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Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, volume 94 4th International Conference on Economy, Judicature, Administration and Humanitarian Projects (JAHP 2019) Historical Evolution and Development: Formation of Multi-ethnic Complementary Patterns in Yunnan Tibetan Area Xuekun Li Yuqin Zhang* College of Economics and Management College of Economics and Management Yunnan Agricultural University Yunnan Agricultural University Kunming, China 650201 Kunming, China 650201 *Corresponding Author Abstract—The Yunnan Tibetan Area refers to the Diqing performed "integration, confrontation and integration" with Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province. It is the local aboriginal ancestors, which is a historical scroll of the Yunnan Tibetan Area in "Tibet and the Tibetan Areas of the evolution of long-term ethnic relations. The historical pattern Four Provinces (Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Gansu)" of multi-ethnic embedded distribution in Tibetan areas of mentioned in the Sixth Tibet Work Symposium. During the Yunnan gradually formed. long-term history of evolution, dated from the earliest multi- ethnic activities, the history of Yunnan Tibetan Area can be The Yunnan Tibetan area is geographically far from the mainly divided into following four stages: the conflict between Tibetan cultural center and away from the Han cultural Tang, Tubo and Nanzhao; Chieftain Mu's rule; the great center, making it culturally retain the characteristics of unification period of the Yuan Dynasty; and Gushi Khan of the Tibetan areas on the Tibet Plateau on the one hand. On the Heshuote tribe of Mongolia defeated Chieftain Mu. Against the other hand, it has long been an important "national corridor" background of conflict and collision, the multi-ethnic for movement and migration of Qiang, Di, Rong and other complementary advancement and the construction of the ethnic groups in the history, and the meeting point of the identification of the same region have gradually taken shape. Tibet, Han, Naxi, Bai and other ethnic groups, thus forming Though different in ethnic groups, the multi-ethnic symbiosis a phenomenon of coexistence of various ethnic relations that pattern of the Tibetan areas in the same region and the distinguish itself from general Tibetan areas. [2] governance system of the integration of politics and religion has been consolidated in the long-term development of history. The historical evolution of the multi-ethnic relationship in Yunnan Province is not only in line with the main Keywords—Yunnan Tibetan area; complementary symbiosis; evolutionary characteristics of all minorities in China, but different in ethnic groups; identification of the same region also carries the special historical connotation of multi-ethnic relationship in Yunnan Tibetan area. Against the background I. INTRODUCTION of the openness, development and information globalization full of changes, the harmonious and stable multi-ethnic The Yunnan Tibetan area refers to the Diqing Tibetan relationship in Yunnan Tibetan area is also facing new issues Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province. It is the of social governance method and social changes. The multi- Yunnan Tibetan area in "Tibet and the Tibetan Areas of the ethnic relationship in Yunnan Tibetan area will surely Four Provinces (Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Gansu)" encounter situations and risks more complex and mentioned in the Sixth Tibet Work Symposium. There are 26 unpredictable than ever before. Therefore, the study on ethnic groups in Yunnan Tibetan Area: Tibetan nationality, multi-ethnic relationship in Yunnan Tibetan area requires Li-Su nationality, Han nationality, Yi nationality, Bai attention on the dynamic changes and reality of history and nationality, Miao nationality, Hui nationality, Naxi nationality in this region. nationality, Pumi nationality, etc., with a total population of 405,000. Tibetans account for 35.8% [1], thus becoming an ethnic group with most population in this area. In the long II. THE ORIGIN OF THE MULTI-ETHNIC process of development, the multi-ethnic relationship in COMPLEMENTARY PATTERN IN YUNNAN TIBETAN AREA Yunnan Tibetan area has experienced a complicated and tortuous process. Compared with other Tibetan areas, the A. The Earliest Multi-ethnic Activities in the Tibetan Areas history of Yunnan Tibetan area has its own distinct of Yunnan characteristics. Since the Neolithic Period, there have been According to the archaeological results of the recently the traces of human beings in the Tibetan areas of Yunnan. unearthed cultural relics, it has been confirmed that there are From the 7th century AD, a large number of Tibetans entered traces of Tibetan ancestors living in Yunnan Province in the the Yunnan Tibetan area from the Tibetan Plateau, and late Paleolithic period. The "Gordon Neolithic Culture" site, Copyright © 2019, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). 707 Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, volume 94 which has been around 4,000 years old, proves this developing animal husbandry and hunting industry at the conclusion. In particular, the "Sarcophagus Culture" site, bank of the Lantsang River with an altitude of 3,000 meters which is about 3,000 years away from now, clearly proves above sea level. The long-term co-production and co- that Yunnan Tibetan Area is one of the ancient residences of existence of ethnic groups leads to coexistence of different Tibetans and other indigenous peoples. [3] According to ethnic groups with Tibetan nationality as the main ethnic archaeological excavations, the Sarcophagus tombs group group while many ethnic groups including minority was discovered in Nagu, Yongzhi, Shidi of Deqin County, nationalities (referring to the ancestors of Naxi, Li-Su, Yi, and Nixi Township of Zhongdian County, and bronzes, and Bai) and Hanshang (referring to the Han nationality). pottery, silverware, etc. It has proved that since the Neolithic According to "A New Book of Tang's History: Nanzhao Age, there have been many cultural connections between the Biography", "History of Yunnan", "History of Yuan Dynasty: Tibetans in Yarlung Zangbo River basin on the Tibet Plateau Geography" and other books, as early as the Tang and Song and in the Qamdo area in Tibet, and the Naxi, Bai, and Li-Su Dynasties, the two sides of Tacheng's Qizonggu Bridge have ethnic groups in northwest Yunnan. [4] It can be concluded been home to Guzong, Xibo (Pumi), Moxie, Li-Su, that before the Qin Dynasty, there were cultural relics in the Hanshang, Lei and other ethnic groups. So far, such Tibetan area of Yunnan, which coexist with the Qamdo kano phenomenon that several minority nationalities inhabited site culture in the upper reaches of the Lantsang River and together with Iron Bridge Shenchuan River as center and the Cliff stone carving with more than 1,200 years of history complex ethnic relations have been continuously spreading in the Danma Mountain rock in the Renda Township of to the surrounding radiation, and this feature is very Shiya xiangdui area. [5] A cultural belt thus was formed, prominent. which fully proves that more than 2,000 years ago, the Yunnan Tibetan area has become a fusion point for Through the understanding and judgment of the ethnic economic, social, cultural exchanges and multi-ethnic relations during this period, it can be inferred that the initial integration of ethnic minorities in ancient China. From the embodiment of the multi-ethnic complementary integration Spring and Autumn Period to the early Han Dynasty, the distribution pattern in Yunnan Tibetan area is the two-way or traces of Tibetan ancestors living on the banks of Jinshating multi-directional flow inside the southwestern frontier. That River and Lantsang River were distributed in Nagu of Deqin is to say, the traditional Tibetan ancestors gradually radiate in the northwest, Yongzhi, Shidi in the southwest, and Nixi from the northeastern part with Tibet Plateau as center to the of Zhongdian in the east. [6] There are archaeological northwestern part of Yunnan Province. In addition, the ethnic evidences that in the second and third centuries BC, the groups in Yunnan Tibetan area also spreading to other areas earliest Tibetan ancestors migrated from the Tibet Plateau to in a centripetal manner. These flows are the basic the Tibetan areas of Yunnan. In the first century BC, the embodiment of the inter-embedded pattern in the early historic sites, cemeteries and colorful cultural relics left by Tibetan areas of Yunnan. them were discovered in Yongzhi of Deqin, Shidi. Yunnan Compared with the "survival rationality" type of Tibetan community gradually entered into the Bronze Age. movement in the traditional society, there is a big difference During this period, a variety of ethnic activities were between the two. The cross-regional flow of ethnic groups is emerged in northwestern Yunnan, including Yunnan Tibetan more similar to the result of a "passive choice" whose area. purpose is mainly to satisfy its survival need. It's the ultimate result of the passive choice of different nations. It can be B. The Early Stage of Multi-ethnic Complementary seen from these that the Tibetan areas in Yunnan have Integration in Tibetan Areas of Yunnan promoted the construction of identification of the same In the first half of the 7th century, Tubo competed with region among various ethnic groups during cross-regional the Tang Dynasty for the Erhai Sea region in the northwest migration in meeting their expectations of interests, of Yunnan. At the same time, in order to exert political eliminating confusion about the future, and enhancing ability pressure on the Nanzhao Kingdom, Tubo expelled a large to withstand future risks. This is not only the key to the in- number of Tibetan ancestors of the Tibet Plateau and forced depth advancement of multi-ethnic inter-integration, but also them to migrate to the present Deqin, Zhongdian areas. the key to the multi-ethnic integration of Tibetan areas in These Tibetan ancestors gradually merged with the Yunnan.
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