwall, is Morgan firm " never made any statement or suggestion of in international territory. The rest of the route is entirely any kind to the chamber or to my committee " regarding within the Dominion. Obviously Canadian labor only would the enterprise. As to that, there is nothing on record cov­ be used for work within the Dominion. American labor pre­ ering all the years that the seaway plan has been under sumably would have to share opportunities for employment discussion to show an interest in it on the part of the in the international section. Morgan firm. In the fifth reason the Senator says: The representations that Senator LA FOLLETTE makes in Because the criticisms of the undertaking are always more regard to Morgan influence as to the seaway can be set apparent than real. down as plain blather. It is an attempt to capitalize for One of the many objections to the Government's engaging the project the situation that finds Morgan's firm under in this tremendous speculation seems conclusively to require fire before the Senate Banking Committee. No thinking that we should continue to oppose it, as it should not be for­ person will be fooled by his pyrotechnics. Senators WAGNER gotten that in the event of the United States being at war and COPELAND accurately express the sentiment of New with some other country international law would prohibit York State in opposing the seaway treaty as economically England from allowing the United States to use the St. Law­ unsound. rence channel. It is not permissible for belligerents to ship Before we spend our taxpayers' money in Canada we through neutral ten-itory. The moneys of the United States ought to see to it that the rivers, harbors, and the lakes should be spent in developing waterways which would be of our own land are properly developed and improved. available under all circumstances when a war emergency What will the total estimated damages to our railroads, our arose, for it is during such emergencies that great transpor­ seaports, our canals, and our mills, elevators, terminals be tation congestion develops. Nations always avoid, if possible, as a result of the necessary readjustment which will take having their foreign trade move through a port located in a place if the St. Lawrence Canal is opened? foreign country. Our policy and slogan should be " United States money It can be further stated that the canal is more likely to for the United States waterways, built by United States labor, result in import merchandise being laid down in the West and wholly within the United States." at lower prices. For instance, Scandinavian pulp for paper AMERICA-ON THE SEA AND IN THE AIR mills is already shipped to Great Lakes ports and is proving a great injury to this industry in the United States. Mr. BRUNNER Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to The Montreal Star, which no doubt represents the opinion print in the RECORD a speech delivered by former Gov. in that section of Canada, appears very pleased with the Alfred E. Smith on the maritime bill. treaty, according to an editorial published soon after its The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the conclusion. Among other things it states: gentleman from New York? There was no objection. The cost of Canada could not well be less. We get a half-billion enterprise, not counting the expenditures on power plants, for Mr. BRUNNER. Mr. Speaker, under the leave to extend less than forty millions. Thirty-eight million dollars, to be exact. my remarks in the RECORD I include the following radio Senator VANDENBERG says: address of Alfred E. Smith, editor in chief of the New Out­ look Magazine, over radio station WEAF and the National A sixth reason might well find itself in the aspirations of the New York Power Authority to extend to the great northeastern Broadcasting Corporation network, Maritime Day, May section of the Nation another of the great public-power develop­ 22, 1933: ments which may have within it such vast advantages for the It is a pleasure for me to cooperate with the men interested in people. furthering the cause of the American merchant marine in the The Joint Board of Engineers report outlines a complete celebration of a national maritime day. I can make no claims to a seafaring youth, but ships and the meaning of ships were things development of the power resources of the river by the con­ not unknown to the youth of my generation which enjoyed play­ struction of additional power works with an inflated capacity time adventures along the docks of the East River years ago. We of approximately 5,000,000 horsepower at a total cost of from saw ships there in those days. I remember that they entered in a very useful and practical way into one of my favorite sports. $620,000,000 to $650,000,000. That sport was the using of the bowsprit of a ship as it overhung The existing water power and steam plants in the section a dock as a sort of trapeze. There was one very interesting lesson of the United States which could be economically reached about shipping which I learned in my search along the docks for from the St. Lawrence territory by the transmission lines a bowsprit to be used as a trapeze. The boats that were loaded were the ones to look for. A boat without cargo rode so high are quite adequate to meet the industrial development for that it was impossible for us youthful trapeze artists to reach the many years to come. bowsprit. The trick was to find either those which had not yet The power production contemplated cannot be counted been unloaded or those which had been loaded preparatory to upon to liquidate the canal outlay. The value of hydro­ clearing for sea again. We came to know those ships which came in well loaded and those which, loading and unloading, made a. electric power has in the last 10 years heavily depreciated, quick turn-around. We came to see from our own viewpoint that owing to the remarkable developments in efficiency of steam­ cargo was an important factor in shipping. power electric plants. So there is not likely to be a market We have a habit, however, of forgetting the lessons of the past. There was a very important lesson concerning shipping which was for power in the large cities which have steam plants located taught us as a result of the World War. When we went to war in at tidewater. In substance, the Government would be en­ 1917 we were woefully lacking in ships. gaging in a most hazardous power speculation when the A merchant marine and an air transportation system play an taxpayers of the Nation are already overburdened as a result important part in the scheme of national defense. In case of a war where we are involved it is of invaluable assist­ of the enormous increase in recent years of Government ance to have an adequate merchant marine for the transportation services and public improvements. Federal, State, and of troops and supplies and for use as auxiliary armed cruisers. local. The personnel is also of the greatest utility in furnishing a proper reserve of men trained in the ways of the sea for the Navy. Senator LA FOLLETTE represents that Wall Street is the In event of a war, such as the beginning of the Great War villain in the plot to defeat the St. Lawrence treaty. Dwell­ in 1914, a merchant marine is of equal use in assuring us of trans­ ing upon the fact that the Chamber of Commerce of the portation for our products in keeping up our foreign trade (we had but 17 ocean-goin2 vessels available in 1914, and when ships State of New York has reported against the project as eco­ of the other countries that had been carrying more than 90 per­ nomically unsound, he points out that J. P. Morgan & Co. cent of the American exports were withdrawn !or use by their is represented in that organization by 13 members. There- own countries, mllllons o! dollars were lost by American !armers 5128 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JUNE 6 and manufacturers through inability to get shipping for their cranial injury, impairment of sight, hearing, etc. The disorder products). was classed a.s neuropsychiatric and my compensation was fixed at As a result of our unpreparedness we spent 3 ¥.z billion dollars, $40 a month. It has remained at that figure till now (see copy through the Shipping Board, building 2,300 ships, which, as usual no. 1 annexed). when things are done that way, resulted in the waste of hundreds In 1931 I was informed by the Veterans' Bureau that I was of mllllons in the building and the waste of most of the balance suffering from a service-connected injury, being 50 percent dis­ in the end, as the ships were entirely unsuited for commercial abled (see copy no. 2 annexed) . traffic in peace time. Some of our rivers have been clogged for In 1932, being aware of the so-called "advantages" open to years by the hundreds of ships moored in them, useless for any­ disabled veterans in the Civil Service, I applied for and took an thing except scrap. examination for the position of assistant attorney. I was granted And here is what this error of our ways really cost us: a percentage of 92.24 and my name should have gone to the head Building program, $3,500,000,000. of the list (see copy no. 3 annexed). Annual interest on the bonds put out to finance the building, On June 12 I received a letter from the Civil Service Commis­ $100,000,000. sion notifying me that my condition as reported by the Veterans' More than a hundred-million-dollar loss to American farmers Administration showed me to be physically unfit for employment. and manufacturers through inability to export their products. and as a result my name was removed from the list (see copy The Jones-White Act of 1928 provided for Government loans to no. 4 annexed). companies at low rates of interest to build ships and 10-year mail I have just received a letter from the Veterans' Administration contracts on a basis that would enable them to be operated suc­ notifying me that I am now cut to $8 a month for my direct cessfully upon American wage and living standards. service-connected disability. Due to American wage scales and living standards it costs more This has been done despite the fact that there has been no to build ships here than abroad and it also costs more to operate change in my physical condition since the Civil Service refused to them. As a result of the Jones-White Act, in the past 5 years employ me. As a matter of fact, no physical examination was had American ship lines have constructed 42 fine new ocean-going to determine if there had been any change in my condition. vessels costing more than a quarter of a billion dollars, giving I fail to see that proper provision ls being made for the war employment during the depression to thousands of work.men. In disabled, and I urge that the matter be taken up on the floor of these same 6 years, private initiative, backed by intelligent legis­ the House to the end that a percentage limitation be placed on lation, has added a new arm to American commerce with a national the cuts affecting service-connected cases authorized under the system of airways between this country and the markets of 32 act in order to insure just treatment. nations. Today this merchant marine of the air has attained Respectfully, world leadership. Our aircraft factories are building a fleet of GODFREY VON HOFE. flying clipper ships, the largest merchant aircraft, to hold this supremacy and to win for America its rightful place on the fast developing trade airways of the world. No. 1 We have put the American flag back upon the world's main trade UNITED STATES VETERAN'S BUREAU, routes and created a reservoir of men and ships available for New York, N.Y., January 9, 1930. national emergency. It is the duty of every American to remember RAD-4A. Von Hofe, John Godfrey. C-1052586 that now that we have at last consolidated our position again on Mr. JOHN GODFREY VON HOFE, the high seas-an achievement in which he has a direct and 24 Colonial Avenue, Forest Hills, Long Island, N.Y. personal interest--that he must lend his support and patronage DEAR Sm: By reason of review and decision of rating board on to his country's shipping. January 3, 1930, your award of compensation in the above­ In the North Atlantic trade, which is the most active in the entitled claim has been amended as follows: world, of the 20 or 25 percent of the passengers who are foreigners, Forty dollars per month from January 3, 1930. the proportion selecting American steamers is almost negligible, This award is made in accordance with the schedule of dis­ while of the remaining 75 or 80 percent who are Americans, more ability ratings authorized by the War Risk Insurance Act, a.s than half use foreign vessels. In short, the German, French, and amended, and the World War Veterans' Act, 1924, as amended, and British -steamers are invariably selected by their citizens, yet is based on reports of medical examinations and other evidence on Americans are the chief support of these foreign-owned lines to file. Your occupation at the time of your enlistment is shown the neglect of their own. The results of this neglect are not to have been student, college. often felt at once, but in the long run they will rise up as a If you should change your present address, the regional office damper on export trade and an actual threat to security in case must be immediately notified. All future communications with of war or other national emergency. reference to this case must bear the compensation number We have a half-billion-dollar annual bill for marine freight and C-1052586 as well as your full name and complete rank and passenger service, which the American public pays. Of this organization. amount, fully two thirds goes to foreign shipping and the bulk of By direction: this share, estimated at 85 percent, is not spent in tlus country. W. T. FITZGERALD, In other words, upward of 60 percent of the amount we pay for Regional Adjudication Offe.cer, shipping service in the international trade leaves our country Regional Offe.ce, New York, N.Y. and is spent abroad. Add this sum to our national income, and thouands of Americans could be put to work. The statistics here given are intended to awaken lively interest No. 2 in our merchant marine on the part of our citizens. It means VETERANS' ADMINISTRATION, much to the country, adds materially to our prosperity, should be UNITED STATES VETERANS' BUREAU, a large part of our national concern for trade both at home and 225 West Thirty-fourth Street, New York, N.Y. abroad, and let us hope that this celebration of Maritime Day RAD4. C-1052586 may influence all who can be brought within our influence to the end that this important national and business question be the Mr. GODFREY VON HOFE, concern of all of our citizens. Forest Hills Post, No. 630, the American Legion, 24 Colonial Avenue, Forest Hills, Long Island, N.Y. REDUCTION OF VETERANS' PENSION DEAR Sm: This will acknowledge receipt of your communication dated November 18, 1931. In reply thereto, please be advised that Mr. STUDLEY. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to the records in this office indicate that you are in receipt of an insert a letter regarding a flagrant case of injustice to a award of disability compensation. This award ls based on dis­ veteran, the letter being from the veteran. together with abilities incurred in or aggravated by service which are found to some exhibits and telegrams. disable you to the extent of temporary partial 50 percent. If there is any further information that you desire relative to The- SPEAKE3.. Is there objection to the request of the your claim we shall be glad to furnish it to you. gentleman from New York? All future correspondence relative to this case should bear your There was no objection. full name, correct address, and C number, as given above. By direction: ~ Mr. STUDLEY. Mr. Speaker, under the leave to extend W. T. FITZGERALD, my remarks in the RECORD, I include the following letter Regional Adjudication Officer, New York, N.Y. regarding a flagrant case of injustice to a veteran, the letter· being from the veteran, together with some exhibits and No. 3 telegrams: REPORT OF RATINGS, ASSISTANT ATTORNEY EXAMINATIONS, VETERANS' NEW -YORK CITY, June 3, 1933. ADMINISTRATION Hon. ELMER E. STUDLEY, UNITED STATES CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION, House of Representatives, Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C., June 13, 1932. DEAR REPRESENTATIVE STUDLEY: Feeling that you are interested GODFREY VON HOFE, in matters affecting veterans and particularly in connection with 24 Colonial Avenue, Forest Hills, Long Island, N.Y.: the ruthless and unjust cuts being accomplished under the so­ It is important when you write or make personal inquiry of the ca.lled "Economy Act", I herewith present my own case, which I Commission relative to your standing or chances of appointment believe shows up the manner in which the work is being carried that you state the date and title of the examination and your out. correct rating. To do so will hasten a reply to your inquiry. In 1930 I was examined and rated 50 percent disabled as a result Your ratings in the examination taken on February 16, 1932, are of a fracture of the skull, which resulted in residuals of inter- as follows: 1933 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 5129

Questions in law------81. 67 BILL AND JOINT RESOLUTION PRESENTED TO THE PRESIDENT Education, professional experience, and fitness ______83. 00 (Subject to oral and character investigation.) Mr. PARSONS, from the Committee on Enrolled Bills, re­ Average percentage------82.24 ported that that committee did on June 5, 1933, present to the President, for his approval, a bill and joint resolution Disability preference allowed ( 10 points added)------92. 24 of the House of the following titles: Very respectfully, UNITED STA'l;'ES ClvIL SERVICE COMMISSION. H.R. 5329. An act creating the St. Lawrence Bridge Com­ mission and authorizing said commission and its successors No. 4 to construct, maintain, and operate a bridge across the St. UNITED STATF.s CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION, Lawrence River at or near Ogdensburg, N.Y.; and Washington, D.C., July 11, 1932. H.J.Res.192. Joint resolution to assure uniform value to Mr. GODFREY VON HOFE, the coins and currencies of the United States. 24 Colonial Avenue, Forest Hills, Long Island, N.Y. Sm: As the result of information recently received from the PERMISSION TO ADDRESS THE HOUSE Veterans' Administration regarding your physical condition, the Mr. HOW ARD. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent Commission is of the opinion you are not physically qualified for the position of assistant attorney, and regrets, therefore, to inform that I niay be privileged at any time within the pleasure of you that your eligibility on that register with a rating of 92.24 has the Speaker to address the House for perhaps 30 minutes been canceled. with reference to the subject of pending orders by the In­ By direction of the Commission. terior Department with reference to the closing of all the Very respectfully, I E. c. BABCOCK, Secretary. Indian boarding schools in the United States. feel this is a problem which my colleagues ought to understand better No. 5 than they do, and I should like to have this privilege at the VETERANS' ADMINISTRATION, pleasure of the Speaker at any time except today. 225 WEST THmTY-POURTH STREET, The SPEAKER. Under the rule we are observing with New York, N.Y., May 25, 1933. respect to requests to address the House, a request may not In reply refer to RAD-4-A. C-1052586. be made to address the House except on the day the Mem­ Mr. JOHN GODFREY VON HOFE, ber expects to speak. 24 Colonial Avenue. Forest Hills, Long Island, N.Y. DEAR Sm: A review of all claims in which payments of benefits Mr. FISH. Mr. Speaker, a parliamentary inquiry. were being made on March 20, 1933, was undertaken for the pur­ The SPEAKER. The gentleman will state it. pose of determining entitlement to benefits provided by Public, Mr. FISH. The Speaker pro tempore during the absence No. 2, Seventy-third Congress, entitled "An act to maintain the credit of the United States Government." of the Speaker wrote down a list of Members in sequence. Your claim has been carefully reviewed in accordance with the The SPEAKER. The Chair has the list. provisions of the above-entitled act, and on the evidence of record Mr. FISH. Will it be followed? in your case it has been deterinined that you are entitled to and The SPEAKER. Yes; it will be followed. there is being approved in your favor, effective July 1, 1933, an award of pension in the amount of $8 monthly on account of in­ Mr. HOWARD. Mr. Speaker, I might speak a little now jury incurred in war-time service. if I may be permitted. Regulations promulgated pursuant to the provisions of Public, The SPEAKER. The Chair cannot recognize the gentle­ No. 2, Seventy-third Congress, provide that, except as to degree man at the present time. There are four or five ahead of of disability, an application for review on appeal may be filed within 6 months from the date of this notice, or July 1, 1933, him. After the speech of the gentleman from Minnesota whichever is the later date. In the event you contemplate filing [Mr. SHOEMAKER], the Chair can recognize the gentleman such an application it is suggested that it be deferred until after from Nebraska. July 1, 1933, when the condition of the work incident to the review Afr. FISH. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that of claims will perinit of expedited action on application of this character. the speech made by Representative BLACK, of New York, yes­ OT1'o G. ELBLE, terday at this conference which has been referred to be Adjudication Officer, New York, N.Y. inserted in the RECORD. Mimeo. A-3796. The SPEAKER. The Chair may state to the gentleman from New York that such a request has been granted twice WASHINGTON, D.C., June 5, 1933. Hon. ELMER E. STUDLEY, already. House Office Building, Washington, D.C.: Under the previous order of the House, the Chair recog­ As commander in chief of the United Spanish War Veterans, I nizes the gentleman from Connecticut [Mr. KoPPLEMANN] am urging you to give your support to the Connally amendment to the independent offices appropriation bill, which llinits the re­ for 5 minutes. duction of pensions to Spanish War veterans to not more than 25 Mr. KOPPLEMANN. Mr. Speaker, before proceeding I percent. While I feel this is a most drastic cut, the fact remains ask unanimous consent that the remarks made by the gen­ that by the adoption of the amendment thousands of Spanish War veterans will be able to live without the necessity of applying tleman from Pennsylvania [Mr. BECK] at the Mayflower to local charity organizations, which would be the case after July Hotel last night may be printed in the RECORD. 1 if present regulations are put into e.trect. A8 President Roose­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the velt stated in his regulation no. 12, veterans of the Spanish War are severely handicapped-in fact, almost debarred-from proving gentleman from Connecticut? service connection 35 years after their muster out of service, and There was no objection. we feel that the Connally amendment meets the existing problem Mr. KOPPLEMANN. Mr. Speaker, under the leave to in an acceptable manner to both the veterans and the taxpayers. extend my remarks in the RECORD I include the following WILLIAM J. OTJEN. address by Representative JAMES M. BECK, of Pennsylvania, SENATE ENROLLED BILLS SIGNED at a dinner at the Hotel Mayflower, Washington, D.C .• The SPEAKER announced his signature to enrolled bills Monday, June 5, 1933: of the Senate of the following titles: THE HITLER PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS S. 604. An act amending section 1 of the act entitled "An We are met as the representatives of many religions to add our act to provide for stock-raising homesteads, and for other protest to that of innumerable others against the harsh and cruel purposes", approved December 29, 1916 (ch. 9, par. 1, 39 treatment which the present rulers of Germany have seen fit to Stat. 862), and as amended February 28, 1931 (ch. 328, 46 give to a section of their own people. If we are challenged to give a reason why we should concern Stat. 1454) ; ourselves with the internal affairs o! Germany, it is enough to S. 687. An act providing for the establishment of a term say that when any nation enters upon a course which violates the of the District Court of the United States for the Southern fundamentals of liberty, it becomes a matter of the deepest and legitimate concern to the whole civilized world. Such was the District of Florida at Orlando, Fla.; attitude of the great nations of the world, including Germany, S.1278. An act to amend an act the House adjourned until tomorrow, to proceed for 1 minute to make a statement in regard to Wednesday, June 7, 1933, at 12 o'clock noon. the remarks of the gentleman from Minnesota, with the per­ mission of the majority leader. REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON PUBT~C BILLS AND The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there objection to the RESOLUTIONS request of the gentleman from Alabama? · There was no objection. Under clause 2 of rule XIII, Mr. McDUFFIE. Mr. Speaker, I cannot speak with Mr. DRIVER: Committee on Rules. House Resolution 176. authority for anyone; but I have information which is Resolution providing for the consideration of H.R. 5767, a rather definite, and I think authentic, to the effect that the bill to authorize the appointment of the Governor of Hawaii President is going to have a committee of three visit each without regard to his being a citizen or resident of Hawaii; State to hear the complaints in every case and submit their without amendment (Rept. No. 200). Referred to the House reports to him as to any injustices that may arise with re­ Calendar. spect to any individual case. I think the gentleman from Mr. DOUGHTON: Committee on Ways and Means. House Tennessee is entirely correct when he expresses the atti­ Joint Resolution 183. Joint resolution extending for 1 year tude of the President. The President of the United States the time within which American claimants may make appli­ does not wish to see an injustice worked upon a single, cation for payment, under the Settlement of War Claims Act worthy, ex-service man. of 1928, of awards of the Mixed Claims Commission and of Mr. KVALE. Let me say to my friend the gentleman the Tripartite Claims Commission; without amendment from Alabama that the President of the United States does