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Jewish Resurgence Maccabean Hasmonean Herod Herods Herod the Great 1. Herod’s Rise to Power A. Herod’s Rise: From Idumea to Jewish king (134–104) 1. Idumea captured, judaized (John Hyrcanus I) (103–76) 2. Antipas governor of Idumea (Alex. Janneus) (103–76) 3. Antipater governor of Idumea (Alex. Janneus) (60–53) 4. Antipater procurator of Jerusalem (Gabinius) (47) 5. Herod governor of Galilee (Caesar, Antipater) (43) 6. Herod tetrarch of Galilee (Mark Antony) (40) 7. Herod king of Judea (Roman senate) Jewish Resurgence: Herod the Great Herod the Great 1. Herod’s Rise to Power B. Herod’s Dilemma: Both Loved and Hated 1. Herod the Beloved Hellenizer Roman client king, Hellenistic aspirations Huge building projects, generous donations Low unemployment, prosperous times Greatest Hellenizer of all (historical irony) 2. Herod the Hated Idumean Opposed by some, maligned by many Many threats to throne (Hasmonean, etc.) Jewish Resurgence: Herod the Great Herod the Great 2. Herod’s Reign (37–4 B.C.Mattathias) JudasA. Early ReignJonathan (37–27 B.C.Simon) Eleazar John 1. Consolidating power (marries Mariamne) 2.JudasCrisis of Actium,John Hyrcanus 31 B.C. I Matththias AristobulusAntony I (Alexandereast) vs. Octavian Janneus= Salome(west) Alexandra Antony looses, commits suicide John HyrcanusHerod II skillfullyAristobulus wins IIOctavian’s favor 3. Crisis of Mariamne Alexandra = Alexander Antigonus Accused of capital treason, executed AristobulusHerod’s III briefMariamne period of insanity= Herod the Great Jewish Resurgence: Herod the Great Herod the Great 2. Herod’s Reign (37–4 B.C.) A. Early Reign (37–27 B.C.) 1. Consolidating power (marries Mariamne) 2. Crisis of Actium, 31 B.C. Antony (east) vs. Octavian (west) Antony looses, commits suicide Herod skillfully wins Octavian’s favor 3. Crisis of Mariamne Accused of capital treason, executed Herod’s brief period of insanity Jewish Resurgence: Herod the Great Herod the Great 2. Herod’s Reign (37–4 B.C.) B. Building Projects (27–13 B.C.) 1. Foreign: patron of culture, commerce Greatly aspired to Hellenistic values Donations, projects in other lands 2. Domestic: magnificent projects Masada Fortress Caesarea Maritima Jerusalem Temple Jewish Resurgence: Herod the Great Herod the Great 2. Herod’s Reign (37–4 B.C.) C. Domestic Troubles (13–4 B.C.) 1. Herod’s insecurity over his throne Herod’s suspicions grow dominant Kills off relatives, others, even his own sons Common proverb: “Better to be Herod’s pig than his son” (less chance being butchered at a banquet). Cf. Mt. 2:16–18. 2. Herod’s indecision over his will Jewish Resurgence: Herod the Great Herod the Great Contributions: 1. Hellenistic rule 2. Political stability 3. Economic prosperity 4. Tremendous buildings 5. Deep animosities 6. New Testament stage Jewish Resurgence: Herod the Great Foreign Rule Maccabean Hasmonean Herod Herods Later Herods 1. Herod’s Wil (3rd wil, 4 B.C.) A. Archelaus (4 B.C.–A.D. 6) 1. Ethnarch: Idumea, Judea, Samaria 2. Banished to Gaul by Augustus B. Philip (4 B.C.–A.D. 34) 3. Tetrarch: Northern Transjordan 4. Dies in office C. Herod Antipas (4 B.C.–A.D. 39) 5. Tetrarch: Galilee, Perea 6. Banished to Gaul by Caligula Jewish Resurgence: The Later Herods Later Herods Jewish Resurgence: The Later Herods Later Herods 2. Herod’s Sons A. Archelaus (4 B.C.–A.D. 6) 1. Brutal, harsh reign of Idumea, Judea, Samaria Forces Joseph and Mary to retreat to Nazareth (Mt. 2:22–23) Fundamental failure as a client-king 2. Exiled to Gaul by Augustus First Procuratorship of Judea (6–41) Pontius Pilate: fifth procurator (26–36) Jewish Resurgence: The Later Herods Later Herods 2. Herod’s Sons B. Philip (4 B.C.–A.D. 34) 1. Capable ruler of Northern Transjordan 2. Died in office territory under Syria briefly eventually goes to Herod Agrippa I Jewish Resurgence: The Later Herods Later Herods Herod the Great = Mariamne Aristobulus IV = Bernice Alexander II Herod the Great + Malthace Herod Agrippa I Herodias = Herod Antipas Herod the Great + Mariamne II = Herod II (Philip I) Herod the Great + Cleopatra Salome = Philip (Tetrarch) Herod Agrippa II Bernice (+ Titus) Drusilla (+ Felix) Jewish Resurgence: The Later Herods Later Herods 2. Herod’s Sons C. Herod Antipas (4 B.C.–A.D. 39) 1. Capable ruler of Galilee and Perea prosperous regions mixed population Jewish religion 2. Infamous Divorce Remarriage to Herodias John the Baptist’s opposition (Mk. 6:17–29) Jewish Resurgence: The Later Herods Later Herods 2. Herod’s Sons C. Herod Antipas (4 B.C.–A.D. 39) 3. Jesus’ Ministry and Death (Lk. 23:6–12) 4. Banishment to Gaul Herodias’s jealousy over Agrippa I Herodias provokes Antipas’s request Caligula banishes to Gaul Jewish Resurgence: The Later Herods Later Herods 3. Later Generations D. Herod Agrippa I (37–44) 1. Steady advance to power Philip’s territories (37) Antipas’s territories (39) Judea, Samaria (41) king, 41–44 2. Caligula’s temple episode Caligula orders his image in temple inspired apocalyptic speculation Jewish Resurgence: The Later Herods Later Herods 3. Later Generations D. Herod Agrippa I (37–44) 3. Persecution of Christians (Acts 12) 4. Unexpected death Caesarea theater episode Children: Agrippa II, Bernice, Drusilla Second Procuratorship of Judea (44–66) Jewish Resurgence: The Later Herods Later Herods 3. Later Generations E. Herod Agrippa II (ca. 50–100) 1. Steady advance to power Chalcis Philip’s territories and Abilene Tiberias, Tarichaea, villages Interrupted by First Jewish War 2. Paul’s defense in Caesarea (ca. 60) Jewish Resurgence: The Later Herods Later Herods 3. Later Generations E. Herod Agrippa II (ca. 50–100) 3. Loyalty to Rome advised Jews against war further territories after war promoted to praetorian rank (75) consulted by Josephus for Jewish War 4. Died ca. 100: “last of the Herods” Jewish Resurgence: The Later Herods Later Herods 4. First Jewish War (66–70) A. Second Procuratorship (44–66) 1. Time of increasing tumult and terror Rome: Nero’s extravagances (excessive taxes, exorbitant interest, assassinations) Judea: corruption, harsh governors Felix (52–60): Paul’s defense (Acts 24) Festus (60–62): Paul’s appeal (Acts 25) Jewish Resurgence: The Later Herods Later Herods 4. First Jewish War (66–70) A. Second Procuratorship (44–66) 2. Church under increasing duress Internal political pressures External persecution eroding public support martyrdom of James, Jesus’ brother War is imminent Church abandons Jerusalem (Mt. 24:15–16) Palestinian Christianity disappears Jewish Resurgence: The Later Herods Later Herods 4. First Jewish War (66–70) B. War breaks out 1. Rebellion led by Zealots and aristocrats 2. Josephus’s own role as Galilee commander 3. Jerusalem’s fall Jews divide into two factions Simon and aristocrats (upper city) Menahem, John, Zealots (temple) Jewish Resurgence: The Later Herods Later Herods 4. First Jewish War (66–70) B. War breaks out 3. Jerusalem’s fall Civil War in Rome Vespasian returns to Rome Titus finishes seige of Jerusalem Temple destroyed A.D. 70 (Lk. 21:20–40) 4. Masada Remnant (70–73) Eleazar and remaining Zealots Famous story of mass suicide Jewish Resurgence: The Later Herods Later Herods 4. First Jewish War (66–70) C. War’s Consequences 1. For the Jewish nation Palestine completely depopulated Lost nationhood and political status Roman colonies established Jewish Resurgence: The Later Herods Later Herods 4. First Jewish War (66–70) C. War’s Consequences 2. For the Jewish religion Loss of the Jerusalem temple high priesthood, sacrificial system vanish Sanhedrin vanishes Jewish sects vanish (Qumran, Sadducees, etc., except for Pharisees, along with their violent wing of the Zealots) Jewish Resurgence: The Later Herods Later Herods 4. First Jewish War (66–70) C. War’s Consequences 3. After the war Pharisees survive in Jamnia Zealots survive to fight another day Jewish upper class goes pro-Roman Diaspora Judaism survives Jewish Resurgence: The Later Herods Later Herods Contributions: 1. Jewish rulers of NT period 2. Two procuratorships 3. Time of Jesus, early church 4. Christian persecutions 5. First Jewish War Jewish Resurgence: The Later Herods.
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