Book Reviews

Translating the Message: The Missionary Impact on Culture. 2d ed., revised and expanded.

By Lamin Sanneh. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books, 2008. Pp. xiii, 318. Paperback $30.

Lamin Sanneh, pioneer of the new social life, creeds and doctrines, institu- the sole preserve or vehicle of sacred historiography of world Christianity, tionsandideals,languagesandliteratures, utterance.Rather,God’sSpiritcouldmove has prepared an improved and updated and qualities and forms of artistic expres- intoandindwellanylanguageandthereby versionofhis widely acclaimed classic, sion. Variations in idiom brought further transformtheheartsandmindswithinany whichoriginally appeared in 1989. Into localized forms of Gospel embodiment, as culture. Pentecost reversed Babel. Thus this magisterialwork he has inserted a Gospel truths were themselves translated from within each language and culture, remarkably astute and insightful new and reincarnated within new languages. new features could be grafted into new chapter on the “Authorized (‘King James’) Christianity never was, and certainly is and emerging forms of Christianity. Bible,” probing both its origin and its wide- not, more inherently European (Western) Apithy summary of Sanneh’s con- ranging impact upon world Christianity; than it is Asian (Eastern) or African clusions can be found in his most recent and he has placed expanded and updated (Southern). The origins of Christian faith, work, as explained in Sanneh’s Disciples chapter bibliographies at the end, with after all, lay neither in Europe nor in Asia of All Nations: Pillars of World Christianity revamped appendixes. Between these two or Africa, but in the Middle East. Thus, (2008): “Christianity’s engagement with publicationslietwentyyearsofcontinuously while Christianity was eventually heavily the languages and cultures of the world deepening reflection and fresh research. colored by cultural elements native to has God at the center of the universe Christian faith, initially Jewish, Europe (the Celtic, Latin, Nordic, Slavic, of cultures, implying equality among quickly became cross-cultural and etc.),similarcoloringsofChristianityhave culturesandthenecessarilyrelativestatus pluralistic. On the Day of Pentecost, each occurred within various African, Indian, of cultures vis-à-vis the truth of God. No listener heardrustic Galilean apostles Chinese, and Japanese contexts. cultureissoadvancedandsosuperiorthat speak “in his own native tongue” (Acts Twoessentials stand out in stark it can claim exclusive access or advantage 2:6). Each, having come from some far contrast to Islam. First, true Christianity to the truth of God, and none so marginal corner of the world, understood what broughtabouttheabolitionofterritoriality and remote that it can be excluded. All was said within idioms of a distinct and asarequirementoffaith.TheJewishtemple have merit; none is indispensable. The different culture, if not out of a unique ceased to exist; God’s indwelling Spirit ethicalmonotheismChristianityinherited primal religion. resided within each true believer. This from Judaism accords value to culture but Deep interpenetrations of Christian new temple within each person became rejectsculturalidolatry,whichmakesBible faith,beginningwithintheHellenisticand mobile, personal, and nonterritorial. The translation more than a simple exercise of Greco-Roman world, were followed by promised land was no longer a fixed place literalism. In any language, the Bible is not encounters—to the east, with cultures of onearth.Butitcouldalsoceasedwellingin literal; its message affirms all languages to Mesopotamia,Armenia,Persia,India,and anyparticularplaceifnobelieverremained be worthy, though not exclusive, of divine China; to the west, with Celtic, Germanic, there. Second, the essential translatability communication” (p. 25). andSlaviccultures;andtothesouth,within ofChristianfaith,everexpandingintonew —Robert Eric Frykenberg Ethiopian culture. Each posed a unique environments, always faced challenges. challenge, and each resulted in a further Ever aminority within non-Christian Robert Eric Frykenberg is Professor Emeritus of metamorphosis of the Gospel itself. Each societies, the faith could not long remain History and South Asian Studies at the University later expansion of the Gospel brought enshrined, encapsulated, idolized, or of Wisconsin–Madison. His recent publications unexpectedandunforeseeablemutations, imprisoned within any single language. include Christianity in India: From Beginnings with distinctive ceremonials and styles of Nor could any single language remain to the Present (Oxford, 2008).

Opening China: Karl F. A. Gützlaff translated the New Testament into Thai and Sino-Western Relations, beforesevering connections with his 1827–1852. supporting agency in order to work in China. He convinced the Basel and Rhen- By Jessie Gregory Lutz. Grand Rapids: ish Missions to expand work in China, Eerdmans, 2008. Pp. xix, 364. Paperback resultingintheconversionofmanyHakka $45. people. His English wife taught Yung Wing, who later became the first Chinese Among missionaries to China, probably history at Rutgers University, has done an graduate of an American university. noneismoremalignedandmisunderstood admirablejobofsortingoutthestoriesand Needing to support his work, Gütz- than Karl F. A. Gützlaff. Afrequently defining Gützlaff’s place in history. laff took employment with Westerners heard story portrays Gützlaff trading opi- Gützlaff, born in Pomerania, was trading along the coast, and he prosely- um from one side of a coastal boat and an outsider most of his life. He lacked a tized whenever he could. Gützlaff wore handing out Bibles from the other. In this conversionexperienceuntildoingmission Chinese clothing, a practice that Hudson book, Jessie Lutz, professor emeritus of studies. Working in Siam and Java, he Taylor later adopted for the China Inland

42 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH, Vol. 33, No. 1 Mission. With Chinese assistants he trans- indigenous missionaries to their own to the kaleidoscopic manifestations of lated the Bible into classical Chinese and peoples.Westernexplorersandcolonialists African, Asian, and Latin American circulated thousands of copies (including oftendidnotunderstandthenativecultures Christianity.Iwholeheartedlyrecommend toTaipingleaderHongXiuquan).Gützlaff and indigenous religious traditions. Their this indispensable sourcebook to every started the Chinese Union, using native principles of “god and gold” hindered serious student of world Christianity, workers to distribute Bibles and tracts, them from seeking the welfareofthe missiology, and all non-Western studies. but many of his employees cheated him, non-Western peoples. Missionaries, in —Daniel Jeyaraj collecting pay without making their itin- contrast, empowered the local peoples— erating trips. Gützlaff baptized Chinese through Bible translations, education, Daniel Jeyaraj, a contributing editor, is Professor converts without asking too many ques- medical work, and other occupational of World Christianity and Director of the Andrew tions, assuming that in time they would training—to develop all aspects of their Walls Centre for the Study of African and Asian cometounderstandtheirreligion.Mission human potential. Christianity at Liverpool Hope University, Liver- boards soon demanded to know why This book bearsauthentic witness pool, U.K. Gützlaffhad so many converts, while their own missionaries had so few. While Gützlaff was in Europe, colleagues who had been sent to assist him challenged the work of the Chinese Union, resulting in its collapse. Lutz has done much to give FOUNDATIONSfor MISSIOLOGY Gützlafftheplacehedeservesinthehistory of Christian missions in China. —Kathleen L. Lodwick

Kathleen L. Lodwick, Professor of History at the Lehigh Valley Campus of Pennsylvania State University, has written widely on Chinese mission history, including with Wah Cheng, The MissionaryKaleidoscope:PortraitsofSixChina Missionaries (East Bridge, 2004).

A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, 1450– 1990: A Documentary Sourcebook.

Edited by Klaus Koschorke, Frieder Ludwig, and Mariano Delgado, in cooperation with Roland Spliesgart. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2007. Pp. xxxiii, 426. Paperback $35. paul themissionary More Christians now live in Asia, Africa, and Latin America than anywhere else Realities, Strategies andMethods in the world. The demographic shift that EckhardJ.Schnabel broughtthisabouthasacomplexhistorical background with a rich body of literature, Eckhard Schnabel draws on his authoritative Early but students of world Christianity and Christian Mission to provide amanageable study for mission studies have not had ready access students of Christian mission today.Schnabel focuses on to the original source materials. Professor Klaus Koschorke and his team have the realities and methods of Paul’s missionary work and accomplishedtheseeminglyimpossiblein applies them to Christian mission today. providing us with a mini-encyclopedia on the decisive turning points in the history “Invaluable to all serious students of Scriptureand in particu- of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin lar to all missionary practitioners.” America from 1450 to 1990. The first —Andreas J. Köstenberger, editor of Journal of the German edition was so successful that it Evangelical Theological Society has now been translated into English, and a Spanish edition is also planned. This English edition arranges the source materials according to continents andchronology.Itiseasytoconsult,andits bibliographicentriesrefertothelargerbody of available literature. Readers gain fresh 630.734.4000 . ivpacademic.com insights into how Western missionaries viewednon-WesternChristians,hownon- Western Christians hosted the mission- aries, and how these hosts in turn became

January 2009 43 Converting Colonialism: Visions shadow that falls between the ideal, or and Realities in Mission History, vision,andthereality,orperformance.The 1706–1914. depth of research, breadth and balance of perspectives, and global coverage combine Edited by Dana L. Robert. Grand Rapids: to recapture the enduring legacies of the Eerdmans, 2008. Pp. x, 304. Paperback $40. visionaries, as well as the stories about the responses of communities around In this volume Dana Robert has fieldsthatcompelledmassivereadjustment the world to the power of the Gospel. assembled essays from the North Atlantic of strategies and goals. They challenge The authors of the essays in this volume Missiology Project that recapturethe the relationship between commerce and provide arguments for all sides of the passion, visions, and dreams behind providentialismandprivilegeevangelical debate on the relationship between the the missionary enterprise, whose force piety. Scholars from the global South, in commissars and the padres. reshaped the twentieth century.The contrast, privilege indigenous agency, —Ogbu U. Kalu essaysdemonstratethechangingcontours choices,translation,andmultiplemodesof of the historiography of missions and appropriations. They point to expressions Ogbu U. Kalu is the Henry Winters Luce Professor confront the deep ideological cleavages of charismatic religious genius and the of World Christianity and Mission at McCormick in interpreting the relationship between resultant “Christianities” ranging beyond Theological Seminary, Chicago, and Director of the missions and colonialism, the profile of missionary ideals. Chicago Center for Global Ministries, Chicago. missionaries in the postcolonial era, and Daniel Jeyaraj reconstructs the how one understands the Gospel/culture Tranquebar mission, Roy Bridges insists encounters in various “mission fields.” on the missionary collusion with imperial Tworival camps oppose the hegemony ardor in East Africa, Andrew Porter discourse:Eurocentricrevisionistspointto demonstrates how the fear of Islam ener- thecomplexnatureofculturecontacts,the gized evangelicalism, and Peter Williams Antioch Agenda: Essays on the tendencytowardworldviewmaintenance mourns the death of Henry Venn’s Restorative Church in Honor of by all parties, contests between rival ideals. Richard Elphick and Dana Robert Orlando E. Costas. narratives, ambiguous relationships with examine how the impact of racism and colonial officers and policies, the plurality gender constructions shaped missionary Edited by Daniel Jeyaraj, Robert W. Pazmiño, of voices within the enterprise, including ideals, while Eleanor Jackson, R. G. and Rodney L. Petersen. New Delhi: ISPCK, European championsofindigenous Tiedemann,andAdeAjayipursueaspects 2007. Pp. xxi, 384. Paperback Rs 400 / $24 cultures, and the exigencies of the mission of indigenous agency. All are aware of the / £18.

Twenty years after the death of Orlando Costas (1942–87), his legacy continues in thisFestschriftcompiledbyhiscolleagues MISSIONS TRAVEL ASSISTANCE in the Boston Theological Institute. In his short life Costas left an indelible mark, havingearned four academic degrees, pastored four churches, taught at three Individual, FamilyorGroup •Short-termGroups seminaries, lived in five countries, published ten books (in both English U.S. or Foreign Origination •Extended Stays •One-ways and Spanish), and contributed to many ecumenical endeavors. Orlando Costas’s missiology is Prices regularlybeating those from major travel websites!!! characterized by several themes: non- Western Christianity,evangelization from the periphery,concern for the For13years RobSchulze has assisted dozens of poor and oppressed, ecumenism, and missionaries,churches and organizations with their theology “on the road.” This collection missions travelneeds to over 50 countries.Email or of essays commemorates these themes in three sections: “Global Realities,” call Robtosee howhecan help make your next trip “International Theological Voices,” and areality with his Total Service Package. “Holistic Mission.” The first section examines the recent shift of Christianity to the non-Western world, a movement of Carpenter’sBrothers Family Travel which Costas was among the vanguard. The second section is notable because PO Box425 the twenty-one contributors come from Sunderland, MA 01375 seven countries and varied ethnic and denominationalbackgrounds.Manyagree Toll free:800-777-2865 or 413-665-3612 withCostas’stheologybutwritefromtheir Email: [email protected] unique perspectives, which is concrete Download our brochure at evidence of Costas’s global impact and cross-culturalresonance.Thethirdsection www.carpbrostravel.com/missionstravel.htm is vintage Costas; there could be no finer tributetohimthanexpoundingtheGospel } in all its fullness. “Antioch” is asuitable image for encompassing these themes, as it was the

44 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH, Vol. 33, No. 1 first multiethnic/multiculturalchurch of recruits for this particular career (pp. faces to the otherwise anonymous nurses, communityoutsideJerusalem.Itemerged 90–94; 221–22). The book also gives an Canadian mainly,but also Chinese. from the periphery to rival the powerful ideaoftheenormousdifficultiesthenurses Five appendixes and an elaborate index churchesestablishedearlier,anditretained faced, caused by frequent antiforeign enhance her detailed account. its vision of mission. turmoil, the Sino-Japanese War, and —Christoffer H. Grundmann Unlike many multiauthor volumes, China’s transformation from empire to this book has a strong coherence because people’s republic, resulting finally in the Christoffer H. Grundmann is the John R. Eckrich it focuses on the theology of one person. expulsion of the missionaries. The trauma University Professor in Religion and the Healing It pays homage to Costas’s contributions ofexpulsionwasexperiencedbythenurses Arts at Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Indiana. to missiology while adding its own voice, as “failure” (pp. 216–18) that effectively Before joining Valparaiso in 2001, he taught four giving a glimpse into what Costas might silenced them. Grypma is to be thanked years at Tamilnadu Theological Seminary in have been saying had he lived another for lifting such a veil of forgetting, giving Madurai,India,andwastheologicalconsultanttothe twenty years. Costas was not merely a names and (by inserting photographs) German Institute of Medical Missions, Tübingen. Latino Baptist missiologist; the legacy he left as a holistic ecumenical theologian clearly belongs to the world. —Allen Yeh Missionary encounterswith culture Allen Yeh, Assistant Professor of Theology in the Torrey Honors Institute at Biola University, La Translating the Message Mirada, California, has had mission experience in Asia and Latin America. The Missionary Impact on Culture Second edition revised and expanded LAMIN SANNEH This thoroughly revised edition, drawing on the latest scholarship, refocuses the Healing Henan: Canadian Nurses original thesis and adds illustrations and at the North China Mission, 1888–1947. new tables of translation. “Not just another book about Bible By Sonya Grypma. Vancouver: UBC Press, translation, but anew paradigm for 2008.Pp.xx,292.C$85/US$93.95;paperback C$32.95 / US$36.95. understanding the historyofthe expansion of Christianity,the missionary This ambitiously titled and carefully role, and atheology of culture.” worked study by Sonya Grypma, a historian of nursing, documents a period —International Bulletin of Missionary Research inthehistoryofmedicalmissionsinChina 978-1-57075-804-1 paperback $30.00 involving Canadian nurses working in Henan who weremembers of the so- called North China Mission of the former Asurprising closer reading Presbyterian Church (since 1925, the United Church) of Canada. The author presents her material in The Mission and Death seven chronologically arranged chapters, each concluding with a summary. These of Jesus in Islam and summaries actually have the most to Christianity offer the ordinary reader,for herethe material is put into broader context and A.H. MATHIAS ZAHNISER perspective. The core of the individual Zahniser focuses on one of the particularly chapters, in contrast, hardly ever goes divisive issues separating Christians and beyond a sometimes trivial patchwork of Muslims—differing views of the mission mostly (auto)biographical snippets and mission-log data, with a special focus on and death of Jesus. He finds that aclose nursing personnel and the development study of the Qur’an reveals surprising of the profession. grounds for mutual understanding and Thiscasestudysucceeds,however,in clearly showing the complex administrative suggests that “our pilgrimage together will relationshipsofthesenursestotheirhome reveal that the force of differences will board—theToronto-basedForeignMission appear less by looking more closely at Board,viatheWoman’sMissionarySociety, which supported only single, unmarried normative sources.” women for a contracted period of time— 978-1-57075-807-2 paperback $35.00 and it documents their personal efforts to combine professional commitment and At your bookseller or direct: ORBIS BOOKS evangelistic activity. This focus led them Order Online! www.maryknollmall.org Maryknoll, NY 10545 to identify the children of missionaries, AWorld of Booksthat Matter 1-800-258-5838 the “mishkids,” as a significant cohort

January 2009 45 African Pentecostalism: An Introduction.

ByOgbuKalu.NewYork:OxfordUniv.Press, 2008. Pp. xvi, 359. $99; paperback $24.95.

An online collection of religion This book by eminent African church “Spirit” churches in Nigerian categories. and theologyjournals including historian Ogbu Kalu, aNigerian and He refers to them all as “Aladura” (pp. the International Bulletin of Henry Winters Luce Professor of World 70–71) and conflates them with both Missionary Research Christianity and Mission at McCormick ZionistsinSouthernAfricaandmessianic Theological Seminary, Chicago, will fas- movementslike Kimbanguism and the cinate all observers of world Christianity. The mission of the American Theo- Brotherhood of the Cross and Star (p. Itsinsightsarisefromtheauthor’spersonal 79). Some of his own illustrations from logical Library Association is to fos- experience, extensive travel, and erudite Southern and West Africa (pp. 71–75), ter the study of theology and religion mind. Drawing from multidisciplinary however,actuallyconfirmthatthe“Spirit” by enhancing the development of perspectives, Kalu displays an impressive churches in Africa areintimately related theological and religious libraries graspofavastamountofliteratureandthe to Pentecostalism. Even the new kinds and librarianship. subject itself. His engrossing style brings of Pentecostalism have “Spirit” church a critical yet sympathetic perspective that links in Nigeria (pp. 72–73). Perhaps we Established in 1946, ATLA is apro- is uniquely African. should speak in Wittgensteinian terms of fessional association of more than Kalu begins with what he calls the “family resemblance” when referring to 1,000 individual, institutional,and “precedents” from the 1900s to the 1960s. different expressions of Pentecostalism. affiliatemembers. ATLA’s ecumeni- He considers that the question of origins This debate should not detract from the cal membership represents many reli- of Pentecostalism should be studied importance of this study as an in-depth gious traditions and denominations. from amulticontextual perspective of analysisofamultiformAfricanmovement apeople’s past and not just from that that has changed the course of Christian of the “change agents” (in this case, history. American Theological foreign missionaries and media), which —Allan Heaton Anderson Library Association is aunidirectional perspective (p. 17). Later,Kalu differs somewhat from my Allan Heaton Anderson is Professor of Global (888) 665-ATLA or (312) 454-5100 approachtoAfricanindependent“Spirit” PentecostalStudiesattheUniversityofBirmingham, www.atla.com churches. Iwould debate his referring to in England. He is British-born but has lived and my “gyrations” in definitions and would worked in Christian ministry in Southern Africa challenge his tendency to read all African for forty-three years.

Contextualization of Christianity in China: An Evaluation in Modern Perspective.

Edited by Peter Chen-main Wang. Nettetal, Ger.: Steyler Verlag, 2007. Pp. 316. Paperback €40.

The eleven essays in this timely collection, and Christian, go much further, largely written by noted Chinese and Western because they kept Christianity lashed to ChriSTianS of all ageS reCognize scholars across the disciplinary spectrum, its Western denominational moorings, goD To Take The hearTbeaTof illuminate the intersection of missionary even as antiforeignism swept over pre- The goSPel Christianity and Chinese culture and the Mao China. To The naTionS, importance of contextualization to the In1949Maoexpelledthemissionaries, yeT They ofTen wreSTle creation of Chinese Christianity. The book but Christianity survived his Cultural wiTh The iMPliCaTionS of The is ably edited by Peter Chen-main Wang, Revolution. An estimated 12 million a respected authority on this important Catholics and 40 million Protestants greaTCoMMiSSion topic. now far outnumber the missionaries’ in Their ownliveS. Since the Jesuits first arrived in China converts. Yet the state’s efforts to control 450 years ago, thousands of missionaries religion,whichoriginatedinearlyimperial have devoted themselves to evangelism times and intensified in today’s People’s (both spoken and written), sacred RepublicofChina,haveinhibitedprogress M. Dav iD SillS music, medical missions, and education. towardfurthercontextualization.Eventhe D.MiSS., Ph.D. Though the missionaries did attempt to legendary Wang Mingdao (1900–1991), Professor of Missions accommodate the indigenous culture who was pastor of Beijing’s independent The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary to some degree, true contextualization Christian Tabernacle and languished in was impeded by most missionaries’ Mao’sgulagforadvocatinganindigenized reluctance to fully root the Christian church after 1949, stopped well short of www.T heMiSSionaryCall.CoM message in Chinese soil. Nor did Chinese full contextualization. Hence, one author evangelists, desiring to be both Chinese concludes that only in a later generation

46 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH, Vol. 33, No. 1 will there emerge a leader who is able to formofcivilization.Asaresult,missionary prepare girls for work outside the home “produceacontextualizedtheologythatis literatureplayed an important role in rather than for marriage (pp. 81, 103), equallyconversantinChinesecultureand challenging existing racial stereotypes. but the reader is given only anecdotal thinking”andin“Christianbiblicalstudies The strength of the book lies in its information (pp. 16, 83), not an analysis of and systematic theology” (p. 222). attention to both the home and the foreign the destination of graduates compared to These remarkable essays help us sidesofmissionaryactivity.However,this those of other women’s schools. understand the indispensable role of wide scope is also its weakness. Seat has —Helen Ballhatchet contextualization in creating global consulted few Japanese-language works, Christianity,which now encompasses does not always provide sources for her Helen Ballhatchet is a professor in the Economics one-thirdofthehumanfamily.TheBeijing quotes (pp. 76, 77, 114, 115), and does Faculty,KeioUniversity,Tokyo,Japan.SheisBritish Olympics shined the world’s spotlight on not always support her assertions with and specializes in the intellectual history of modern China, leading many to wonder what role evidence. For example, she stresses that Japan, including the role of Christianity. theliberalizingforcesofglobalizationmay the special aim of Russell’s school was to play in empowering the Chinese church to become truly authentic, unfettered by Recent Party interference and safeguarded by a THE STUDY OF EVANGELISM legal infrastructure. If so, Professor Wang Exploring aMissional Practice of the Church may one day edit a book about a fully Paul W. Chilcote and Laceye C. Warner, editors contextualized Chinese Christianity. “The wait has been worth it. Finally we have acollection of essays —P. Richard Bohr on evangelism to treasure that will only appreciate in value. The P. Richard Bohr is Professor of History and Director tone of the editors and the texture of their selections make this of Asian Studies at the College of Saint Benedict book an invaluable text for years to come.” and Saint John’s University, in St. Joseph and —LEONARD SWEET Collegeville, Minnesota. He is author of Famine ISBN 978-0-8028-0391-7 •488 pages •paperback •$35.00 in China and the Missionary (Harvard Univ. Press, 1972). GROWTH IN AGREEMENT III Books International Dialogue Texts and Agreed Statements, 1998–2005 Jeffrey Gros, Thomas F. Best, and Lorelei F. Fuchs, editors Well-established ecumenical partners as well as churches new to the conversation are represented in this book, which also includes “Providence Has Freed Our the ecclesiology text adopted at the WCC Assembly in Brazil. An Hands”: Women’s Missions and the indispensable resource for all concerned with the contemporary American Encounter with Japan. search for Christian unity. By Karen K. Seat. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse ISBN 978-0-8028-6229-7 •643 pages •paperback •$65.00 Univ. Press, 2008. Pp. xviii, 193. $22.95. INTERPRETING CONTEMPORARYCHRISTIANITYfrom Thisbookisprimarilyastudyoftheimpact Global Processes and Local Identities of the American women’s missionary movement on American society.The STUDIES IN THE HISTORYOFCHRISTIAN MISSIONS writer,Karen Seat, associate professor Ogbu U. Kalu, editor,and Alaine Low, associate editor of religious studies at the University of “Studies of religion in relation to globalization are still relatively Arizona, focuses on the Women’s Foreign few,though becoming more numerous. Studies of the Christian Missionary Society of the Methodist religion and globalization from aprimarily historical perspective Episcopal Church. She examines its are, however,virtually nonexistent. This volume seeks to begin to

activities in the United States and Japan, Eerdmans remedy this deficiency.” —BRIAN STANLEY paying particular attention to Elizabeth (from the preface) Russell (1836–1928) and the girls’ school ISBN 978-0-8028-6242-6 •368 pages •paperback •$45.00 that she established in Nagasaki in 1879. Seat emphasizes the “ways in which OPENING CHINA the American women’s foreign mission Karl F. A. Gützlaff and Sino-Western Relations, 1827–1852 movement undermined the very ideals that forged it” (p. 3). She thus shows STUDIES IN THE HISTORYOFCHRISTIAN MISSIONS how single female missionaries fitted Jessie Gregory Lutz traditional models of suitable women’s “The most insightful portrait yet of the enigmatic Karl Gützlaff behavior through their lives of selfless —genius, entrepreneur,salesman, charlatan, and missionary ex- service. At the same time, however, they traordinaire —who with his indefatigable energy participated in challenged these models by rejecting the every issue that arose during his twenty years in China.” Christian home in favor of independent —DANIEL BAYS action and leadership overseas. In ISBN 978-0-8028-3180-4 •384 pages •paperback •$45.00 addition, she notes that the experiences ofmissionariesinnon-Christiancountries often led them to question one of the core assumptions of the nineteenth-century At your bookstore, missionary movement: the idea that Western civilization, being based on or call 800-253-7521 8024 Christianity, was superior to any other www.eerdmans.com

January 2009 47 Black Robes in Paraguay: The the Jesuits, particularly of their missions Success of the Guaraní Missions in Paraguay, contributed to jealousy and Hastened the Abolition of the mistrust among other orders and clashed Jesuits. with the baser economic and exploitative elements of colonial Spain and Portugal By William F. Jaenike. Minneapolis: Kirk in Latin America. House Publishers, 2008. Pp. 356. $35; Black Robes in Paraguay constitutes paperback $25. amuch moredetailed explanation of the conflict portrayed in the memorable How could it be that a Roman Catholic earth, should eventually be dissolved on 1986 film The Mission. The film depicted orderfilledwithextraordinarilygiftedmen papal authority? Black Robes in Paraguay the historic accomplishmentsofJesuit who sacrificially extended the outreach explains this enigma. The author, William missionaries between 1587 and 1768 of the church, literally to the ends of the Jaenike, shows that the very success of among the Guaraní Indians along the border of Paraguay and Brazil above Iguaçu Falls. The Jesuits opposed slave traders entering the area from Brazil to enslave the natives, whose amazing talent The reviewOF for building and art had been developed by the missionaries. Conflicting interests in Latin America, combined with a grow- Faith & ing distrust of the Jesuits in Europe, led to the dissolution of the order by Pope Clement XIV in 1773. This followed their InternatIonal expulsion from all Spanish domains, including Paraguay, by 1768. Jaenike, a retired business executive, ffairs felt compelled to investigate this tragic a ending of aheroic missionary effort, but he admits that his work is one for amateur historians morethan for in quiteashort time The Review hasbecomeanimportant scholarly researchers. It is nevertheless pointofreference foranyoneinterestedinthe relation a very readable and compelling account. of religion andglobaldevelopments. irecommend it The Jesuit order was reconstituted in warmly. 1814, too late to save the Guaraní and —PeterL.Berger,Institute on Culture, Religion restore the majestic but ruined missions andWorld Affairs, Boston University of Paraguay. Publishers arealwayslooking foranew niche. The —Michael Pocock Review meetsaneedthatwas waitingtobefilled. it is an indispensable forum both forconversation Michael Pocock is Department Chair and Senior amongbelievers concernedabout worldaffairs Professor of World Missions and Intercultural andfor generalreadersinterestedinthe placeof religion in worldpolitics. Studies at Dallas Theological Seminary, Dallas, Texas. Earlier he and his wife served in Venezuela —Drew Christiansen,EditorinChief, America with The Evangelical Alliance Mission. As an illuminating, educating, andedifying source, The Review deserves wide support. —Mark Noll,University of NotreDame

Sea of Faith: Islam and Christianity in the Medieval Mediterranean coming in mArcH AnnuAl SubScription World. (4 Issues + ONLINe ACCess) “Evangelismand thepersecutedchurch” By Stephen O’Shea. New York: Walker, 2006. student$19.95 Pp xii, 411. Paperback $26.95. Paul Freston,wilfrid LaurierUniversity professional $29.95 Lamin Sanneh,YaleDivinity School library$49.95 Christian-Muslim relations today can be understood only against the background R. Scott Appleby,UniversityofNotre Dame of fourteen hundred years of difficult StephenBailey,AllianceTheologicalSeminary relationships across the Mediterranean. J. Dudley Woodberry,FullerTheologicalSeminary ORDERONLINEAT: Hence the title of this book, Sea of Faith, www.Cfia.org/suBsCriBe in which American journalist Stephen DavidMiller,Messiah College O’Shea tells the story of how the two faiths LarryB.Jones,wycliffe BibleTranslators OR CALL battled for supremacy over this great sea PriscillaPope-Levison,Seattle Pacific University 703-527-3100 and the lands adjoining it in the thousand years between the mid-seventh and the Robert A. Seiple,Council forAmerica’s FirstFreedom mid-sixteenth centuries. Seven decisive battles are described: Yarmuk in 636 (marking the end of Byzantine rule in Syria), Poitiers in 732

48 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH, Vol. 33, No. 1 (where the Muslim advance into France and learning from E. Stanley Jones. the brilliant young man. Sadly, Daughrity was halted), Manzikert in 1071 (marking Ordainedin1928,hebecamewardenofthe was denied access to private papers at the defeat of ChristianAnatolia), Hattin in theologicalseminaryatNazareth,Diocese Dohnavur, which might have cast further 1187(whereSaladinroutedtheCrusaders), of Tinnevelly, of which he became bishop light on this period. The second episode Las Navas de Tolosa in Spain in 1212 at the age of thirty-eight. was the sad end to Neill’s five-year (alteringthebalanceofpowerbetweenthe His autobiography, an indispensable episcopate.Strain, sleeplessness, and Christian north and Muslim Andalusia), source, was well described by the late distance from psychiatric help in England the captureofConstantinople in 1453 Jocelyn Murray: “In some ways this book exposed a tendency to physically punish (leading eventually to the Ottoman conceals more than it tells of the author” those in his care. Foss Westcott, who Empire), and the siege of Malta in 1565 (p. 238). Two major episodes, glossed over had hoped Neill would succeed him as (marking the end of Turkish supremacy there, are responsibly explored here. The metropolitan, finally had to demand his in the Mediterranean). first is Neill’s time at Dohnavur, a clash resignation. Interspersed between the battles, of titans between Amy Carmichael and Tragedy—andyetopportunity,forthe however, were several periods of genuine and highly fruitful convivencia (Spanish for “coexistence”), notably in Córdoba, Palermo, Toledo, and Istanbul after 1453. Another significant ingredient in the improvement of relationships between the two faith communities was the development of trade. We can be thankful that “Christian” and “Muslim” armies no longer face each other on the battlefield—though the present “war on terror” is often Chartered in 1845 by theRepublic of Texas, Baylor University is the perceived as the Christian West engaging oldest university in Texasand theworld’s largestBaptist University. in acrusade against the Muslim East. Baylor’s missionistoeducate menand womenfor worldwideleadership But O’Shea’s account of a millennium of andservice by integratingacademicexcellenceand Christiancommitment both conflict and convivencia should help within acaringcommunity.Baylorisactivelyrecruitingnew facultywitha both Christians and Muslims to reflect on strong commitment to theclassroom andanequally strong commitment to their shared history and perhaps exorcise discovering newknowledge as Baylor aspirestobecomeatop tier research some of the ghosts in their collective universitywhilereaffirmingand deepeningits distinctiveChristianmission subconscious. as describedinBaylor 2012 (www.baylor.edu/vision/). —Colin Chapman Baylor seekstofill thefollowing tenure/tenuretrack facultyposition Colin Chapman, an ordained Anglican, now within theGeorgeW.TruettTheological Seminary: retired, worked for seventeen years in the Middle East (mostly in Egypt and Lebanon) and taught at ProfessorofMissions andEthics Trinity College, Bristol, and Crowther Hall, Selly Candidates must hold Ph.D. andM.Div.degrees.Theymustpossess Oak, Birmingham. ministry experience andbecommitted to theBaptist traditionwith evidence of active involvement in thelifeofacongregation. Theposition requires teachingseminarylevel courses relatedtomissions andworld religions,aswellasethics. It mayalsoinclude teachingDoctor of Ministry seminars andsupervising D.Min. students.The successful candidatewill beginteachingresponsibilitiesinAugustof2009. Salary is commensurate Bishop Stephen Neill: From with experience andqualifications.Toapply,pleasesubmit (1)aletter Edinburgh to South India. describing theirqualifications forthe position,personal faith, teaching philosophy,research agenda,and evidence of commitment to theministry andthe ongoinglifeofthe Church;(2) acurriculumvitae;and (3)names By Dyron B. Daughrity. New York: Peter of references. Finalists will be required to submit lettersofreference and Lang, 2008. Pp. x, 305. $77.95 / SFr 93 / academic transcripts. Please send allmaterials to: €59.90 / £38.90. Dr.DennisTucker Dyron Daughrity is to be commended for BQ #2263, Tracking ID #F003254 this badly needed book from the hands Baylor University of a responsible researcher. It takes Neill OneBearPlace #97126 from his birth in Edinburgh in December Waco,Texas 76798-7126 1900 through a rootless childhood into Materials maybesubmittedelectronically to: schooldays at Dean Close, wherehe [email protected]. excelled as athlete and scholar, winning hundred-meter races and, even more To learnmore aboutthe above position andthe George W. Truett Theological Seminary,pleasevisit theappropriate frequently,academic prizes. At Trinity URL: www.baylor.edu/hr_services/index.php?id=31942; College, Cambridge, he achieved first- or www.baylor.edu/truett/. class degrees in classical and theological courses, again won many prizes, and was Baylor is aBaptist university affiliatedwiththe BaptistGeneral Convention of Texas. awarded a fellowship in 1924. While a As an Affirmative Action/Equal Employment Opportunityemployer, Baylor encourages schoolboy, Neill experienced conversion minorities, women, veterans,and personswithdisabilitiestoapply. (p. 47). He trained for ordained ministry but offered for India as a lay missionary in 1926, working as an itinerant evangelist

January 2009 49 ThisSemester—Study with the Best! legacy of writing from years in England, OMSCSenior Mission ScholarsinResidence Hamburg, and Nairobi could hardly have followed if Neill had been burdened by Dr.Edith L. Blumhofer Dr.Kevin Ward metropolitical responsibility. Some will (Spring2009) (Spring2009) find their admiration enhanced that such volcanicpsychologicalconflictscouldstill result in a corpus of work so elegant and Dr.Edith L. Blumhofer is professor Dr.Kevin Ward, senior lecturer in encyclopedic as Neill’s. Let us hope that of history at Wheaton College and di- African religious studies at the Univer- Daughrity will give us a second volume rector of the Institute for the Study of sity of Leeds (U.K.), for Neill’s fruitful years after 1945. American Evangelicals, Wheaton, spent twenty years —Timothy E. Yates Illinois. Her research interests focus on working in East Af- the history of Christianity in post–Civil rica as ateacher and TimothyE.Yates,canonemeritusofDerbyCathedral, WarAmerica. She is also interested in theological educator. England, has written Christian Mission in the the religion of ordinary people and has He did his original Twentieth Century (Cambridge Univ.Press, recently been exploring the history of research in Kenya, 1994). Protestanthymnody.She is preparing examining the prob- aset of Web-based lems of Protestant resources to facili- Christian ecumenical cooperation in co- tate the teaching of lonial Kenya. He has continued to have Pentecostal stud- astrong interest in East Africa, focus- Highland Indians and the State in ies. Dr.Blumhofer, ing on the history and spirituality of the Modern Ecuador. author of People of East African Revival, church-state rela- Faith: AHistory of tions in Uganda, and the religious basis Edited by A. Kim Clark and Marc Becker. Western Christian- of conflict in Uganda. He is author of A Pittsburgh: Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, 2007. ity (2007), is writ- HistoryofGlobal Anglicanism (2006) Pp. 360. $39.95. ing Evangelicalism: and coeditor with Brian Stanley of The AVery Short Introduction (forthcoming Church Mission Society and World The final chapter of this excellent book from Oxford University Press). Christianity,1799–1999 (1999). notes, “Ecuador as a small country on South America’s Pacific Coast often receives little attention in broader works Announcing on Latin America” (p. 249). We therefore welcome the publication of the fourteen the eighth essays in this volume, which explore the condition of indigenous peoples and the changing ways in which they have related volume to a changing state during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Though the (2005–2008) book focuses on Ecuador, three chapters take acomparative approach, looking also at the native populations in Mexico (chapter12),Bolivia(chapter13),andPeru $68.95 (chapter 14). Topics addressed includethe formation of identities, the development Order a BOund VOlume Of the of the state, attitudes of the non-Indian population, gender ideologies, and ethnic discourse.Atragicthreadrunningthrough InternatIonal BulletIn these chapters is the incredible degree of oppression the Indians suffered, which changed little since the conquest by the of MIssIonary research Spanish in the sixteenth century.We see also the painful formation of Indian “Missionary Gold” for every theological library and scholar of mission movements such as the Confederación de Nacionalidades Indígenas del Ecuador studies.Sixteen issues of the IBMR.Bound in red buckram with vellum (CONAIE),whichbecameadecisivefactor finish and embossed in gold lettering. Limitededition. Each volume is in Ecuadorian politics, especially during numbered and signed by the editors. the four-year period between 1997 and 2001, when the country saw six different governments. Order from: OVERSEAS MINISTRIES STUDY CENTER Though no single chapter focuses on 490 ProspectStreet, New Haven, Connecticut 06511 religion, there are numerous references to the role of missionaries. Of special interest Telephone: (203) 285-1559 or e-mail: [email protected] for the missiological reader is the role Note: These prices do not include shippingand handling. that some Catholic orders played in the www.OMSC.org/books.htm. service of the state in the effort to control and “civilize” the native population. Javier Erazo says in chapter 11, “Jesuit

50 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH, Vol. 33, No. 1 missionariesinparticulardevisedmethods Theological Inquiry of Princeton and as the primary test-case. In their excellent of extracting labor, gold, and pita fiber United Theological College of Bangalore. forty-page introduction, the editors from the indigenous population, much as They in turn brought together scholars present the historical and sociopolitical colonial and state agents had done, until from the West and fromAsia representing context and the key missiological and they were banished from the Americas avarietyofdisciplinesanddenominations. ethical issues for India in particular, and in 1767 and then again after their return The contributors met together four times colonialism/postcolonialism in general. in 1869. In the intervening years, parish over two years in India and the United Then, after describing the methodology, priests took over their posts and were States to present, critique, and revise Stackhouse and Pachuau provide an among the worst exploiters of Indians, their papers, with the goal described in excellentoverview of the individual exacting tribute and charging exorbitant the subtitle, Interrogating, Comparing, and contributions. Two articles were added prices for ecclesiastical services” (p. 179). Reconstructing Mission in a Global Era. from outside the process of discussion to There are also references to the role of While not limited to one geographic includeotherkeyperspectives:aEuropean evangelical missions. In chapter 14 José area,thestudyissituatedinAsiaandIndia view of mission in secularized societies, Antonio Lucero and Maria Elena García refer to the surprising evolution of the CouncilofIndigenousEvangelicalPeoples (FEINE), which represents an important number of Protestant Indians: “FEINE has moved from being considered a conservative and apolitical organization to being an active participant in the politics of protest. FEINE has succeeded in ‘Indianizing’ Protestantism” (p. 238). The bibliography, as well as the valuable “BibliographicEssay”byMarcBecker(pp. 249–59), is a useful complement for those interestedinenrichingtheirunderstanding ofEcuador,itssocialevolution,andtherole of Indian populations. —Samuel Escobar

Samuel Escobar,acontributing editor,lives in Valencia, Spain, serves the Baptist Union of Spain as theological educator, and is Professor Emeritus of Missiology at Palmer Theological Seminary in Wynnewood, Pennsylvania.

News of Boundless Riches: no one has ever told Interrogating, Comparing, and Reconstructing Mission in a Global her of God’slove. Era. how will you prepare to EditedbyMaxL.StackhouseandLalsangkima share the good news? Pachuau. New Delhi: ISPCK, 2007. Vol. 1, pp. xlviii, 273; vol. 2, pp. xlviii, 284. Paperback Everyday millions of children live Rs 300 / $18 / £13 (each volume). without hope,infear of abuse, neglect, News of Boundless Riches is the fruit of and bondage. Fuller’s School of collaboration on several levels. The Intercultural Studies trains caring, editors,MaxStackhouseandLalsangkima committed,and well-preparedworkers Pachuau, worked with the Center of to respond. If youfeelcalledtoservice forJesus Christ, we encourage youtoconsiderjoining us at Fuller. www.fuller.edu 1-800-2FULLER

January 2009 51 and a “biblical holism” view, representing by poverty (Joh Mohan Razu and “acriticalrefinementofearlierevangelical Kim), gambling (Mok Chan Wing Yan), views” (p. xxvi). prostitution(PushpaJoseph),andviolence Eachvolumecontainstwopartsofsix (Evangeline Anderson-Rajkumar). Part 2 or seven chapters each. Part 1 of volume 1 chartsnewdirections,bothhistoricallyand engages the missiological foundations of theologically-ethically,foranintercultural this project. Jayakiran Sebastian proposes theology of reconciliation (Pachuau), “a mission to God” theology in dialogue acknowledging contributions of women with “a mission of God” theology (Darrell and indigenous leaders in mission (Mary Guder). Alternatives areproposed for Schaller Blaufuss), an intercultural and mission in Europe (Michael Welker) and interreligious theology of the cross atheological understanding of other (SathianathanClarke),thetransformation religions (Mark Heim). Anthony Kalliath of diaconal and professional ministries analyzes “liberative dialogue” in Catholic intosocialaction(JesudasAthyal),andthe missiology,while Bal Krishna Sharma role of hospitality in mission (Swanson). Plan Your 2009 examines the foundational themes from In the final chapter, Stackhouse addresses a Pentecostal view, and F. Hrangkhuma globalization, “the greatest missiological Summer Sabbatical from that of “biblical holism.” Part 2 is a issue of our time” (p. 268), a common very interesting and insightful study of thread through these two volumes. at OMSC what can be learned from and critiqued The excellent results of this process of Efficiency to three-bedroom. regarding the attitudes of other religions interrogating,comparing,andreconstruc- to conversion and proselytism. There are tingmissionbetweenIndiaandotherparts For summer 2009 rates and reser- two articles each on Hinduism (Sebastian oftheworldindicateapromisingapproach vations, e-mail arequest with your Kim and Sharma), Islam (Mark Swanson for world Christianity today. choice of dates to: and Ng Kam Weng), and Buddhism (Atul —Roger Schroeder Aghamkar and Heim). Judy C. Stebbins In the second volume, part 1 focuses RogerSchroeder,S.V.D.,theBishopFrancisX.Ford, on reconstructingmission approaches M.M., Chair of Catholic Missiology at Catholic Director of Finance and Housing with marginalized peoples in urban TheologicalUnioninChicago,servedasamissionary Overseas Ministries StudyCenter areas (Aghamkar) and those victimized in Papua New Guinea for six years. [email protected] www.OMSC.org/summer.html

Clio in a Sacred Garb: Essays on Christian Presence and African Responses, 1900–2000.

By Ogbu U. Kalu. Trenton, N.J., and Asmara, Eritrea: Africa World Press, 2008. Pp. xvii, 346. Paperback $29.95.

In this volume Ogbu U. Kalu, currently between Western Christian missions and Henry Winters Luce Professor of World traditional African peoples, a number of Christianity at McCormickTheological things are happening. First, traditional Seminary,Chicago, brings together worldviews remain resilient in the an impressive collection of essays face of the Christian advance. Second, highlighting salient concerns in African Christianity itself has transitioned from church historiography.Some of the essays aWestern into apredominantly non- havebeenpreviouslypublished,butthese Western religion. Third, engagement with are complemented by new material. Kalu the sacred, a central concern of African takes periodization seriously and groups religious and public life, remains key to theessaysintothreesectionsthatdealwith indigenous appropriations of Christian- (1)themethodandcontextofthestudy,(2) ity. Kalu provides sufficient evidence to African Christian agency in the context of show that from the rise of Ethiopianism the missionary and the colonial era, and (chap.6),throughtheproliferationofAfri- (3) “cameos of contemporary responses in can independent churches (chaps. 7–8), to African Christianity.” This work is part of burgeoning contemporary charismatic a series edited by Dana Robert of Boston Pentecostalisms (chap. 9), we cannot University,andherforeword(pp.xii–xvii) continue to overemphasize the role of provides a useful summary of the book. non-Africans in African church histori- The chapters borrow extensively ography. African religious cultures take from local cultural idioms. HereClio, transcendence seriously, and Kalu estab- theancient muse of history,performs lishes that, in their appropriations of for church historians by addressing “the Christianity,indigenous people made process of appropriation of Christianity choices that resonated with familiar among African communities” (p. ix) expressions of sacred-human encounters. within the last century. In the encounter In his words, “It is difficult to tell the story

52 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH, Vol. 33, No. 1 of the church by rejecting its essence” reports. The end maps, so beautifully used receives the text and the photos well. (p. 9). rendered, might have included all the The American University in Cairo Press Kalu is a very forceful and thoughtful place-names mentioned. has farmed this volume out to a Chinese Africanchurchhistorianwithconsiderable TheauthorsthankthemanyEgyptians publisher, which explains why a book of international experience. This work who made their travels possible and thus over 300 photographs can be purchased confirms that stature for those seeking to indicate how delicate it is in the Middle for under $45 from Amazon.com. understand the contours of the history of East to get permission for the visits —Frederick W. Norris the church in Africa. necessary to studychurches.Carolyn —J. Kwabena Asamoah-Gyadu Ludwig, the editor and publisher, has fine Frederick W. Norris, Professor Emeritus of World artistic judgment and knows where to get Christianity at Emmanuel School of Religion, J. Kwabena Asamoah-Gyadu teaches contemporary great books assembled. For any volume, Johnson City, Tennessee, worked within a Christian African Christianity and Pentecostal/charismatic being marked “A Ludwig Publishing church research institute and congregation in theologyattheTrinityTheologicalSeminary,Legon, Edition” means high quality. The paper Tübingen, West Germany (1972–77). Ghana. In 2007 he was Schiotz Visiting Professor of African Christianity at Luther Seminary, St. Paul, Minnesota.

The Churches of Egypt: From the Journey of the Holy Family to the Present Day.

ByGawdatGabraandGertrudJ.M.vanLoon, Preparefor the unexpected. with Darlene L. Brooks Hedstrom. Edited by Carolyn Ludwig. Photographs by Sherif Sonbol. Cairo: The American Univ. in Cairo Press, 2007. (A Ludwig Publishing Edition.) Beingcalledisdifferentthanbeing prepared. Pp. 330. £E 350 / $59.95. TheapostlePaul wasboth. So when he unexpectedlyfoundhimself in chains, he was Anumber of books share a title similar preparedtoshowlove andcompassionfor his to The Churches of Egypt, but this one is prison guards.And they listenedtohim. in a class by itself. Recent research and Howabout you? Chancesare you’re called, discoveries are reflected in the articles, but areyou preparedtotakethe Good News intoplaceswhereyou feel “uncomfortable”? but the book is remarkable primarily At Bethel Seminary, we arecommitted because of Sherif Sonbol’s breathtaking to knowingand teachingasmuch as we can photographs. Sonbol not only brings out about cultures near andfar.Because if youare the mystique of modern edifices with called to aculturedifferentfrom your own, it is his sense of lighting, sun and artificial, importanttounderstandthatcultureand love as well as focus, but also preserves the itspeople. Bethel hastwo programs specifically fading images that time effaces from the craftedfor cross-cultural ministry. Doctor ancient buildings. Were any reader not of MinistryinGlobaland Contextual a bibliophile, a number of the pictures Leadership throughour distance learning wouldbecutoutandframed.Somerequire program, andthe M.A. in Global and double pages, and one demands a four- ContextualStudies, available througheither page foldout. Because the photographs ourtraditional classroomsetting or distance learningprogram. treat both freestanding and monastic Theunexpectedisgoing to happen. churches, the tome is especially rich. Preparingyou to handle it is what we do best. The introduction emphasizes where Learnmore by calling 800-255-8706, ext. 6288. the lists of churches and monasteries appear in important medieval Arabic histories. Gabra is avisiting professor at Claremont Graduate School. His Take theNextStep. ChangeYourWorld. eight-page historical summary is solid and enlightening, the best short piece on this subject that I have encountered. Hedstrom’s overview of the architecture pulls you into the plans. Both she and van Loon are independent researchers. The latter describes the art so well that you anticipate the photographs. Thereare articles for each church. Footnotes, bibliographic references, St.Paul•San Diego •New York abibliography,and aglossary offer Philadelphia •Washington D.C. •New England assistance. Missing are the dimensions seminary.bethel.edu of the church plans and their compass orientationthatonefindsinarchaeological

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