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Microevolution and Mega-Icebergs in the Antarctic,’’ by L

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Microevolution and Mega-Icebergs in the Antarctic,’’ by L Corrections NEUROSCIENCE. For the article ‘‘A cAMP-response element bind- EVOLUTION. For the article ‘‘Genomic evolution of MHC class I ing protein-induced microRNA regulates neuronal morphogen- region in primates,’’ by Kaoru Fukami-Kobayashi, Takashi esis,’’ by Ngan Vo, Matthew E. Klein, Olga Varlamova, David M. Shiina, Tatsuya Anzai, Kazumi Sano, Masaaki Yamazaki, Keller, Tadashi Yamamoto, Richard H. Goodman, and Soren Hidetoshi Inoko, and Yoshio Tateno, which appeared in issue Impey, which appeared in issue 45, November 8, 2005, of Proc. 26, June 28, 2005, of Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (102, 9230–9234; Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (102, 16426–16431; first published October first published June 20, 2005; 10.1073͞pnas.0500770102), the ͞ 31, 2005; 10.1073 pnas.0508448102), the authors note that in authors note that several evolutionary rates of fragmentary Fig. 4B, the solid and shaded legend boxes for miR132 and LINE sequences were incorrectly described. On page 9231, in miR1-1 were transposed. The corrected figure and its legend line 4 of the first full paragraph, right column, ‘‘3.89 ϫ 10Ϫ9 appear below. substitutions per site per year’’ should read ‘‘1.95 ϫ 10Ϫ9 substitutions per site per year.’’ On page 9232, in line 4 of the last paragraph, left column, ‘‘3.74 ϫ 10Ϫ9 substitutions per site per year’’ should read ‘‘1.87 ϫ 10Ϫ9 substitutions per site per year.’’ Lastly, on page 9233, in line 1 of the first paragraph, left column, ‘‘2.31 ϫ 10Ϫ9 substitutions per site per year’’ should read ‘‘1.16 ϫ 10Ϫ9 substitutions per site per year.’’ These errors do not affect the conclusions of the article. www.pnas.org͞cgi͞doi͞10.1073͞pnas.0510545103 EVOLUTION. For the article ‘‘Microevolution and mega-icebergs in the Antarctic,’’ by L. D. Shepherd, C. D. Millar, G. Ballard, D. G. Ainley, P. R. Wilson, G. D. Haynes, C. Baroni, and D. M. Lambert, which appeared in issue 46, November 15, 2005, of Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (102, 16717–16722; first published November 7, 2005; 10.1073͞pnas.0502281102), the affiliation for Grant Ballard should have appeared as PRBO Conservation Science. The corrected affiliation line appears below. *Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, NSMC, Albany, Auckland, New Zealand; †Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand; ‡PRBO Conservation Science, Stinson Beach, CA 94970; §H. T. Harvey and Associates, 3150 Almaden Expressway, Suite 145, San Jose, CA 95118; ¶LandCare Research New Zealand Ltd., Private Bag 6, Nelson, New Zealand; and ʈDipartimento Scienze della Terra, Universita`di Pisa, and Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche, Institute of Geoscience and Earth Resources, Via Santa Maria 53, 56126 Pisa, Italy www.pnas.org͞cgi͞doi͞10.1073͞pnas.0509891102 CORRECTIONS Fig. 4. Expression of miR132 induces neurite sprouting. (A) Neonatal cortical neurons were transfected with a GFP reporter (green) and cotransfected with vector control, or expression constructs for premiR1-1 or premiR132. Cells were immunostained for the neuronal marker MAP2 (red). (B) Neurons were transfected as in A and analyzed morphometrically. The histogram depicts the distribution of neurons plotted as bins of neurites. The distributions were statistically distinct (P Ͻ 0.01; Kruskal–Wallis). (Inset) The average total neurite length (TNL) of miR1-1 (n ϭ 109) and miR132 (n ϭ 137) transfected neurons from four independent experiments. *, P Ͻ 0.01 for miR132 vs. miR1-1 (Stu- dent’s t test). www.pnas.org͞cgi͞doi͞10.1073͞pnas.0509731102 www.pnas.org PNAS ͉ January 17, 2006 ͉ vol. 103 ͉ no. 3 ͉ 825–826 Downloaded by guest on October 1, 2021 MEDICAL SCIENCES. For the article ‘‘Direct interaction of the human should read ‘‘HIC(144–146)’’ and ‘‘HIC(144–146)’’ should read I-mfa domain-containing protein, HIC, with HIV-1 Tat results in ‘‘HIC(2–144).’’ The corrected figure and its legend appear below. cytoplasmic sequestration and control of Tat activity,’’ by Virginie In addition, the authors note that on page 16364, the fourth W. Gautier, Noreen Sheehy, Margaret Duffy, Kenichi Hashimoto, sentence of the second full paragraph in the left column, ‘‘However, and William W. Hall, which appeared in issue 45, November 8, for undetermined reasons HIC(2–144) could not be detected by 2005, of Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (102, 16362–16367; first pub- Western blot,’’ should read: ‘‘However, for undetermined reasons lished October 31, 2005; 10.1073/pnas.0503519102), the authors HIC(144–246) could not be detected by Western blot.’’ These note that Fig. 3 B and C was mislabeled. ‘‘HIC(2–144)’’ errors do not affect the conclusions of the article. Fig. 3. Down-regulation of Tat-mediated transactivation of the HIV-1 LTR by HIC. (A) The 293T cells were transfected with 0.5 ␮g of reporter pGL3-LTR and 0.05 ␮gofp-RL-TK in combination with 0.05 ␮g of pCAGGS-Tat and 0, 2, 4, and 8 ␮g of pFLAG-HIC. The relative luciferase activity is compared with 100% for Tat transactivation of pGL3-LTR. Error bars indicate the SD of the mean of triplicate samples. (A–E Lower) Western blot shows the corresponding levels of HIC expression. (B) The I-mfa domain is involved in the down-regulation of HIV-1 LTR by HIC. Conditions were as above, but 293T cells were transiently transfected with 0.3 ␮g of reporter pGL3-LTR and 0.03 ␮gofp-TK in combination with 0.03 ␮g of pCAGGS-Tat and 4 ␮g of pFLAG-HIC, pFLAG-HIC(2–144), or pFLAG-HIC(144–246). (C) As above, but Cos7 cells were transiently transfected with 0.1 ␮g of reporter pGL3-LTR and 0.03 ␮gofp-RL-bactin in combination with 0.005 ␮g of pCAGGS-Tat and 2 ␮g of pFLAG-HIC, pFLAG-HIC(2–144), or pFLAG-HIC(144–246). (D and E) As described in B and C, but 293T and Cos7 cells were transiently transfected with pGL3-LTR⌬ instead of pGL3-LTR. www.pnas.org͞cgi͞doi͞10.1073͞pnas.0510091102 826 ͉ www.pnas.org Downloaded by guest on October 1, 2021 Microevolution and mega-icebergs in the Antarctic L. D. Shepherd*, C. D. Millar†, G. Ballard‡, D. G. Ainley§, P. R. Wilson¶, G. D. Haynes*, C. Baroniʈ, and D. M. Lambert*,** *Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, NSMC, Albany, Auckland, New Zealand; †Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand; ‡Point Reyes Bird Observatory Conservation Science, Stinson Beach, CA 94970; §H. T. Harvey and Associates, 3150 Almaden Expressway, Suite 145, San Jose, CA 95118; ¶LandCare Research New Zealand Ltd., Private Bag 6, Nelson, New Zealand; and ʈDipartimento Scienze della Terra, Universita` di Pisa, and Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche, Institute of Geoscience and Earth Resources, Via Santa Maria 53, 56126 Pisa, Italy Edited by Tomoko Ohta, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan, and approved September 21, 2005 (received for review March 20, 2005) Microevolution is regarded as changes in the frequencies of genes mitochondrial DNA sequences (9, 10). This difficulty is because, in in populations over time. Ancient DNA technology now provides contrast with mitochondrial DNA, nuclear loci are typically present an opportunity to demonstrate evolution over a geological time in only two copies per cell. Moreover, ancient DNA samples often frame and to possibly identify the causal factors in any such are degraded and, consequently, the number of intact copies evolutionary event. Using nine nuclear microsatellite DNA loci, we available for amplification is much lower, compared with modern genotyped an ancient population of Ade´ lie penguins (Pygoscelis samples. We have previously suggested that Ade´lie penguin sub- adeliae) aged Ϸ6,000 years B.P. Subfossil bones from this popula- fossil bone deposits in Antarctica represent the highest quality tion were excavated by using an accurate stratigraphic method ancient DNA yet discovered (7). Hence, the expectation is that that allowed the identification of individuals even within the same there will be a relatively large number of intact DNA copies from layer. We compared the allele frequencies in the ancient popula- which to amplify. This abundance of copies implies that single-copy tion with those recorded from the modern population at the same microsatellite DNA changes could be detected from this ancient site in Antarctica. We report significant changes in the frequencies penguin material. It has recently been demonstrated that the of alleles between these two time points, hence demonstrating amplification of other single-copy nuclear genes from large num- microevolutionary change. This study demonstrates a nuclear bers of ancient avian bones is feasible (11). This finding, therefore, gene-frequency change over such a geological time frame. We raises the possibility of a comparison of microsatellite changes discuss the possible causes of such a change, including the role of between ancient and modern Ade´lie penguin populations. EVOLUTION mutation, genetic drift, and the effects of gene mixing among Ade´lie penguins breed in high-density colonies at a number of different penguin populations. The latter is likely to be precipitated sites around the margins of the Antarctic continent during the by mega-icebergs that act to promote migration among penguin summer months. Colonies range in size from 100 to 170,000 colonies that typically show strong natal return. breeding pairs. The ecology and population dynamics of Ade´lie penguins are well understood (12, 13). Individuals typically show microsatellites ͉ Ade´ lie penguins ͉ ancient DNA strong natal return over their reproductive lifetime, and birds spend much of the winter on pack ice around the Antarctic or at least half a century, microevolution has meant changes continent.
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