NASA SP-507

MONOGRAPH SERIES ON NONTHERMAL PHENOMENA IN STELLAR ATMOSPHERES

CATACLYSMIC VARIABLES AND RELATED OBJECTS

Margherita Hack Constanze la Dous

Stuart Jordan, Solar Physics Leo Goldberg* Editor/Organizer and American Coordinator Senior Adviser to NASA

Richard Thomas, Stellar/Solar Jean-Claude Pecker Editor/Organizer and European Coordinator Senior Adviser to CNRS

1993 NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration Centre National de la Scientific and Technical Recherche Scientifique Information Branch Paris, France Washington, D.C.

*Deceased 1987 CONTENTS

Chapter Page

Perspective xiii

Resume xxix

Summary lxiii

1 Introduction Margherita Hack and Constanze la Dous 1 I. Nomenclature and Classification 1 II. The Big Picture and the Plan of the Book 2 III. General Physical Properties of Cataclysmic Variables 3 IV. Selection Effects 6 V. A Statistical View of Novae, Dwarf Novae, and Nova-like Stars 7

Part I DWARF NOVAE AND NOVA-LIKE STARS Constanze la Dous

2 Dwarf Novae 15

I. Classification 15 II. Photometric Observations 21 III. Spectroscopic Observations 65

3 Nova-like Variables 95

I. Definition and General Characteristics 95 II. UX Ursae Majoris Stars 96 III. Anti-Dwarf Novae 102 IV. DQ Herculis Stars 112 V. Photometric Appearance 125 VI. AM Canum Venaticorum Stars 140

4 Models for Various Aspects of Dwarf Novae and Nova-like Stars 145

I. History of Modeling 145 II. Modern Interpretation 150 III. The Accretion Disc 164 IV. Modeling the Observed Spectra 192 V. The Evolutionary State of Cataclysmic Binaries 214

5 Summary 233

References (Part I) 237

ix Part II CLASSICAL NOVAE AND RECURRENT NOVAE 6 Classical Novae and Recurrent Novae: General Properties Margherita Hack, Pierluigi Selvelli, and Hilmar Duerbeck 261 I. Introduction 261 II. Photometric Properties 262 III. Spectroscopic Properties 281 IV. Infrared Observations of Novae 300 V. Ultraviolet Observations of Novae and Recurrent Novae 315 VI. The X-Ray Emission of Novae and Recurrent Novae 342 VII. Final Decline and Nova Envelopes 346 VIII. Radioastronomical Observations of Nova Envelopes 366

7 Models of Classical and Recurrent Novae Michael Friedjung and Hilmar Duerbeck 371 I. Introduction 371 II. Short History 374 III. Simple Models to Explain Observations 382 IV. Empirical Approach 392 V. Causes of Nova Outbursts 406

8 Typical Examples of Classical Novae Margherita Hack, Pierluigi Selvelli, Antonio Bianchini, and Hilmar Duerbeck 413 I. Introduction 413 II. V 1500 Cygni: A Very Fast Nova 414 III. V 603 Aql: An Historic Survey 426 IV. CP Pup 438 V. GK Per 1901 443 VI. V 1668 Cygni 1978: a Moderately Fast Nova 460 VII. FH Ser 470 VIII. DQ Her 1934: a Slow Nova 475 IX. The Old Nova T Aur 1891 487 X. RR Pic 490

9 Recurrent Novae Margherita Hack and Pierluigi Selvelli 511 I. The Known Recurrent Novae 511 II. USco 513 III. TPyxidis 519 IV. RS Ophiuchi 523 V. V 1017 Sagittarii 542 VI. T Coronae Borealis 543 VII. Conclusions 558

10 Summary Margherita Hack and Michael Friedjung 561 I. The Observations 561 II. The Theories 563

References (Part II) 567

x Part III SYMBIOTIC STARS

11 Overview of the Observations of Symbiotic Stars Roberto Viotti 583

I. Introducing the Symbiotic Stars 583 II. General Overview of the Observations 585 III. The Light History of Symbiotic Stars 585 IV. The Visible Spectrum 592 V. Polarization 603 VI. Infrared Observations 605 VII. Radio Observations 613 VIII. The Ultraviolet Spectrum of Symbiotic Stars 619 IX. X-Ray Observations of Symbiotic Stars 634 X. Summary of the Observations 638

12 Models of Symbiotic Stars Michael Friedjung 647

I. General Considerations 647 II. History and Overview of Simple Models 647 III. Single Star Models 649 IV. Binary Models 652

13 Discussion on Selected Symbiotic Stars Roberto Viotti and Margherita Hack 663

I. Introduction 663 II. Z Andromedae and the Diagnostics of the Symbiotic Stars 663 III. The High-Velocity Symbiotic Star AG Draconis 674 IV. The Symbiotic Novae 683 V. R Aquari: A Symbiotic Mira with a Jet 693

14 Summary of Our Present Knowledge about Symbiotic Stars Michael Friedjung and Roberto Viotti 727

I. Symbiotic Stars as Interactive Binaries 727 II. Nature of the Components of the Symbiotic Systems 728 III. Emission Lines 729 IV. Chemical Composition 729 V. Variability 730 VI. Nebulae 731

References (Part III) 733

15 Perspectives and Unsolved Problems Michael Friedjung, Margherita Hack, Constanze la Dous, and Roberto Viotti 749

Subject Index 757

Star Index 763

List of Contributing Authors 769

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