GCSE Music - AOS2 Concerto Through Time Knowledge Organiser The BAROQUE SOLO CONCERTO grew out of the BAROQUE CONCERTO GROSSO in which a single solo instrument is Baroque Concerto accompanied by an orchestra. 1600 - 1750

Harmony & Tonality Texture Soloists CONTINUO - an accompaniment which fills in the Mainly POLYPHONIC or The Baroque Solo Concerto harmonies played by the HARPSICHORD (or Organ) CONTRAPUNTAL textures is a work for a single solo (playing CHORDAL HARMONY from FIGURED BASS – complex and instrument. The soloist’s NOTATION) with the CELLO or BASSOON doubling the interweaving of parts, parts were often very Bass Line. though some technically difficult with a MODULATIONS (changes of key) tended to go to the HOMOPHONIC MELODY chance for the solo performer Dominant key or to the Relative minor of the original key. & ACCOMPANIMENT to “show off” their technical DIATONIC tonality - Clear MAJOR or MINOR tonalities. sections for musical ability and skill. contrast. Rhythm, Tempo, Metre The three movements of a Baroque Solo Concerto were contrasted in TEMPO – Fast-Slow-Fast – with a consistent tempo within each movement. Dotted Rhythms were often a feature of the slower/second movements. Composers Dynamics Form and Structure THREE MOVEMENTS – contrasted by TEMPO and a single mood or style within TERRACED DYNAMICS clear dynamic contrasts each movement. Movements in RITORNELLO achieved by the whole FORM began with a TUTTI section Ritornello or 1st Movement Brisk and purposeful which featured a THEME. orchestra changing the volume Fugue J.S. Bach Handel suddenly (rather than Between appearances of this

Crescendos or Diminuendos). Da Capo Aria or Slow and song-like Ritornello Theme came 2nd Movement No building up or fading down Ternary Form often dotted rhythms EPISODES (contrasting of volume in Baroque Solo sections).Sometimes feature a Ritornello or 3rd Movement Fast and Cheerful short CADENZA section towards Concertos. Fugue the end of the first movement Vivaldi (unaccompanied). Listening Examples JS Bach, Violin Concerto in A Minor: https://youtu.be/1vgfPdeQmuc Virtual textbook: https://youtu.be/T81tIbQmT_M Research with listening examples: https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z9k6tfr/revision/1

Homework Task Use the knowledge organiser to help you complete the following tasks: 1. Listening - Watch the video clip and answer all the questions on Google Classroom. 2. Keyword Check - Google Quiz recapping key vocabulary. 3. Reflection - Watch back your performance and read the feedback from both your teacher and peers to answer the questions on Google Classroom.

Melody Soloist Decorated and Venue vs. embellished with Baroque Solo Concertos were performed Orchestral ORNAMENTS (often by either in churches, opera houses or small the soloist) e.g. trills, salons (rooms) or courts of wealthy individuals. Accompaniment turns, mordents and grace notes such as The soloist was always acciaccaturas, which “in the spotlight” but make melodies sound The BAROQUE ORCHESTRA (10-30 players) sometimes performed “busy”. Melodies often The orchestra used to accompany Baroque Solo Concertos was slightly larger than the with the accompanying long and flowing and use Baroque Concerto Grosso but typically numbered between 10-30 players. The main and orchestra in TUTTI SEQUENCES (a musical largest section was the STRINGS (1st and 2nd Violins, Violas, Cellos and Double sections. Musical phrase that is repeated at Basses) who played most of the ‘main melody’. A small WOODWIND section could contrast between a different pitch either consist of 2 Wooden Flutes, 2 Oboes and 2 Bassoons. The BRASS section may feature sections became more going up or down) and 2 “Natural” Trumpets and 2 Horns and the PERCUSSION SECTION featured only important than in IMITATION (where one TIMPANI which were used only for dramatic effects. The CONTINUO player led and Concerto Grossos. instrumental part is directed the Baroque Orchestra from the Harpsichord (no conductor). The instruments copied (imitated) by other used as soloists within Baroque Solo Concertos included the Violin, Cello, Recorder, instruments Flute, Oboe, Bassoon, Trumpet and Lute.