Norwegian Journal of Entomology Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrift

EDITOR Dr. philos. Lauritz Semme, Zoologisk institutt, Universitetet i , Blindern, Oslo 3, .

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lC Univenitetsforlaget 1977 E. SEM A/S. HALDEN Cold storage tolerance and supercooling points of mummies of Ephedrus cerasicola Stary and Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hym. Aphidiidae)

TROND HOFSVANG & ELINE BENESTAD HAGVAR

Hofsvang, T. & Hagvar, E. B. 1977. Cold storage tolerance and supercooling points of mummies of Ephedrus cerasicola Start and Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hym., Aphidiidae). Norw. ]. Ent. 24, 1-6. EphedrUJ cerasicola Start, parasitizing Myzus persicae Sulzer, is well suited for storage at 0 ± 1DC as (}-2 day-old mummies. Subsequent emergence at 21 DC occurred from 60-90% of the mummies stored for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 weeks. Storage for 8, 10, 14, 18, and 22 weeks successively reduced the percentage emergence from 46% to 2010. The emerged females produced significant amounts of fertilized eggs at room temperature even after 14 weeks' cold storage of the mummies. When 4-5 day-old mummies were stored at 1DC, normal emergence occurred at 21 QC from those stored for 1 and 2 weeks. However, emergence was reduced to 30% and 0% after 4 and 8 weeks' storage respectively. Mummies of Aphidius colemani Viereck are not suited for long-term cold storage because of too low emergence at 21 DC after storage at O°C, 4°C, and 7°C and too fast development during storage at 7°C and lO°C. The average supercooling points of E. cerasicola and A. colemani were -26.1 DC, SD = 1.3 and -25.4°C, SD = 0.9, respectively. Acclimation for 1 week at -5°C lowered the supercooling point in E. cerasicola mummies to -29.4°C, SD = 1.9. Trond Hofsvang & Eline Benestad Hdgvar, Agricultural University of Norway, Department of Zoology, p.a. Box 46, N-1432 As-NLH, Norway.

Successful storage of parasites at low tempera­ ceipes (Cresson) tolerated storage of low tures has practical importance in biological temperatures better than adults. control. It is a simple method to keep para­ In the experiments presented in this paper, sites alive when they are of no use, e.g. out­ mummies of the aphidiid parasites Aphidius side the greenhouse cultivating season. In colemani Viereck and Ephedrus cerasicola this way they may also be more easily ship­ Start were stored at low temperatures. Both ped, and the costs of transportation may be species readily attack the green peach lowered because the time factor is less im­ Myzus persicae Sulzer in Norwegian green­ portant. Furthermore, the synchronization of houses. Parts of the biology of these two emergence for mass release programs is fa­ species, such as longevity, developmental rate, cilitated by such storage. It has been shown fecundity and oviposition pattern, have pre­ that low storage temperatures may increase viously been studied (Hofsvang & Hagvar the reproductive potentials in some parasitic 1975, a, b, c). In these papers A. colemani Hymenoptera (Legner 1976). Even tropical was named Aphidius platensis Brethes, but species seem to have some advantages by A. platensis is now considered as a synonym such treatment (Legner 1967). of A. colemani (Start 1975, 1976). Aphidiid parasites are easy to handle as The world distribution of A. colemani mummies, and mummies are well protected covers mediterranean , parts of Asia, from external injuries. Probably the most Africa, Australia, and South America (Start common case of arrested development in 1975). Its introduction into our laboratory aphidiids in cold winter areas is hibernal stocks was accidental (Hofsvang & Hagvar / quiescens inside the cocoon of a mummified 1975 b). It is uncertain if this species can / aphid (Stary 1970a). Archer et al. (1974) survive the winter outdoors in Norway. found that mummies of Lysiphlebus testa- E. cerasicola is widely distributed in Europe

1 - Norsk ent' Tids8k.r. 2 T. Hofsvang & E. B. Hagvar

(Mackauer & Start 1967), most probably in­ tures were 10° and 4°C, and cold storage cluding Norway. It is assumed that this spe­ temperatures were 10°, 7°, 4°, 1°, and O°C. cies hibernates in Norwegian areas inside a At O°C the temperature was not constant, mummified aphid. fluctuating between + 1° and -1 0, but was on average about O°C. Acclimation and cold storage were performed in darkness. After storage, the mummies were trans­ MATERIAL AND METHODS ferred to an incubator at 21°C, 16 hrs photo­ The parasite species used in the experiments period, for emergence. In order to check their were taken from laboratory stocks at room reproduction ability after storage, some of temperature, in which they were parasitizing the emerging females and males were trans­ M. persicae on swedes (Brassica napus napo­ ferred to a cage at room temperature, con­ brassica (L.) Rchb.) or paprika (Capsicum taining an aphid-infested swede or paprika. annuum L.). The sex of the progeny was also determined. In the cold storage experiments, newly Tolerance to extreme low temperatures formed mummies from swedes, at most 1 day was tested by measuring supercooling points old, were placed in groups of ten in a dram of the mummies, taken from swedes at room vial plastic lid which was put on moistened temperature, by placing them in contact with filter paper in a petri dish (5.5 X 2.5 cm). a copper-constantan thermocouple connected Some mummies, kept in this way, were then to a recording potensiomefer (Somme 1964). put in cold storage conditions, some were The cooling rate was about 1°C per minute. acclimatized for two days prior to cold stor­ Supercooling points were first measured on age, and some were kept at 21°C, 16 hrs 20 untreated mummies of each species. The photoperiod, to obtain desired age at the age of the· mummies was unknown. start of cold storage. Acclimation tempera­ The effect of acclimation at low tempera-

Table I. Percentage emergence at 21°C from mummies of E.cerasicola, taken from swedes and stored at low temperatures for different time periods. At each time period, n=50, except in series 1 where n=100.

Series 1 2 3 4 5 Acclimation 2 days at 4"C 2 days at 4°C No accl. No accl. No accl. Storage temp. O"C l"C l"C 1°C l"C Age of mummies at storage (days) 0-1 0-1 0-1 1-2 4-5 -­ Weeks stored 1 90 82 82 2 79 60 76 82 80 3 64 4 71 70 86 60 30 6 69 8 46 48 42 40 0 10 31 46 34 14 16 38 30 18 3 22 2 no accl. or storage 62 Cold storage tolerance 3 tures on the supercooling point was tested for increasingly detrimental effect on the emer­ E. cerasicola only. Groups of 25 mummies, gence percentage. at most 2 days old, were kept at 0° for two Acclimation of mummies prior to the stor­ weeks or at _5°C for one week before the age did not affect the emergence (series 1, supercooling points were measured. During 2, and 3 in Table I). acclimation, the mummies were kept in small No effect of the age could be demonstrated glass tubes plugged with cotton, placed in for mummies stored up to 2 weeks. However, tight glass jars with moist cotton in the emergence was reduced with increasing age bottom. To control survival after acclimation, of mummies both after 4 and 8 weeks' stor­ 25 additional mummies were stored under the age (series 4 and 5). same conditions, but were then transferred Apparently, no development occurred at to 21°C, 16 hrs photoperiod, for emergence. O°C in E. cerasicola (series 1). After being Several experiments on supercooling points brought to 21°C, the adults emerged after 8­ with different acclimation conditions were 10 days, which is about normal time of de­ excluded because of low emergence from velopment for mummies at this temperature control mummies. Differences in supercooling (Hofsvang & Higvar 1975 a). points were tested by the Student t-test. In series 1, which was most complete and Some of the emerged adults were released based on most mummies, the 9-/ ~ ratio of on paprika plants and their progeny was emerging adults after cold storage was well counted and the sex determined. above 1 for mummies stored up to 10 weeks. Without cold storage, the sex ratio was 0.9. For practical application, it is important to RESULTS know whether cold storage of mummies inter­ feres with the progeny production of the Cold storage of mummies emerging adults. Table 11 gives such infor­ Table I shows for E. cerasicola the percent­ mation for some of the series of E. cerasi­ age emergence from mummies which had cola. It shows that females emerged from been cold stored at different conditions. The mummies cold stored up to 14 weeks were percentage emergence without any acclima­ able to produce considerable number of off­ tion and cold storage is also given. Obvious­ springs. Apparently, plant species affected ly, E. cerasicola tolerates rather long storage the progeny production. at low temperatures. Compared with the A. colemani was obviously less tolerant to control mummies, storage of 0-2 day-old cold storage than E. cerasicola (Table Ill). mummies up to 4-6 weeks at O-IoC had no Emergence was affected already after 1 clear negative effect on percentage emer­ week's exposure at O°C (series 6), and after gence. Storage for 8 weeks or more had an 2 weeks only 5(J/o emerged. Therefore, O°C

Table rI. Number of progeny produced at room temperature by E. cerasicola which had emerged at 210 e from mummies previously stored at DOe or lOe for different periods. Aphid: M. persicae.

Series Storage Storage period for Number emerged adults Plant Progeny temp. mummies (weeks) used for oviposition species ?/f clcl' pr.~ 'lid'

1 DOe 1 14 8 swedes 156 6 11 13 213 0.9 8 15 15 89 0.9 10 13 11 109 0.9 14 3 4 paprika 33 0.4 lOe 2 7 11 53 0.9 4 14 15 83 1.0 4 T. Hofsvang &: E. B. Hagvar

Table Ill. Percentage emergence at 21°C (series 10: at 10°C) from mummies of A. colemani, 0-1 days old when stored at low temperatures for different time periods. Percentage emergence during cold storage is given in bracket. At each time period, n=50, except series 6 where n=lOO.

Series 6 7 8 10 Acclimation 2 days at 4°C 2 days at 10°C No accl. No accl. No accl. Storage temp. Ooc 4°C 4°C 7°C 100C

Weeks stored 1 38 12 82 (0) 74 (0) 2 5 3 50 (0) 82 (0) (28) 3 2 16 (4) 48 (14) 4 0 4(0) 4(44) (56) 0 0(72) 0 0(0 ) 0(46 ) (48) 0 8 o(4) 0(52 ) 14 0(0) 18 0(6 )

no accl. or storage 75

is too low a temperature to be of practical on average 23.S days. Storage at 10°C was use. Storage at 4°C, after acclimation at 10° impossible, due to considerable emergence for 2 days (series 7), resulted in very low during storage. Average developmental time emergence. Without any acclimation (series from mummification to emergence was 16.6 8), the mummies kept at 4°C survived better days at 10°C. than those stored at Ooe. However, mortality Progeny production by adult A. colemani, was high for the mummies kept at 4°C for emerging from mummies cold stored for one 3 or more weeks. A few parasites completed week, was tested on paprika in series 6, 7, their development and emerged at 4°C and 9. Mean numbers of offsprings per fe­ (Table Ill). Long-term storage at 7°C proved male and sex ratio (r;.J (;) were 6.8 and 0.8, to be difficult because the parasites devel­ 21 and 0.8, and 48 and 0.8, respectively. oped and emerged at this temperature after

Supercooling points The average supercooling points of the mummies taken from swedes at room Table IV. Effect of different cold storage condi­ temperature were -26.1°e for E. cerasicola tions on the supercooling points of mummies of (Table IV) and -2S.4 °e (n = 20, SD = 0.88) E.cerasicola. Emergence and sex ratio at 21°C for A. colemani. This difference between the from groups of 25 mummies stored under the same conditions,but not supercooled, are also shown. species was not significant (O.OS

Cold storage Supercooling Emergence cooling point in E. cerasicola is shown in of mummies point Table IV. Apparently, 2 weeks in Ooe was °c weeks °c SO n 'f16 not sufficient to improve the cold-hardiness of E. cerasicola, whereas 1 week in _soe 0 2 -26.2 1.9 25 56 1. 0 significantly lowered the supercooling point -5 1 -29.4 1.9 25 64 1. B (p

Mummies of A. colemani tolerated much DISCUSSION shorter storage than E. cerasicola. Obviously, In Norway it is likely that aphidiids hibernate 0-1 day-old mummies of A. colemani are not inside cocoons attached to plant material. suited for long-term cold storage. At tem­ Most species probably spend the winter on peratures higher than or equal to 7°C, too the ground at temperatures around O°C be­ large a fraction of the mummies developed cause of an insulating snow cover. It is and emerged during storage. At 7°C and therefore reasonable that just this develop­ below, emergence after a few weeks' storage mental stage is most resistant to and suitable was too low to be of practical value. for storage at O°C. The negative effect of acclimation at 100C Based on percentage emergences, it seems in A. colemani, illustrated by series 7 and 8 that E. cerasicola is well adapted to long­ in Table Ill, is probably due to some de­ term storage at temperatures around zero velopment which occurred in series 7before the compared with other aphidiid species (Stary transfer to 4dc. This suggests an age-depen­ 1970b, Archer et al. 1973, Scopes et al. 1973, dent tolerance for cooling, as was positively Tyler & Jones 1974). The present results found in E. cerasicola. clearly demonstrate that 0-1 day-old mum­ The difference between the species in mies of E. cerasicola are very suitable for tolerance to O°C may be explained by the storage at O°C for at least 6 weeks without more northern distribution of E. cerasicola. subsequent emergence and reproduction being In addition, dissections of 0-1 day-old mum­ seriously affected. Six weeks' storage in­ mies show that E. cerasicola at this age is creased the length of developmental period still in 4th larval instar. A. colemani how­ about 3 times, compared with normal devel­ ever, has begun to appear as prepupae: which opment at 21 DC (Hofsvang & Hagvar 1975 a). may be less tolerant to cooling. Differences in emergence percentage be­ According to Asahina (1969), supercooling tween 0-1 and 1-2 day-old mummies cooled points a few degrees below -20°C frequent­ up to 8 weeks, were insignificant. However, ly occur in hibernating , even in those 4-5 day-old mummies had significantly lower which possess no glycerol or other protective emergence after 4 and 8 weeks' storage than substances. It is also known that in this range 0-2 day-old mummies. Therefore, efforts of temperature, nucleation in bulk water in should be made in practical application to a vessel is most probably induced. Both A. use rather newly formed mummies for cold colemani and E. cerasicola agree with this storage. Archer et al. (1973) found similarly picture, with supercooling points around that 3 day-old mummies of L. testaceipes -25°C. tolerated storage at 1.7 0, 4.4 0, 7.2 0, and Thermal acclimation in insects may lower 100C better than 6 day-old mumm!es. the supercooling point, whereby the Females of E. cerasicola apparently sur­ becomes able to withstand temperatures that vived up to 10 weeks' cold storage better than would otherwise cause it to freeze. The pres­ males. Similar sex differences were observed ent results indicate an acclimation effect at in L. testaceipl?S (Archer et al. 1973). How­ _5°C. ever, sex ratio is very dependent on external Dissections have shown that the digestive factors, so that general conclusions are dif­ tracts are emptied about the second and third ficult to make. day after mummification at 21 DC. The super­ Oviposition by parasites emerged from the cooling points were measured before this cold stored mummies resulted in about 100­ occurred. Possibly, lower supercooling points 200 offsprings per female on swede, and 30­ could have been obtained in with 80 on paprika. Corresponding values without emptied digestive tracts (Asahina 1969). cooling are 316 on swede and 51 on paprika. Thus, the reproduction is fairly good even after 14 weeks' cold storage of the mummies. Whether the observed differences in prog­ eny productions of parasites on the two plant ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS species will also exist under other experi­ We would like to thank Dr. Lauritz Semme mental conditions, has not been studied. for valuable discussions and for lending us 6 T. Hofsvang & E. B. Hagvar the apparatus to measure the supercooling and oviposition period of Aphidius platensis points. We also thank Thore Bihaug for Brethes (Hym., Aphidiidae) parasitizing Myzus persicae Sulz. (Horn., Aphididae) on paprika. laboratory assistance. Norw. ]. Ent. 22, 113-116. Legner, E. F. 1967. Two exotic strains of Spalangia drosophilae merit consideration in biological control of Hippelates collusor (Diptera: Chloro­ pidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 60, 458--462. REFERENCES Legner, E. F. 1976. Low storage temperature ef­ Archer, T. L., Murray, C. L., Eikenbary, R. D., fects on the reproductive potential of three Starks, K. J. & Morrison, R. D. 1973. Cold parasites of Musca domestica. Ann Entomol. storage of Lysiphlebus testaceipes mummies. Soc. Am. 69, 435-441. Environ. Entomol. 2, 1104-1108. Scopes, N. E. A., Biggerstaff, S. M. & Goodall, Archer, T. L., Murray, C. L. Eikenbary, R. D. D. E. 1973. Cool storage of some parasites used & Burton, R. L. 1974. Cold storage of Lysiphle­ for pest control in glasshouses. Pl. Path. 22, bus testaceipes adults. Environ. Entomol. 3, 189-193. 557-558. Start, P. 1970a Biology of Aphid Parasites (Hy­ Asahina, E. 1969. Frost resistance in insects. pp. menoptera: Aphidiidae) with Respect to Inte­ 1-49 in Beament, J. W. L., Treherne, J. E. & grated Control. 643 pp. Dr. W. Junk, The Wigglesworth, V. B. (eds.) Advances in Insect Hague. Physiology. Vol. 6. Academic Press, London Start, P. 1970b. Storage of Aphidius smithi (Hym. and New York. Aphidiidae) for mass release. Boll. Lab. Ent. Hofsvang, T. & Hagvar, E. B. 1975a. Develop­ agr. Portici. 28, 224-228. mental rate, longevity, fecundity, and oviposi­ Stary, p. 1975. Aphidius colemani Viereck 1912: tion period of Ephedrus cerasicola Start (Hym., its , distribution and host range (Hym., Aphidiidae) parasitizing Myzus persicae Sulz. Aphidiidae). Acta ent. bohemoslov. 72, 156-163. (Horn., Aphididae) on paprika. Norw. ]. Ent. Stary, P. 1976. Aphid Parasites (Hymenoptera, 22, 15-22. Aphidiidae) of the Mediterranean Area. 95 pp. Hofsvang, T. & Hagvar, E. B. 1975b. Duration of Dr. W. Junk, The Hague. Academia, Praha. development and longevity in Aphidius ervi and S"mme, L. 1964. Effects of glycerol on cold­ Aphidius platensis (Hymenoptera, Aphidiidae), hardiness in insects. Can. ]. Zool. 42,87-101. two parasites of Myzus persicae (Homoptera, Tyler, B. M. J. & Jones, P. A. 1974. Hibernation Aphididae). Entomophaga 20, 11-22. study with Lysiphlebus testaceipes, parasite of Hofsvang, T. & Hagvar, E. B. 1975c. Fecundity the greenbug. Environ. Entomol. 3, 412-414.

Received 6 December 1976 Funn av Coleoptera Era Nord-Norge

ARNE C. NILSSEN & JORAN ANDERSEN

Nilssen, A. & Andersen, ]. 1977. Finds of Coleoptera from northern Norway. Norw. j. Ent. 24,7-9. The article reports 66 finds in northern Norway of species of Coleoptera which previously have not been recorded from the districts in question. Four species are reported for the first time from northern Norway. The new records are the north­ ernmost in Norway for 14 species. Arne C. Nilssen, Zoological department, TrOmSfJ Museum-University of TromsfJ, N-9000 TromsfJ, Norway. ]ohan Andersen, Institute of biology and geology, University of TromsfJ, N-9000 TromSfJ, Norway.

I listen er oppfort arter som ikke er angitt Dyschirills globoslls Hbst. Nno: Elvestrand, fra yedkommende omrilder etter inndelingen 15. juli 1972. i Coleoptera-katalogen (Lindroth 1960) eller T achyta nana Gyll. Fo: Lyngmo i 0yre ikke er oppfort i senere korreksjonslister Pasyik, juli 1966 og 1967. 110 eksemplarer (Strand 1970a) eller i faunistiske notiser om under los bark pa liggende morkne furu­ Coleoptera fra Nord-Norge (Zackariassen stammer. Fra Nord-Norge ellers bare kjent 1972). En del ay funnene gjort ay Johan An­ fra llRi: Rundhaug. dersen er allerede publisert (Strand 1970b), Harpalus fllliginoslls Duft. Fo: Lyngmo, juli men uten mermere angiyelse ay sted og funn­ 1966 og 1967. llre eksemplarer under krek­ forhold. ling eller planker pa torr sand. Ellers ikke Listen er intet resultat ay systematiske inn­ kjent fra Nord-Norge. samlinger innen bestemte omrader, men re­ Harpalus qlladripllnctatlls Dej. Fo: Lyng­ presenterer mere tilfeldige funn. Unntak er mo, juli 1966. Et eksemplar pa noe fuktig til en yiss grad arter samlet pa elyebredder finsand. og under furubark. Bradycelllls collaris Payk. Nno: Sandyika De fleste funn fra Skjomen er gjort under i Skjomen, juli 1974. Et par eksemplarer tatt feltkurs for studenter arrangert ay Uniyersi­ under stein pa grasmark. tetet i llromso. Amara qllenseli Schonh. Nno: Gamnes i Trachypa(;hys zetterstedti Gyll. Fo: Fiske­ Skjomen, juli 1974. Et eksemplar pa torr Yatn, noen km fra 0deyatn i 0yre Pasyik, morenebunn. 15. juni 1966 (leg. R. Mehl). Ett eksemplar. Agonllm sexpllnclatllm L. Fo: Lyngmo, Dyschirills septentrionllm Munst. llRy: juli 1966. Et eksemplar tatt sammen med 1l0nsyikely. Nno: E1Yestrand i Skjomen, 15. H arpallls qlladripllnclatlls. Ellers ikke tatt i juli 1972. Pa silt yed utlopet ay Skjoma. fylke. 8 A. C. Nilssen & ]. Andersen

Dytiscus lapponicus Gyll. Nn,,: Krokmyr­ Lygistopterus sanguineus L. F0: Lyngmo, vatn i Skjomen, juni 1976. juli 1966 og 1967. Dels pa blomster av balder­ Cercyon unipunctatus L. Nn,,: Forselv i bra, dels under bark. Skjomen, juni 1975. Hylecoetus dermestoides L. Nn0: Fors­ Oecoptoma thoracicum L. TRy: Skrolsvik heim i Skjomen, juni 1975. pa Senja. Leg. G. Eliseussen. Adelocera conspersa Gyll. F0: Lyngmo, Phloenomus monilicornis Gyll. Nn,,: Fors­ juli 1966. Bakkropp av et individ funnet elv i Skjomen, mai 1974. Et par eksemplarer under 10s furubark. Ellers ikke kjent fra siktet fra furubark angrepet av Blastophagus Nord-Norge. piniperda L. Tidligere kjent nordligst fra Melanophila acuminata De G. TRy: Trom­ Nsi: Storjord i Saltdalen. S0, august 1961. Et eksemplar i museets sam­ Phloenomus lapponicus Zett. Nn,,: Forselv, ling. TRi: Skakterdalen i Dividalen 17. juli august 1973 og mai 1974. Mange eksemplarer 1973. To eksemplarer fanget i det de kom ved sikting av furubark angrepet av for­ flygende til et bal. Fra er den tidli­ skjellige barkbiller (Blastophagus piniperda, gere bare kjent fra Bukta i TRi. Pityogenes-arter). Agrilus viridis L. F0: Nyrud i 0vre Pasvik, Acidota crenata F. Nn0: Langvatn i Skjo­ juli 1966. Et eksemplar hiivet pa bj0rk. Ellers men. Et eksemplar i myemage. (leg. A: Kle­ ikke funnet i Finnmark. metsen). Heterocerus flexuosus Steph. Nn0: Elve­ Coryphium hyperboreum Milkl. Nn0: Gau­ strand, august 1972. Flere eksemplarer pa telisvatn i Skjomen 852 m o. h. Pa grus ved silt ved utl"pet av Skjoma. vatnet. Tidligere kjent fra Troms og Finn­ Dermestes lardarius L. Funn fra TRy: mark. Troms0 star oppf0rt med sp0rsmalstegn i Bledius litoralis Heer. Nn0: Elvestrand. Strand (1946). Arten er imidlertid meget To eksemplarer pa silt ved utl0pet av Skjo­ vanlig i hus i Troms0 og omegn. ma, august 1972. TRi: Balsfjordelva og Nord­ Reesa vespulae Milliron. Mehl (1975) an­ kjosbotn. I Troms tidligere bare kjent fra gir at denne arten i TRy: Troms0 f0rste Malselvdistriktet. gang ble funnet i 1974. F0rste gang var Bledius arcticus ]. SahIb. Nn0: Gamnes og imidlertid i mai 1973. Arten er na vel etab­ Elvestrand, juli og august 1972. Tallrike ek­ lert bade pa Troms0 Museum og i enkelte semplarer pa siltbunn v/elva. private boliger. Imago er bare tatt i mai, Stenus bimaculatus Gyll. Nsi: Potthus i juni og juli. Saltdalen, juni 1972. Et eksemplar pa tem­ Byturus tomentosus F. Nn0: Forsheim i melig skyggefull bunn ved Saltdalselva. Fra Skjomen, juni 1976. Havet pa hegg. Tidli­ Nord-Norge tidligere bare kjent fra TRi: gere funnet nordligst i Nsy: Fykanvatn Rundhaug. (Johnson 1967). Bolitochara lunulata Payk. F0: Lyngmo, Morychus dovrensis Munst. TRy: T0nsvik­ juli 1966. elv, juni 1973. En imago og flere larver pa Atheta silvicola Kr. Nsi: Bleiknesmo i t"rr sand i sandtak. Saltdalen, august 1966. Et eksemplar pa t0rr, Librodor hortensis Foure. Nn0: Forsheim i sparsomt bevokst silt ved elva. Skjomen, juni 1976. Zyras humeralis Grav. F0: Lyngmo, juli Rhizophagus dispar Payk. Nn0: Forselv, 1967. Flere eksemplarer. Tidligere ikke kjent august 1973 og mai 1974. Flere eksemplarer fra Finnmark. ved sikting av furubark. Chilopora rubicunda Er. Nn0: Gamnes, Monotoma conicicollis Aube. Nn0: Fors­ juli 1974. Flere eksemplarer blant lauv og heim i Skjomen, juni 1975. I tue hos vegetasjon ved elva. Formica av rufa-gruppen. Plegaderus vulneratus Panz. F0: Lyngmo, Monotoma angusticollis Gyll. Nn0: Forsheib juli 1966. To eksemplarer under bark pa i Skjomen, juni 1975. I tue hos Formica av t0rr furustamme. Ikke funnet andre- steder rufa-gruppen. i Finnmark. Endomychus coccineus Panz. Nn0: Forselv, Myrmetes piceus Payk. Nn0: Forsheim i mai 1974. Et eksemplar tatt krypende pa Skjomen, juni 1975. I tue av Formica av husvegg. rufa-gruppen. Adalia bipunctata L. Nsy: Bod0. Leg. H. Coleoptera [ra N ord-Norge 9

Andersen. Flere eksemplarer. Tidligere fun­ Phyllodecta polaris Sp. Schneid. Nn0: net nordligst i NTi. Vannaksvatn i Skjomen, august 1972. Flere Octotemnus glabriculus Gyll. TRy: Trom­ eksemplarer under stein pa torr hei over S0. Tatt pa Polyporus pa bjork. tregrensa. Cis bidentatus 01. Nno: Forselv, august Otiorrhynchus sulcatus Fabr. Nni: Mo­ 1973. Tatt pa sopp pa bj0rk. sjoen. Flere individ i hus (leg. E. Arnkv

Mottatt 22. oktober 1976

Mire invertebrate fauna at Eidskog, Norway. V. , Psylloidea, and Coccoidea (Hem.)

FREJ OSSIANNILSSON

Ossiannilsson, F. 1977. Mire invertebrate fauna at Eidskog, Norway. V. Auchenor­ rhyncha, Psylloidea and Coccoidea (Hem.). Norw. j. Ent. 24, 11-14. Sixteen identified species of Auchenorrhyncha, one species of Psylloidea, and two species of Coccoidea were pit-fall trapped in thirteen different mire habitats at Eidskog, Hedmark county, south Norway. Tyrphodelphax distinctus, Stroggyloce­ phalus livens, Cosmotettix panzeri, and Sorhoanus xanthonellrus are bound to this kind of habitat. Three or four other species of Auchenorrhyncha are typical mire inhabitants, but without being restricted to mires. Cosmotettix panzeri, Atrococcus paludinus, and Spinococcus calluneti are new to the fauna of Norway. The catches were rather low in most of the habitats. Frej Ossiannilsson, Kiillparksgatan 9, S-75432 Uppsala, .

This paper is part of a study on the inverte­ identity could not be established. This is also brate fauna in thirteen mire habitats at Eid­ valid for three females of Macrosteles. The skog, south Norway. Locality, habitat descrip­ identified material of Auchenorrhyncha con­ tion, and the aim of these investigations are sists of 16 species. The Psylloidea are rep­ given by Pedersen, Hagvar & Bakke (1976). resented by one, the Coccoidea by two spe­ cies. All species of these groups are phytophag­ ous, depending on living plants for their MATERIAL AND METHODS existence. Some are monophagous, others The material was collected in pit-fall traps. oligo- or polyphagous. These three categories Further details of the method and explana­ are all represented in the present material. tion of the symbols used in this paper for the Clearly the first condition for the affinity different habitats are given by Pedersen, of a mono-phytophagous insect to a certain Hagvar & Bakke (1976). site is the presence of its host plant in that 201 specimens of Auchenorrhyncha, 15 site. Of course this does not mean that the Psylloidea, and 59 Coccoidea were collected. distribution areas of a monophagous insect The method is not very suitable for Psyl­ and its host plant are always identical. The loidea and adult Auchenorrhyncha and obvi­ resistance of the insect against extreme ously unsuitable for sedentary Coccoidea. degrees of an ecological factor may be smal­ ler than that of the plant, and then the insect may be rare or absent in a site even if its host plant is abundant there. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In Table I the species are listed together Out of the Auchenorrhyncha material, 78 with total catches from each habitat. In Table specimens are nymphs and their specific 11, the recorded species have been grouped 12 F. Ossiannilsson

Table I. Pitfall catches of Auchenorrhyncha, Psylloidea and Coccoidea in thirteen mire habitats at Eidskog, South Norway.

Spc"!cies: lIab!tat: s~~arg 1 2 4 A BeD I Il III Auchenorrhynchal CiXlus sp. (similis ICbm. 'f), juv. 1 1 - 1 - 2 - 5 Tyrphodelphax distinetuB (Flor) 5 - - 1 1 14 Oneodelphax pullulus (Boh.) - 1 1 Neophilaenus lineatUB (1.) 5 2 - 2 - 2 ­ 12 Aphrophora alni (Fall.) 1 2 Ulopa retieu·lata (".) - 2 1 !gallia braehyptera (Boh.) 11 -­ 5 - 2 1 2 21 Agallia venOBa (Fourer.) 1 1 AphrodeB bieinetuB (Sehrnk.) f.diminuta Rib. 2 6 1 - 4 1 5 - - 20 Strogeyloeephe.luB livens (Zett.)- -- 10 - 4 - 8 3 - 25 Arboridia parvula (Boh.) - - - - - 1 Linnavuoriana sexmaculata (Hdy.)- ­ I>:acrosteles Sp. ~ 3 - - - - 3 IdiodonuB eruentee tus (P',nz.) - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - 1 3 MaeustuB griseseenB (Zett.) - - 2 - - - - 4 - - - - - 6 SeleroraeuB russeoluB (Fall.) - - 1 - 1 - 2 - 5 SorhoanuB xanthoneurus (Fieb.) - 1 ------1 - 2 4 Cosmotettix panzeri (:F'lor) - - 1 - - .- - - - - ­ Unidentified Cie2.dellid nymphs 1 3 4 7 2 7 - - 1 - 9 27 15 73 Sum Auchenorrhyncha 201

PBylloidea: Strophingi2. erieae (Curt.) - - - - 8 1 2 - - 1 3 - - 15 Sum Psylloidea 15

Coccoidea: AtroeoeeUB paludinus (Green) 24 7 - 4 ­ 35 SpinoeoeeuB oalluneti (Ldgr.) 3 2 - - 11 7 1 24 Sum Coccoidea 59 1

Total no.of specimens per habitat: 20 19 14 19 30 51 22 17 14 4 14 29 16 275

Total no. of species id,"!otified per habitat: 4 5 8 2 6 8 8 5 6 3 2 2 1 19

according to their affinity to mire habitats. Sphagnum-Eriophorum vaginatum associa­ T yrphodelphax distinctus is associated tion (Wagner & Franz 1961). with Eriophorum. The same plant is also The unidentified Cixius nymphs most stated to be the hostplant of Cosmotettix probably belong to similis Kbm., which is panzeri (Kuntze 1937). The latter is new to typical of mire habitats. The nymphs are Norway. According to Nast (1972) its known subterranean and their biology has not been distribution is: Czechoslovakia, Denmark, studied. Oncodelphax pullulus and Macustus Finland, France, BRD., DDR., England, grisescens are also found on wet meadows. Scotland, Poland, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia, The Pseudococcid, Atrococcus paludinus, an N. . So far C. panzeri has been found addition to the Norwegian fauna, was origi­ in the following Swedish provinces: Sk., Hall., nally described on material from Wicken Srn., m., Og., Dlsl., Up!., Vrm., Dlr., Ang., Fen, England, 'on the under surface of the Vb., As. Lpm., P. Lpm. Stroggylocephalus foliage of Eupatorium cannabinum, Sym­ livens is associated with Carex, while phytum officinale, Urtica sp., Lysimachia sp., Sorhoanus xanthoneurus belongs to the Convolvulus sp., and Spiraea sp.' (Williams Mire invertebrate fauna. V. 13

Table 11. A!,,'"inity of th€ recorded Epecies to mir€ habitats phora alni is polyphagous on herbaceous plants and almost ubiquitous. Also Aphrodes Species found only in mire h bitab Tyrphodr.lphax distinctus Stro"'2Ylocephalus livens bicinctus is said to be polyphagous on herbs, Cosmotettix penzeri but I was surprised to find that the species is Sorhoanus xanthoneuI'Us here represented by f. diminuta Ribaut, a

Species t:yplcal to mire habitats. but (CixiuB similis) rare form with uncertain taxonomic status not absolutely bound to these sites Oncodelphax pullulue and unknown ecology. Agallia brachyptera Hacustus grisescene prefers wet meadows and mires. Lin­ Atrococcus paludinus navuoriana sexmaculata is associated with

Speoies common in mires,but equall:y Neophilaenue lineatus Salix spp. Idiodonus cruentatus, a polyphag­ COIlll:lOD in other t:ypes of h3.bitate Aphrophor~_ a.lni ous species, is found in very different habi­ Ulopa reticulata Agallia brachyptera tats. The present writer repeatedly found Arboridia parvula Arboridia parvula - here represented by one Linnavuoriana sexmaculata specimen in site 6 - on the leaves of Filipen­ Aphrodes bicinctus Idiodonus cruentatus dula ulmaria. If this plant is absent in the Scl~r~racu8 russeoluB area here investigated, Rubus chamaemorus Strophingic. ericae probably serves as an alternative host plant. Spinococcue calluneti Finally, Agallia venosa normally inhabits

Species occasionall:y found in mire sites, dry biotopes and its presence in site 3 must but more COPMon in other habitats !galEa venosa be regarded as accidental. T yrphodelphax distinctus, Stroggylocepha­ lus livens, Cosmotettix panzeri, and Sorhoanus xanthoneurus can be used as indicator species 1962). It has also been recorded from France, to the habitats where they live. on Trifolium sp. (Goux 1933, 1941), and from Psamma arenaria in Holland (Reyne 1965). In Sweden, A. paludinus has been found in 01., Gtl., Vg., DIsl., DppI., and Vb. The ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS preferred host plant in Sweden seems to be I am indebted to Mr. Sigmund Higvar for Rubus chamaemorus, but the species has also putting the material of the present paper at been found on Filipendula ulmaria, Carex my disposal and for checking the manuscript. sp., and Sedum album (!) (Ossiannilsson, unpubl.). In the present material it is repre­ sented in sites 6, A, and C (Table I). Ulopa reticulata and Strophingia ericae are REFERENCES monophagous on Calluna while Spinococeus Danzig, E. M. 1959. On the scale insect fauna calluneti feeds also on other Ericaceae and (Homoptera, Coccoidea) of the Leningrad re­ even on e.g. Fragaria vesca (Danzig 1959, gion. Rev. Ent. de l'URSS 38, 443-455. 1960). These species occur also on Calluna Danzig, E. M. 1960. Some new and little known growing in dry zootopes. S. calluneti is new mealybugs (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococ­ cidae) of the Leningrad region. Rev. Ent. d' l. to the fauna of Norway. It was described URSS39,172-181. from Germany (Lindinger 1912) and has a Goux, L. 1933. Notes sur les Coccides (Hem.) de wide distribution in Western Europe, present la France. (6e note). Nouvelles observations sur also in Latvia and the west of European les Pseudococcines. Bull. Soc. ent. Fr., N° 15, Russia. In Sweden, S. calluneti has been 234-236. Goux, L. 1941. Contribution a l'etude d'un fai­ found in Sk., Og., Sdm., Dppl., Vstm. (Os­ sceau d'especes constituant un sous-genre siannilsson 1951, 1959, 1971) and HIs. Also nouveau du genre Pseudococcus (Hem. Coc­ Scleroracus russeolus is associated with eidae) (1). Bull. Mus. Hist. nat. Marseille 1, 66-83. Ericaceae, in both wet and dry sites. In Kuntze, H. A. 1937. Die Zikaden Mecklenburgs, Norway, this species has been recorded only eine faunistisch-okologische Untersuchung. from HOi (Ossiannilsson 1974). Arch. Naturgesch., N. F. 6, 299-388. N eophilaenus lineatus IS abundant on Lindinger, L. 1912. Die Schildliiuse (Coceidae) Euro/Jas, Nordafrikas und Vorderasiens, ein­ Gramineae, Cyperaceae, and ]uncaceae in schliesslich der Azoren, der Kanaren und Ma­ both wet and fresh biotopes, while Aphro­ deiras. 388 pp. Stuttgart. 14 F. Ossiannilsson

Nast, J. 1972. Palaearctic Aucheno1"rhyncha Auchenorrhyncha and Psylloidea). Fauna of the (Homoptera) an annotated check list. 550 pp. Hardangervidda No. 5, 35 pp. Warszawa. Pedersen, A., Hilgvar, S. & Bakke, A. 1976. Mire Ossiannilsson, F. 1951. Bidrag till kii:nnedomen invertebrate fauna at Eidskog, Norway. I. Aim, om den svenska skoldlusfaunan (Horn. Coc­ methods and habitat descriptions. Norw. j. Ent. coidea). Opusc. ent. 16, 1-14. 23, 173-180. Ossiannilsson, F. 1959. Bidrag till kiinnedomen Reyne, A. 1965. N ederlandse Schildluizen Ill. om den svenska skoldlusfaunan (Horn. Coc­ Ent. Ber. 25, 96-97. coidea) Il. Opusc. ent. 24, 193-201. Wagner, W. & Franz, H. 1961. 34. Ordnung Ossiannilsson, F. 1971. Till kiinnedomen om Kul­ Rhynchota. Die Nordost-Alpen im Spiegel ihrer labergs halvvingar (). Kullabergs Landtierwelt II, 74-179. Natur 14, 55 pp. Williams, D. J. 1962. The British Pseudococcidae Ossiannilsson, F. 1974. Hemiptera (Heteroptera, (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Ent. 12, No. 1, 79 pp.

Received 9 December 1976 Mire invertebrate fauna at Eidskog, Norway. VI. lIenniptera lIeteroptera

SIGMUND HAGVAR

Hagvar, S. 1977. Mire invertebrate fauna at Eidskog, Norway. VI. Hemiptera Heteroptera. Norw. J. Ent. 24, 15-17. Ten species of adult Heteroptera were pit-fall trapped in thirteen different mire habitats at Eidskog-, Hedmark county, south Norway. Six of the species are typical mire inhabItants: Saldula opacula (Zett.), Myrmedobia exilis (Fall.), Hebrus ruficeps Thorns., Acalypta nigrina (Fall.), Ligyrocoris silvestris (L.), and Drymus brunnew (F. Sahib.). The main material consisted of A. nigrina and L. silvestris, each of which were recorded from five different mire habitats. Sigmund Hagvar, Norwegian Forest Research Institute, N-1432 As-NLH, Norway.

This paper is part of a study on the inverte­ caught in the following four habitats: 2, 3, brate fauna in thirteen mire habitats at Eid­ 4, and Ill. Based upon literature data (Jensen­ skog, south Norway. Locality, habitat de­ Haarup 1912, Wagner 1952, Southwood & scription, and the aim of these investigations Leston 1959, Wagner 1966 & 1967, and Gaun are given by Pedersen, Hagvar & Bakke 1974), the species have been grouped ac­ (1976). cording to their affinity to mire habitats (Table 11). No species occur exclusively in mires, even though some of them are bound MATERIAL AND METHODS to wet habitats as such. Six species can be said to be typical of mire habitats. Three The present material was collected in pit-fall species are equally common in other types of traps. Further information on the method, habitats. One species probably prefers other and explanation of the symbols used in this habitats than mires. Below, a brief comment paper for the different habitats, are given by shall be given to each species. Pedersen, Hagvar & Bakke (1976). Saldula opacula. Collected 7 September. The material of adult Heteroptera in the According to Wagner (1966), the species oc­ traps was rather small, consisting of only 24 curs in two forms; a larger and more pale specimens. However, ten species were repre­ form, and a smaller and darker form. The sented, and most of these were typical mire collected specimen belongs to the last-men­ inhabitants. tioned form. In England, the species can be found in estuarine marshes (Southwood & Leston 1959). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Coranus subapterus. Collected 7 Septem­ Table I shows in which habitats the different ber. This is probably the species least bound species were recorded. No Heteroptera were to mires. It is often referred to as typical 16 S. Hagvar

Table I. Pitfall catches of Heteroptera in mire habitats Acalypta nigrina. Collected 11 and 24 July, at Eldskog, south Norway and 7 and 28 September. The specimens Habitat: No. per Species: 1 5 6 A BeD I 11 specie!; varied considerably in taxonomic characters, but Ossiannilsson (pers. comm.) considered Satduta opaauta (Zett.) ------1 CoranuB 8wbapteru8 (DeG.) ------1-- them to belong to the same species. The spe­ MlIpmedobia e:r:itis (Fall.) ------1-- cies typically occurs amongst moss (South­ HattodapUB rufesaens (Burm.) ------1 wood & Leston 1959, Wagner 1967). Of the Gerris odontogaster (Zett.) ------1­ HebrwB rufiaeps Thorns. 1------five habitats in which it was found, only No. Aea tllpta nigrina (Fall.) -151-11-- 5 was open mire. None of the actual habitats LigllrocoriB 8i Zves tria (L.) -112--1-2 were very wet. Stllgnocoris pedestris (Fall.) ------1-- Ligyrocoris silvestris. Collected 24 July DrymuB brunneus (F. SahIb.) ----1---­ and 7 and 28 September. According to Wag­ 'lbtal 00. of specinens per habitat: 1 2 6 3 1 1 5 1 4 24 ner (1966), in northern Europe the species 'lbtal 00. of species per habitat: 1 2 2 2 1 1 5 1 3 10 occurs on Eriophorum sp. In all the five habitats where it was collected, E. vaginatum was common. Two of the five habitats were open mire. However, in Denmark, it does not seem that the species is bound only to mires in sand-dunes and other sandy habitats (Jen­ (Jensen-Haarup 1912). sen-Haarup 1912, Southwood & Leston 1959, Stygnocoris pedestris. Collected 28 Septem­ Wagner 1967). ber. In England, the species often occurs on Myrmedobia exilis (= tenella (Zett.)). Col­ somewhat dry, sandy chalk or light soil, so lected 24 July, macropter male. The larva it is not bound to moist habitats (Southwood lives among moss (Southwood & Leston 1959). & Leston 1959). Hallodapus rufescens. Collected 7 Septem­ Drymus brunneus. Collected 28 September. ber. The species may also occur on dry habi­ The species feeds on mosses, and often occurs tats, often covered with Erica sp. (Gaun 1974). in habitats with Sphagnum (Southwood & Gerris odontogaster. Collected 7 Septem­ Leston 1959, Wagner 1966). ber, and it was also taken by hand at the In conclusion, the low catches of Heteroptera same locality 24 July. It often occurs on the in the pit-fall traps indicate that the surface surface of acid waters, as here, but also in activity of this group in the actual mire habi­ weedy canals and lakesides (Southwood & tats is rather small. This is to a large degree Leston 1959). explained by the fact that many of the species Hebrus ruficeps. Collected 24 July in a very are herbivorous. However, among the re­ moist habitat with rich Sphagnum vegetation. corded species, many have their main distribu­ The species is probably bound to such moist tion in this kind of habitats, and Heteroptera habitats near water, often with S!Jhagnum is a group which must be considered when (Jensen-Haarup 1912, Southwood & Leston defining typical mire invertebrate communi­ 1959). Thus, it may occur both in typical mire ties. habitats and along the edge of lakes, ponds, and rivers.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Table 11. Affinity of the recorded species to mire habitats I am most grateful to Pro£. Frej Ossiannilsson for help with the identification of the ma­ Species typical to mire habi­ SaZduZa· opaauZa terial. tats, but not absolutely Mypmedobia exiZia bound to these sites Hebpua rufiaeps AaaZypta nigpina Ligypoaoria ai Zveatpia Dpymua bpunneus

Species common in mires, but HaZ Zodapua pufesaens equally common in other types Gerris odontogaster REFERENCES of habitats Stygnoaopis pedestpia Gaun, S. 1974. Blomsterta:ger. Danm. Fauruz 81, Species occasionally found in Copanua aubapterua 1-279. mire sites, but more common in other habitats ]ensen-Haarup, A. C. 1912. Ta:ger. Danm. Fauna 12, 1-300. Mire invertebrate fauna. VI 17

Pedersen, A., Hiigvar, S. & Bakke, A. 1976. Mire Wagner, E. 1952. Blindwanzen oder Miriden. invertebrate fauna at Eidskog, Norway. 1. Aim, Tierwelt Dtl. 41, 1-218. methods, and habitat description. Norw. J. Ent. Wagner, E. 1966. Wanzen oder Heteropteren. I. 23, 173-180. Pentatomorpha. Tierwelt Dtl. 54, 1-235. Southwood, T. R. E. & Leston, D. 1959. Land and Wagner, E. 1967. Wanzen oder Heteropteren. n. Water Bugs. 436 pp., Frederick Warne & Co., Cimicomorpha. Tierwelt Dtl. 55, 1-179. London and New York.

Received 17 December 1976

2 - Norsk ent· Tidsskr.

Simuliidae (Diptera) of Rendalen, Norway. IV. Autogeny and anautogeny

D. M. DAVIES, H. GYORKOS & J. E. RAASTAD

Davies, D. M., Gyorkos, H. & Raastad, J. E. 1977. Simu1iidae (Diptera) of Ren­ da1en, Norway. IV. Autogeny and anautogeny. Norw. ]. Ent. 24, 19-23. Newly emerged females of 19 simuliid species were maintained on dry sucrose and water to determine whether they could mature eggs autogenously. Females of 3 species with reduced mouthparts - Prosimulium ursinum (Edwards), Cnephia lapponica (Enderlein), Eusimulium crassum (Rubzov) - and those of 2 species with well-developed mouthparts - Schoenbaueria pusilla (Fries), Simulium argyreatum Meigen - proved to be autogenous, the last two being presumably anautogenous for egg cycles beyond the first. The other 14 species appeared to be anautogenous for any egg production. D. M. Davies & Helen Gyiirkiis, Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. ]. E. Raastad, Zoological Museum, Sarsgt. 1, Oslo 5, Norway.

Females of the black-fly family (Simuliidae) can at times be exceedingly troublesome to man, cattle, and horses in several parts of MATERIALS AND METHODS Norway (Davies 1951, Carlsson 1962, Golini In the summers of 1967 and 1968 black-fly et a1. 1976). One notorious species, Simulium material was collected from streams and truncatum (Lundstrom), is locally known as rivers in the Rendalen region. The study 'Tuneflua' (Raastad 1974, 1975). Another, area is described elsewhere (Davies et al. Simulium ornatum Meigen, is often abundant 1971, Golini & Davies 1975, Golini et al. in Norway (Golini & Davies 1975, Golini et 1976). a1. 1976) and is a vector of the microfilarian Black-fly pupae were either carefully re­ Onchocerca gutturosa (Neumann) of cattle moved from the substrate or brought to the in England (Eichler and Nelson 1971, Eichler laboratory attached to small bits of substrate. 1971). Other species have been shown to One species was also collected mating on the transmit avian haematozoa (Eide et a1. 1969, rocks at the edge of the Rena River, presum­ Eide & Fallis 1972). ably after recent emergence from pupae. This paper describes experiments designed The detached pupae were placed on moist to determine whether various Norwegian cellucotton under individual cylinders (1 X simuliid species are able (autogenous), or un­ 5 cm) plugged at the distal end with ab­ able (anautogenous), to mature eggs without sorbent cotton so that adults associated with a blood meal. A knowledge of whether or not their exuviae could be reared (Wood & a simuliid species is autogenous aids in Davies 1966). This aided in the correct iden­ understanding the seasonal attack of these tification of species. For some of the species flies and their success as vectors of haemato­ pupae were also group-reared on moist cellu­ zoa. cotton or filter paper in petri dishes (9 cm 20 D. M. Davies, H. Gyorkos & ]. E. Raastad diam.) put below screen-topped cardboard reared from pupae, and 183 females were cylinders (9 X 11 cm). tested for egg development. In Table I the Freshly emerged females were transferred results are grouped according to length of to cardboard cylinders as above and main­ test (days). Thirteen flies died or were killed tained with dry sucrose and water separately after 1-4 days, 20 after 4-7 days, 45 after (Yang & Davies 1968). The flies were kept 7-10 days, 54 after 10-15 days, and 51 flies in subdued light in an unheated storeroom after 15-17 days. adjoining the laboratory. After 1-17 days This material is not large. Only four species flies died or were killed, and were then dis­ were kept in reasonably high numbers, i.e. sected to determine whether mature eggs 14-71 individuals: Metacnephia fuscipes were formed in the absence of a blood meal. (Fries), Cnephia lapponica (Enderlein), Eusi­ Female mouthparts were also examined to mulium vemum (Macquart) group, and Simu­ reveal any relation between autogeny and lium tTuncatum (Lundstrom). For seven spe­ reduced mouthparts. cies 3-8 females were tested: Prosimulium The experiments ran from 29 June to 8 ferrugineum (Wahlberg), P. ursinum (Ed­ August in 1967 and 1968 during which time wards), P. hirtipes (Fries), Eusimulium bi­ mean temperature in the test room was 15 ± come (Dorogostajskij, Rubzov & Vlasenko), 3°C in 1967 and 13 ± 2°C in 1968, except Simulium omatum Meigen, S. rostratum for 4-6 July 1968 when mean temperature (Lundstrom), and S. sublacustre Davies. reached 16.0-18.5°C. Only 1-2 females of the remaining eight spe­ cies were tested: Eusimulium crassum (Rub­ zov), E. cUl'vans Rubzov & Carlsson, E. au­ RESULTS reum (Fries), SchoenbaueTia pusilla (Fries), Altogether 19 simuliid species (Table I) were Simulium monticola Friederichs, S. nitidifrons

Table I. Ovarian development in newly-emerged simuliid females given no blood meal but provided with dry s~crose and water separately. Number of females tested for different periods (days)

Dates of Total 1-4 4-7 7-10 10-15 15-17 a) Species presumably ~ence Numbers anautogenous (no mature eggs formed)

P. ferrugineum 20-22 July 1967 1 3 .!:.:.. hirtipes 29 June­ 1 July 1968 1 6 7 M. fuscipes 1-22 July 1967 18 27 18 71 {29 June­ 1 July 1967} ~~ 1 1 12 14 group 24-26 July 1968 h bicorne 22 July­ 8 Aug. 1968 1 3 4 ~ meigeni 22 July 1968 1 1 f.:.~ 23 July 1968 1 1 S. rostratuJI'. 1­ 7 July 1967 1 1 5 ~ nitidifrons 28 July 1968 1 1 ----­S. ornatum 16 June 1967 1 1 4 h monticola 1­ 7 July 1967 1 2 S. tumulosum 1­ 3 July 1967 2 2 ~ truncatum 1­ 7 July 1967 19 13 36 S. sublacustre 6­ 9 July 1967 1 8 b) Species autogenous (mature eggs formed) ~ { 6 Aug. 1967 } ursinum 24 July 1968 S. lapponica {10-11 July 1967 } 19-20 July 1967* 4 1 16 h~ 5 Aug. 1967 1 1 ~ pusilla 20-21 July 1967 1 1 2

~ ~reatum 14-18 July 1968 2

*coll1ctld utlng at rh.r', edgl Simuliidae of Rendalen 21

Edwards, S. tumulosum Rubzov, and S. argy­ dibles and lacinae. This study confirms that reatum Meigen. Norwegian populations of P. ursinum, C. Fourteen species, comprising 159 females, lapponica, and E. crassum belong to this gave negative results as no mature eggs were group. developed (Table la). In E. aureum the data Prosimulium ursinum was found previously are too few to be conclusive as the single in Norway and shown to be autogenous with female lived only one day. In the other species eggs mature in newly emerged females females were kept alive for more than 7 days (Davies 1954) and even in pharate pupae without forming mature eggs. These species (Carlsson 1962). Peterson (1970) showed that are therefore presumed to be anautogenous, at this species was wholly parthenogenetic and least in their first ovarian cycle. described a new species, P. neomacropygum, Twenty-four females, all that was tested to account for the bisexual population of the of five species, proved to be autogenous so-called P. ursinum in Alaska. (Table Ib). In P. ursinum the eggs were fully Rubzov (1956) referred to Russian popula­ developed as soon as the flies emerged. In tions of Prosimulium macropygum (Lund­ C. lapponica there were only two laboratory­ striim) and C. lapponica as having reduced reared specimens. These were examined after mouthparts unsuited for blood-sucking. P. six days, and contained fully developed eggs. macropygum is closely related to P. ursinum, The field-caught females, tested at intervals and has now been found in Norway (Raastad up to 16 days, had all formed mature eggs. & Davies 1977). Possibly P. macropygum be­ The single female of E. crassum had eggs longs to this group of autogenous species. only half developed at one day old. After six Rubzov (1960) described histological changes or more days the females of S. pusilla and during ovarian development in C. lapponica, S. argyreatum were found to contain mature and he and Ussova (1961) found eggs mature eggs. at the end of the pupal stage. Reduced mandibles and lacinae were found The present study is the first to reveal in the following three of the nineteen species reduced mouthparts and autogeny in E. cras­ tested: P. ursinum, C. lapponica, and E. cras­ sum. Females of a closely related species, Eu­ sum. The mouthparts were normally devel­ simulium baffinense (Twinn), were reported oped in the other species. to have reduced mouthparts in Canadian populations (Davies et al. 1962). Larvae of this species are now found in Norway (Raa­ stad & Davies 1977). This is possibly a fifth Norwegian species in this group. DISCUSSION Downes (1971) argues persuasively that There appear to be three distinct groups of si­ this reduction in female mouthparts is secon­ muliid species in relation to female bloodfeed­ dary and adaptive. ing and ovarian development: I) those in which females have reduced mouthparts and are unable to pierce the skin of vertebrates and Autogenous species with well-developed fe­ feed on blood (often in these species females male mouthparts emerge with eggs mature or almost so), 2) In this study two species, Schoenbaueria those in which females have fully developed pusilla and Simulium argyreatum, were shown mouthparts and can develop the first batch of to be autogenous, at least for the first ovarian eggs without a blood meal, but require verte­ cycle, and to have normally developed mouth­ brate blood for subsequent ovarian cycles, and parts. Populations of S. pusilla actively bit 3) those in which females must feed on verte­ humans and cows in the Rendalen area (Go­ brate blood for even the first ovarian cycle. lini et al. 1976) and elsewhere in Norway (Carlsson 1962), and it was previously shown Autogenous species with reduced female to be mainly autogenous for the first cycle mouthparts (Shipitsina 1962b). Less is known about S. Several authors have recognized one or more argyreatum apart from the fact that it can of these univoltine, fully autogenous simuliid be a severe bloodsucker (Rubzov 1956 as species, in which females have reduced man­ nolleri, Carlsson 1962 as decorum). 22 D. M. Davies, H. Gyorkos & ]. E. Raastad

Shipitsina (1962a, b) indicated that black­ major pest of humans and cattle in parts of flies may be capable of varying autogeny for Norway. This supports substantial evidence the first ovarian cycle. As an example of this that these species are anautogenous and she referred to Simulium reptans (L.) (as var. obligatory bloodsuckers in Norway. galeratum). This species is found in Norway In conclusion there are in Norway at least (Raastad 1975) and is possibly a third Nor­ three (possibly five) species that are fully wegian species in this group. autogenous with reduced female mouthparts; Simulium reptans is also known in certain at least two (possibly three) species are usual­ regions as an aggressive bloodsucker (Rubzov ly autogenous for the first ovarian cycle and 1956, Carlsson 1962). In fact Rubzov (1962) require a blood meal for subsequent egg speaks of it as a facultative bloodsucker. Al­ batches; and at least 14 species are anauto­ though Rubzov (1956) brings together an genous, requiring a blood meal to produce impressive amount of information to sub­ any eggs. stantiate a case for facultative autogeny in simuliids (i.e. autogeny and anautogeny in a single species depending on nutrition and ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS temperature during the larval stage), it does This study was part of a cooperative research not rule out the possibility of regular auto­ project in 1967 and 1968 between the Zoolo­ geny for a first ovarian cycle and anautogeny gical Laboratory, University of and for subsequent cycles (cL Davies 1961). the Department of Parasitology, University of Toronto, made possible by a NATO grant Anautogenous species to Professor A. M. Fallis of the latter depart­ The majority of black-flies in Norway and ment. We appreciate being invited to share most temperate and tropical regions appears in this project. We are grateful to Mr. O. to be in this category, i.e. females require a Kvaernes" Manager of Renavangen Motel, blood meal in order to develop any eggs. In for providing laboratory facilities and to Mr. this study there was evidence that the fol­ V. I. Golini for technical assistance. lowing species were in this group (Table la): Prosimulium ferrugineum, P. hirtipes, Meta­ cnephia fuscipes, Eusimulium vemum (group), REFERENCES E. bicorne, E. curvans, E. aUTeum, Simulium Carlsson, G. 1962. Studies on Scandinavian black monticola,. S. nitidifrons, S. omatum, S. ro­ flies. Opusc. ent. S1I/1pl. 21, 1-280, Lund. stratum, S. truncatum, S. sublacustre, and S. Davies, D. M., Golini, V. 1. & Raastad, .J. E. 1971. Observations on some Scandinavian Tabanidae tumulosum. They are all known to be blood­ (Diptera). Norsk ent. Tidsskr. 18, 113-117. suckers to a greater or lesser extent. Davies, D. M., Peterson, B. V. & Wood, D. M. Davies (1951) netted females of P. hirtipes 1962. The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of and S. monticola around cattle in Norway. Ontario. Part 1. Adult identification and distri­ bution with descriptions of six new species. Carlsson (1962) referred to the following Proc. ent. Soc. Ontario 92, 70-154. species biting humans and cattle in Scandi­ Davies, L. 1951. Some field observations on Simu­ navia: P. fe'rrugineum, P. hirtipes, S. monti­ liidae (Diptera) at Holandsfjord, Norway. cola, S. nitidlfrons, S. omatum, S. rostratum, Oikos 3, 193-199. Davies, L. 1954. Observations on Prosimulium (as forsi), S. truncatum (as venustum, part) ursinum Edw. at Holandsfjord, Norway. Oikos and S. tumulosum (as vulgare). In addition 5,94-98. he found occasional single flies of E. vemum Davies, L. 1961. Ecology of two Prosimulium group (as latipes) biting man and cattle. All species (Diptera) with reference to their ovarian cycles. Can. Ent. 93, 1113-1140. these species, except P. ferrugineum, E. ver­ Downes, J A. 1971. The ecology of blood-sucking num and S. nitidifrons, and in addition S. Diptera: an evolutionary perspective. pp. 237­ sublacustre, were collected around cattle in 258 in Fallis, A. M. (ed.) Ecology and Physio­ Rendalen (Golini et al. 1976). The other Ren­ lo/!,y of Parasites. University of Toronto Press, Toronto and Buffalo. dalen species, except S. truncatum, are known Eichler, D. A. 1971. Studies on Onchocerca gut­ to be ornithophilic (Golini 1970): M. fuseipes turosa (Neumann, 1910) and its development (as pallipes), E. aureum, E. bicome, E. in Simulium ornatum (Meigen, 1818). n. Be­ curvans, and E. vemum group (as latipes). haviour of S. ornatum in relation to the transmission of O. gutturosa. ]. Helminth. 45. Raastad (1974) considered S. truncatum a 259-270. Simuliidae of Rendalen 23

Eichler, D. A. & Nelson, G. S. 1971. Studies on Raastad, J. E. & Davies, D. M. 1977. Black-flies Onchocerca gutturosa (Neumann, 1910) and its (Dipt., Simuliidae) new to Norway. Norw. j. development in Simulium ornatum (Meigen, Ent. 24, 33-34. 1818). I. Observations on O. gutturosa in cattle Rubzov, I. A. 1956. Nutrition and capacity for in S. E. England. ]. Helminth. 45, 245-258. bloodsucking in black-flies (Diptera, Simuli­ Eide, A. & Fallis, A. M. 1972. Experimental idae). Ent. Rev. USSR 35, 731-751 (translated studies of the life cycle of Leucocytozoon si­ from Russian). mondi in ducks in Norway. Protozool. 19, 414­ Rubzov, I. A. 1960. Gonotrophic cycle in non­ 416. bloodsucking species of black-flies (Diptera, Eide, A., Fallis, A. M., Brinkmann, A. Jr., Allen, Simuliidae). Ent. Rev. USSR 39, 556-573. T. & Eligh, D. 1969. Haematozoa from Nor­ Rubzov, I. A. 1962. Short keys to the bloodsucking wegian birds. Acta Univ. Bergensis, Ser. Mat. Simuliidae of the USSR, No. 77. In Keys to the Nat. 6, 1-8. Fauna of USSR ed. E. N. Pavlovskii. Transl. Golini, V. I. 1970. Observations on Some Factors IPST 1969, 228 pp. Involved in the Host-Seeking Behaviour of Shipitsina, N. K. 1962a. Gonotrophic cycle and Simuliids (Diptera) in Ontario and Norway. age groups of the black-flies, Gnus cholodkov­ 230 pp. M. Se. Thesis, McMaster Univ., Ha­ skii and Simulium rep tans v. galeratum near milton. Krasnoyarsk (). Med. Parasitol. & Para­ Golini, V. I. & Davies, D. M. 1975. Relative sit. Dis. 1, 18-29. response to coloured substrates by ovipositing Shipitsina, N. K. 1962b. Age-groups and compara­ black-flies (Diptera, Simuliidae). 11. Oviposi­ tive ecology of the population of bloodsucking tion by Simulium (Odagmia) ornatum Meigen. species of black-flies (Diptera, Simuliidae) near N orw. ]. Ent. 22, 89-94. Krasnoyarsk. Med. Parasitol. & Parasit. Dis. 4, Golini, V. I., Davies, D. M. & Raastad, 1. E. 415-423. 1976. Simuliidae (Diptera) of Rendalen, Nor­ Ussova, Z. V. 1961. Flies of Karelia and the Mur­ way. 11. Adult females attacking cows and mansk Region (Diptera, Simuliidae). Acad. Sc. humans. Norw. ]. Ent. 23, 79-86. USSR, T ransl. IPST. 1964, 286 pp. Peterson, B. V. 1970. The Prosimulium of Canada Wood, D. M. & Davies, D. M. 1966. Some me­ and Alaska (Diptera: Simuliidae). Mem. ent. thods of rearing and collecting black flies (Dip­ Soc. Can. 69, 1-216. tera: Simuliidae). Proc. ent. Soc. Ontario 96, Raastad, J. E. 1974. Outbreaks of bloodsucking 81-90. blackflies (Simuliidae) in Norway. Proc. Third Yang, Y. J. & Davies, D. M. 1968. Digestion, into Congr. Parasitol. 2, 918-919. emphasizing trypsin activity in simuliids (Dip­ Raastad, J. E. 1975. Fordeling av knott (Diptera, tera) fed blood, blood-sucrose mixtures and Simuliidae) i Berbyvassdraget, Idd i 0stfold. sucrose. j. insect. Physiol. 4, 205-222. Fauna 28, 92-96. Received 29 November 1976 j Effects of glycerol in freeze-tolerant Pytho depressus L. (Col., Pythidae)

KARL ERIK ZACHARIASSEN

Zachariassen, K. E. 1977. Effects of glycerol in freeze-tolerant Pytho depressus L. (Col., Pythidae). Norw. ]. Ent. 24, 25-29. Adult Pytho depressus beetles are reported to be tolerant to freezing. During winter the beetles have high concentrations of glycerol in their body fluid. When the beetles have spent three days at room temperature, no glycerol is left, and the lower tolerated temperature is simultaneously elevated from about -27 to about -7.5°C. The beetles have remarkably high supercooling points, which are only slightly influenced when the glycerol concentration of the beetles changes. In the winter the hemolymph of the beetles contains nucleating agents which are probably responsible for the high supercooling points. Nucleating agents seem to be lacking in the hemolymph of summer beetles, which are sensitive to freezing. Glycerol can account for almost the whole decrease in osmolality of winter beetles transferred to room temperature Karl Erik Zachariassen, Institute of Zoophysiology, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo 3, Norway.

Since Miller (1969) reported the first example concentration and osmolality chang-e when of tolerance to freezing in an adult insect, the beetles are kept at room temperature. about 15 species of insects have been re­ Finally, the osmotic contribution of glycerol ported to tolerate freezing as adults (Ohyama and the presence of hemolymph nucleators & Asahina 1972, Somme 1974, Miller & Smith were investigated. 1975, Zachariassen & Hammel 1976a). A general feature in these insects seems to be a low capacity to supercooling, which is pro­ bably caused by nucleating agents in their MATERIAL AND METHODS hemolymph (Zachariassen & Hammel 1976b). Pytho depressus L. (Col., Pythidae) is widely In the winter several of these species have ac­ distributed in boreal forests in the palaearctic cumulated glycerol or other polyols in their region, where the beetles develop under the body fluid, but the concentration of polyols bark of dead conifers. The adults emerge does not seem to affect significantly the super­ from their pupal state in the fall and spend cooling points of the beetles. However, high the winter in the pupal chamber. Since the concentrations of polyols are accompanied by pupal chambers are frequently placed in a marked increase in the tolerance of the in­ those parts of the trees which are standing sects to low temperatures. above the snow level in the winter, the beetles In this article, adult Pytho defrressus beetles are probably regularly exposed to arctic are reported to be tolerant to freezing. During winter temperatures. winter the beetles have high concentrations of The beetles used for the present investiga­ glycerol in their body fluid. Experiments were tion were collected in the middle of the winter made to see how the solute concentration in­ at their overwintering sites in the vicinity of fluences various other parameters, such as the Oslo. They were kept without food in a re­ supercooling point and the low temperature frigerator at 0° to +4°C for up to two weeks tolerance of the beetles, and how the glycerol before they were used in the experiments. 26 K. E. Zachariassen

Preliminary studies had shown that when fuged, the precipitate washed and centri­ winter beetles with high concentrations of fuged twice, and the combined supernatants glycerol in their body fluid were kept at dried at room temperature. The residue was room temperature for more than three days, dissolved in a known volume of distilled no glycerol was left. In order to study the water, and stored frozen at -27°C for up to connection between the glycerol concentra­ two weeks before the glycerol content was tion and other parameters, a group of beetles measured. The glycerol content was measured was removed from the refrigerator and kept by using a paper chromatographic method, at room temperature (22°C). After the beetles described by Metzenburg & Mitchell (1954). had spent various periods of time at room This method leaves glycerol as distinct white temperature, they were taken out and used spots on the chromatograms. The areas of the for the experiments, so that the experiments spots are proportional to the amount of were performed on beetles with different glycerol, and the unknown samples were run concentrations of glycerol in their body fluid. together with samples with a known glycerol The freeze-tolerance of the beetles was content. The molal concentration of glycerol established by investigating their ability to was calculated by relating the content of ~ survive freezing at a temperature equal to glycerol to the total water content of the their supercooling point, such as described beetles. Results obtained by Zachariassen by Zachariassen & Hammel (1976a). The (1973) indicate that glycerol is distributed in beetleD were cooled in a deep freezer at a rate equal concentrations in intracellular and of 20°C per hour until they froze spontane­ extracellular compartments in insects. Con­ ously. The temperature was measured with a sequently, the glycerol concentrations found copper constantan thermocouple, with the by means of this method should be represen­ junction kept in close contact with the surface tative for the intracellular as well as the of the beetle and connected to a Leeds & extracellular glycerol concentration. Northrup Speedomax recorder. The freezing The osmolality of the body fluid was de­ was indicated by the sudden temperature in­ termined by measuring the melting point of crease due to the release of heat of fusion of small samples of hemolymph on a Clifton water. The last temperature recorded before Nanoliter Osmometer. Hemolymph samples the initiation of the freezing was taken as the were obtained by making a small hole on the supercooling point. ventral side of the beetles and sucking the The tolerance of the beetles to low tem­ exuding hemolymph droplet into a thin glass • peratures was studied by allowing the frozen capillary. To prevent evaporation of water beetles to cool to various low temperatures. from the sample, the hemolymph was isolated After each cooling experiment the beetles inside the capillary between two layers of were heated slowly to room temperature, and immersion oil. The temperature at which the the effect observed during 15 min. Cooling last ice crystal disappeared when a frozen experiments were repeated to gradually lower hemolymph sample was heated, was taken as temperatures until the first sign of injury was the melting point. The osmolality was cal­ observed. Analyses of the osmolality and the culated from the melting point by means of glycerol concentration of the body fluid fol­ the osmolal melting point depression (-L86°C lowed immediately, in order to obtain values per osmolal). representative for the beetle at the moment The presence of nucleating agents in the of the cooling experiment. hemolymph of the beetles was investigated The glycerol concentration was measured by using a method described by Zacharias­ on whole beetles, having removed a sample sen & Hammel (1976b) in which the of hemolymph for osmolality determination. supercooling point was measured on 5 ILl For determination of their water content, the samples of 0.9% NaCl, containing 5 vol% beetles were weighed before and after drying hemolymph. Samples of 5 ILl 0.9% NaCl will to constant weight at 55°C. According to supercool to the temperature range from -15 S0mme (1964) no glycerol is lost by this to -18°C, while samples mixed with 5 vol% treatment. The dried beetles were then ground hemolymph containing nucleating agents had in a mortar in a mixture of purified sea-sand their supercooling points elevated to above and 80% ethanol. The mixture was centri­ _7°C. Phyla depressus 27

TABLE I. Lo.. TEMPERATL'RE TOLEilANCE OF ADULT E. ~ 2500 p,----,----,--.,~-.___-.___-~

WITH DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF GLYCEROL IN THE BODY FLUID ffi 8 ~ 2000 2000S lil >­ i2. %1500 i 1500 (") GLYCEROL CONCENTRATION Lo.~ER LI MIT OF TOLERATED -0 g E (WOLES/KG BODY WATER) TEMPERATURE RANGE (QC) III lil o 1000 1000 ~ .c ~ ~ -7,5 (£1) c. o E er ~ 1475 ± 285 ~ -27 GO) 500 500 i E :r:.. o oL:--_~_ _:':"-~---:'-=---~--==~... J 0 ~ NLMBER OF EXPERIMENTS GIVEN IN PARENTHESIS o 24 48 72 Time at +22°C (hours) RESULTS Fig. 2. Hemolymph osmolality (0) and glycerol concentration ( "") of adult P. depressus plotted Table I shows that winter beetles with high as a function of time spent at room temperature. concentrations of glycerol in their body fluid survived in a frozen state at temperatures down to about -27°C. Beetles which had been were markedly lower than the supercooling kept at room temperature for 3 days, so that points of winter beetles with the same osmo­ all accumulated glycerol had disappeared lality. from their body fluid, were tolerant to only Fig. 2 shows how the osmolality and the gly­ about _7°C. Beetles collected in the month of cerol concentration changed in beetles which May were not tolerant to freezing. had been transferred from the refrigerator Fig. 1 shows how the supercooling points (0-+4°C) to room temperature (22°C). There of beetles collected in the winter changed is an exponential decline in both parameters, when their osmolality was reduced by keeping and the reduction in osmolality corresponds them at room temperature. The calculated fairly well to the reduction in glycerol con­ regression line has the formula y = -3.99 ­ centration. After three days at room tempera­ 0.00116 x, and the correlation coefficient is ture no glycerol was left, and the osmolality 0.82. The supercooling points of beetles col­ was concomitantly reduced to about 600 lected when they were just about to leave mOsm, where it was stabilized. their pupal chambers in the beginning of May Fig. 3 shows the connection between osmo­ lality and the osmotic contribution of gly­ 0.---...,....---..--.,...---,----.

2000 ,-----,---~---.---~--___, / u -2 / o E /. / ~ 1500 'E -4 / '0 / ~ <5 /. :u / ~ / -6 g1000 ./ :a •• '0 / o ~/ ~ -8 0>.::­ Cl) / a. 8 ii 500 .,. :::::J « / !:-_-'-_--:-:":~-"'---~----J u /. If) -10 ~ o 1000 2000 E III 0 Hemolymph Osmolality (Osm) 00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Hemolymph Osmolality (mOsm) Fig. 1. Supercooling points of adult P. depressus collected in the winter (e) and in the early sum­ Fig. S. Osmotic contribution of glycerol plotted mer (0), plotted as a function of the hemolymph as a function of the total osmotic concentration osmolality of the beetles. The solid line represents in the body fluid of the beetles. The solid line the calculated regression line of the values of the represents the calculated regression line. The winter beetles. dashed line has a slope equal to 1.0. 28 K. E. Zachariassen cerol. The osmotic contribution of glycerol was 1.95°C per osmol. This value agrees fair­ was calculated from its molal concentration ly well with the osmolal melting point depres­ by means of data found in a standard physical sion (1.86°C per osmol), indicating that the tables (Weast 1972). The calculated regres­ agents initiate freezing at a constant level of sion line has the formula y = -460 + 0.85 X. supercooling. The slope of the present regres­ This line deviates significantly on level sion line deviates significantly on level p<0.05 from a line with a slope equal to 1.0 p<0.05 from the osmolal melting point de­ (Students t-test, t = -2.5, n - 2 = 10). For pression (Students t-test, t = 2.57, n-2 = 9). osmolality values up to ca. 1500 mOsm gly­ This deviation might indicate that the osmo­ cerol seems to account for the whole increase lality at the nucleation site changes less than in the osmolality, but at an osmolality of ca. the hemolymph osmolality. Another explana­ 2000 mOsm there is a discrepancy of ca. 250 tion of the deviation might be that the nuclea­ mOsm. The chromatograms showed no spots tion takes place in more peripheral parts of which could indicate the presence of other the beetles, such as legs or antennae, so that polyhydric alcohols in the beetles. the temperature at the nucleation site differs The mean supercooling point of 5 parallel from the temperature of the body, where the samples of 0.9 NaCI containing 5 vol% hemo­ temperature was measured. lymph from P. depressus collected in the The low supercooling points of 0.9010 solu­ winter was -8.9 ± 1.2°C (± S.D.). The cor­ tion of NaCI containing hemolymph from a responding supercooling point of NaCI-solu­ beetle collected in the summer indicate that tion containing hemolymph from a beetle summer beetles lack nucleating agents in their collected in the month of May was -15.5°C. hemolymph. The lack of nucleating agents in the hemolymph of summer beetles might be the reason why summer beetles have lower supercooling points than beetles collected in the winter. The positive correlation between the presence of nucleating agents in the hemo­ DISCUSSION lymph and tolerance to freezing agrees with The high supercooling points of beetles col­ the observations of Zachariassen & Hammel lected in winter (Fig. 1) indicate that these (1976b), and gives further support to the beetles contain some kind of nucleating agents. view that extracellular nucleating agents are Zachariassen & Hammel (1976b) found the of physiological importance to freeze-tolerant hemolymph of several species of freeze­ insects. tolerant beetles to contain nucleating agents, The osmolality of P. depressus beetles which probably ensure a protective extra­ lacking glycerol in their body fluid seems to cellular freezing in the beetles at high sub­ be about 600 mOsm (Figs. 2 and 3). These re­ zero temperatures. Similar nucleating agents sults agree well with corresponding results ob­ are probably responsible for the high super­ tained on other species of beetles. Cerambycid cooling points of this species as well. The beetles of the species Rhagium inquisitor L., in supercooling points of the samples of 0.90/0 which the free glycerol had been eliminll.ted, solution of NaCl, containing hemolyrnph from had a hemolymph osmolality of 600 mOsm P. depressus, reveal that P. depressus has (Zachariassen 1973), while a number of tene­ nucleating agents in its hernolyrnph. How­ brionid beetles were found to have values of ever, the supercooling points were somewhat hemolymph osmolality varying from about lower than should be expected from the high 430 to about 610 mOsm (Zachariassen & supercooling points of the intact beetles and Hammel 1976a). from the values of corresponding tests with The discrepancy between the osmotic con­ hernolyrnph from other freeze-tolerant species. tribution of glycerol and the osmolality at the The slope of the regression line (=-0.00116) higher osmolality values might indicate that corresponds to a depression of the super­ there is a contribution from other solutes as cooling points of 1.16°C per osmolal. Zacha­ well. The results indicate no accumulation of riassen & Harnmel (1976b) found that the other polyols, but it is difficult to imagine corresponding value for solutions of NaCI which non-polyol metabolites could be ac­ and glycerol containing nucleating agents cumulated to give an osmotic contribution Phyto depressus 29 as high as 250 mOsm. In any case, of the REFERENCES wlutes responsible for the osmolality increase Metzenburg, R. L. & Mitchell, H. K. 1954. Detec­ beyond 600 mOsm, glycerol seems to be the tion of periodate oxidizable compounds on quantitatively dominating one, even in those paper chromatograms. j. Am. Chem. Soc. 76, 4178. beetles which had the highest osmolality Miller, L. K. 1969. Freezing tolerance in an adult values. insect. Science 166, 105-106. The correlation between the glycerol con­ Miller, L. K. & Smith, J. S. 1975. Production of centration and the low temperature tolerance threitol and sorbitol by an adult insect: associa­ tion with freezing tolerance. Nature 258, 519­ of P. depressus agrees with the results ob­ 520. tained by Miller (1969) and by Miller & Ohyama, Y. & Asahina, E. 1972. Frost resistance Smith (1975). The increased tolerance to low in adult insects. j. Insect Physiol. 18, 267-282. temperatures might be explained by the col­ S"mme, L. 1964. Effects of glycerol on cold-hardi­ ness in insects. Can. j. Zool. 42, 87-101. ligative properties of glycerol. One theory of S"mme, L. 1974. The overwintering of Pelophila freeze injuries ascribes the injuries to the borealis Payk. Ill. Freezing tolerance. N orsk high concentrations of inorganic salts which ent. Tidsskr. 21, 131-134. occur at low temperatures, due to the freezing Weast, R. C. (ed.) 1972. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 53. ed. Chemical Rubber Co., Cle­ of solvent water. High concentrations of veland. glycerol or other polyols will reduce the Zachariassen, K. E. 1973. Seasonal variation in frozen fraction of the water at any subfreezing hemolymph osmolality and osmotic contribution temperature. Consequently, the temperature of glycerol in adult Rhagium inquisitor L. (Col., Cerambycidae). Norsk ent. Tidsskr. 20, at which the inorganic salts are becoming con­ 259-262. centrated to the critical value will be lowered. Zachariassen, K. E. & Hammel, H. T. 1976a. More experiments should be performed to Freeze-tolerance in adult tenebrionid beetles. study the mechanisms of the cryoprotective Norw. j. Zool. 24, 349-352. Zachariassen, K. E. & Hammel, H. T. 1976b. effect of glycerol in freeze-tolerant insects. Nucleating agents in the haemolymph of in­ sects tolerant to freezing. Nature 262, 285-287.

Received 13 December 1976

On the distribution and habitat choice of Agonum dorsale Pont. (Col., Carabidae) in Norway

TORSTEIN KVAMME

Kvamme, T. 1977. On the distribution and habitat choice of Agonum dorsale Pont. (Col., Carabidae) in Norway. Norw. ]. Ent. 24,31-32. Agonum dorsale Pont. is known from only four localities in Norway. The northern­ most record is from Jeloya, 0stfold County. All records are from dry habitats with sparsely ground vegetation. The soil varied from almost pure sand to clayey ground. The species may have been overlooked in Norway, but recent records may indicate that A. dorsale is increasing its distribution area. Torsten Kvamme, Norwegian Forest Research Institute, N-1432 As-NLH, Norway.

From literature, Agonum dOTsale Pont. has during a few hours, 23 March 1975. The been reported only twice in Norway. Con­ beetles were found under stones, partly in tact with museums and private collectors did areas between deciduous forests and grain not give further information about records on fields, and partly in open meadows. The the species. However, two new records have neighbouring forests were dominated by recently been made by the author. QueTcus TO bUT L., mixed with Corylus avel­ The first record of A. dOTsale in Norway lana L., and others. All sites had only a was made by Fjellberg 8 July 1965 at Kja:re sparse cover of grass, were in a sun-exposed in Tj0me, Vestfold County (Fjellberg 1966). position, and the soil had a low water con­ In the middle of June 1975, the species was tent. The soil varied from almost pure sand recovered from the same area. The habitat to soil with clayey character. was a strawberry field with dry, clumpy and The main number of the collected speci­ clayey soil (Fjellberg pers. comm.). mens were found aggregated, and in hiber­ Strand (1970) 4i>ublished a record from nating position. Very often, BadisteT bipustu­ Grimstad, Aust- County. Also this latus Fbr. and Calathus melanocephalus L. record was made in a strawberry field with were found under the same stones as A. soil consisting of sand mixed with clay. Pit­ dOTsale. fall traps were used (Stenseth leg., pers. At Jel0ya, 0stfold County, a record of comm.). seven alive and six dead specimens was made by the author 10 April 1976. The aggregation with dead beetles was overgrown with a fungus mycelium, and C. melanocephalus wa~ NEW RECORDS also represented with dead specimens. The At Svinevika in Tj011ing, Vestfold County record was made under stones in a border the author caught about forty specimens zone between grain fields and deciduous 32 T. Kvamme forest with Q. TobuT, T. cOTdata, B. pubescens 1945, 1949). None of these species have been and others. Also here the beetles were found recorded in Norway. B. cTepitans, however, in hibernating position. C. melanocephalus is known from middle Sweden, and it would was found to be a common species in this therefore be reasonable to seek for this species habitat. B. bipustulatus also occurred, but less in Norwegian localities for A. dOT5ale. frequently.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

DISCUSSION I am indebted to all persons who have given me information: Dr. Albert Lillehammer, All the records are from nearly similar habi­ Mr. Kaare Aagaard, Dr. Holger Holgersen, tats considering ground vegetation, relation­ Dr. Andreas Strand, Mr. Arne Fjellberg, ship to water, type of soil, and sun exposition. Prof. Carl H. Lindroth, Mr. Christian Sten­ Several authors claim that the species has seth and Mr. Karl E. Zachariassen. I also an affinity to soils with a high content of wish to thank Mr. Sigmund Hagvar for his lime (Westhoff 1881, Dahl 1928, Horion valuable help. 1941). This characteristic holds very well for the ]eleya habitat, but the three other habi­ REFERENCES tats are less specific. Dahl, T. (Mrozek-) 1928. Coleoptera oder Kiifer. The northern distribution limit of the 1: Carabidae (Laufkafer). TieTwelt Deutschl. species is probably determined by tempera­ Teil 7, 1-210. ]ena. ture. The two new records mentioned were Fjellberg, A. 1966. Koleopterologiske bidrag til made near forest types, which need a high Vestfolds fauna n. NOTSk Ent. TidsskT. 13, 144­ 154. mean summer temperature. Hansen, V. 1968. Biller XXIV. Sandspringere og In Sweden, the species has only been found Lobebiller. Danm. Fauna 76, 1-451. in five new localities after 1945 (Lindroth Lindroth, C. H. 1945. Die Fennoskandischen Ca­ pers. comm.). These records lie within the rabidae. GoteboTgs K. Vetensk.-o.VitteTh. Samh. Handl. SeT. B4, I, 709 pp.; n, 277 pp. earlier known distribution area of the spe­ Lindroth, C. H. 1949. Die Fennoskandischen Ca­ cies. The Norwegian records, which are all rabidae. nI, Goteborgs K. Vetensk.-o. VitteTh. from 1965 or later, lie within the most in­ Samh. Handl. SeT. B4, 911 pp. tensely studied areas in the country con­ Lindroth, C. H. (Ed.) 1960. Catalogus Coleoptero­ rum Fennoscandia et Dania. 476 pp. Entomo­ cerning Coleoptera. It is, therefore, possible logiska Sallskapet, Lund. that the species recently may have increased Lindroth, C. H. 1961. Skalbaggar (Col.): Sand­ its distribution area westwards. jagare och ]ordlopare. Sv. Insektfauna 9, 1-209. In southernmost Sweden, A. dOTsale typi­ Strand, A. 1970. Additions and corrections to the Norwegian part of Catalogus Coleopterorum cally occurs together with Brachinus cTepi­ Fennoscandia et Dania. NOTSk Ent. TidsskT. 17, tans L. and HaTpalus azureus F. (Lindroth 125-145.

Received 17 December 1976

~ Black flies (Dipt., Simuliidae) new to Norway

J. E. RAASTAD & D. M. DAVIES

Raastad, ]. E. & Davies, D. M. 1977. Black flies (Dipt., Simuliidae) new to Norway. Norw. j. Ent. 24, 33-34. Norwegian records of nine black-fly species are given. Prosimulium macropygum (Lundstrom), Cnephia lapponica (Enderlein), C. freyi (Enderlein), C. dogieli (Ussova), and Eusimulium baffinense (Twinn) are new to Norway. Eusimulium olonicum Ussova, E. crassum (Rubzov), E. beltukovae Rubzov, and Simulium rotun­ datum (Rubzov) are previously unknown outside USSR. j. E. Raastad, Zoological Museum, Sarsgt. 1, Oslo 5, Norway. D. M. Davies, Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

Since 1967-68 when a NATO project, acknow­ Cnephia lapponica (Enderlein, 1921) ledged elsewhere in this journal, was con­ Material: Akershus, Oppegard, Klemetsrud, ducted in Rendalen, 14 black-fly species new 14 June 1970,14 larvae, 9 pupae. Leg. J. E. R. to Norway have been published (Rubzov Hedmark, Y. Rendal, Akre, 31 July 1968, 1971, Golini 1975, Raastad 1975). Two of 5 larvae, 28 pupae. Leg. D. M. D. & J. E. R. these species were described as new. Ussova (1961) and Raastad (1971) briefly This paper reports 9 additional black-fly indicated the presence of this species in Nor­ species new to Norway, of which four are way, but this was not verified until recently previously unknown outside USSR. A fuller (Davies et al. 1977). This report is the first account of the Fennoscandian species will be to give exact location of the material. C. given elsewhere (Raastad 1977). lapponica is also known from Sweden, Fin­ land, and USSR (Rubzov 1956, Ussova 1961, (Lundstriim, 1911) Prosimulium macropygum Carlsson 1962, Kuusela & Itiimies 1976). Synonym: Hellichia latifrons Enderlein, 1925 Material: Akershus, Nannestad, Tomte, 21 June 1970, 1 larva, 3 pupae. Leg. H. Dunker. Cnephia freyi (Enderlein, 1929) Trams, Bardu, Dividalen, 18 Aug. 1968, 3 Synonym: Stegopterna richteri Enderlein, pupae. Leg. H. Nordby. 1930 H. latifrons is described on Norwegian Material: Hedmark, Tynset, Lauvasen, 12 material. Since then, P. macropygum has not May 1970, 9 exuviae. Leg. J. E. R. been recognized in Norway until the present This is a first report of this species from report. It is known from Sweden and Finland Norway. It is known as St. richteri from (Carlsson 1962, Kuusela 1971), as well as Sweden, Finland and USSR (Rubzov 1956, from USSR (Ussova 1961, Rubzov & Carls­ Ussova 1961, Carlsson 1962, Rubzov & Carls­ son 1965). son 1965, Kuusela 1971).

3 - NOTSk ent" Tidsskr. 34 ]. E. Raastad & D. M. Davies

Cnephia dogieli (Ussova, 1958) This species is previously unknown outside Material: Hedmark, Tynset, Lauvasen, 12 USSR. May 1970, 2 exuviae. Leg. J. E. R. Hedmark, Y. Rendal, Osdalen, 14 July 1967, 1 exuvia. Leg. D. M. D. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This is a first report of this species from Norway. A species close to C. dogieli is We are grateful to the Zoological Museum, mentioned by Eide & Fallis (1972) and de­ University of Oslo, and to cand. real. Hen­ scribed by Golini (1975). C. dogieli is known ning Dunker for providing us with this ma­ from Finland and USSR (Rubzov 1956 sic, terial. Ussova 1961, Kuusela 1971).

Eusimulium olonieum Ussova, 1961 REFERENCES Material: Telemark, Hjartdal, Sjavann, 17 Carlsson, G. 1962. Studies on Scandinavian black July 1969, le;? imago. Leg. H. Dunker. flies. Opusc. ent., Suppl. 21, 1-280. This is a first record outside USSR. As far Davies, D. M., Gyiirkiis, H. & Raastad, J E. 1977. as we can trace it is known only from Mur­ Simuliidae (Diptera) of Rendalen, Norway. IV. Autogeny and anautogeny. Norw. ]. Ent. mansk-Karelia (Ussova 1961). 24, 19-23. Eide, A. & Fallis, A. M. 1972. Experimental Eusimulium crassum (Rubzov, 1956) studies of the life cycle of Leucocytozoon si­ mondi in ducks in Norway. ]. Protozool. 19, Material: Hedmark, Y. Rendal, Renadalen, 414-416. 13 Aug. 1968, 11 larvae, 1 pupa. Leg. D. M. D. Golini, V. 1. 1975. Simuliidae (Diptera) of Ren­ & J. E. R. dalen, Norway. 1. Eusimulium rendalense n.sp. This species was unknown outside USSR and E. fallisi n.sp. feeding on ducks. Ent. scand. 6, 229-239. until recently (Davies et al. 1977). This re­ Kuusela, K. 1971. Preliminary notes on the black port is the first to give exact location of the fly species (Dipt., Simuliidae) of Finland. Ann. material. Ent. Fenn. 37, 190-194. Kuusela, K. & Itamies, J. 1976. Notes on the black fly species (Dipt., Simuliidae) of Alandia (SW Eusimulium baffinense (Twinn, 1936) Finland). Ann. Ent. Fenn. 42,83-86. Material: Finnmark, S-Varanger, Passvik, Raastad, J. E. 1971. Knottene og sviknottene, pp. 15 June 1966, 4 larvae. Leg. R. Mehl. . 343-346 in Semb-J ohansson & Frislid (eds.) Norges Dyr IV. Cappelen. Oslo. This species is known from Sweden (Carls­ Raastad, J. E. 1975. Fordeling av knott (Diptera. son 1962). The present record is the first Simuliidae) i Berbyvassdraget, Idd i 0stfold. from Norway. Otherwise it is unknown out­ Fauna 28, 92-96. side USSR. Raastad, J. E. 1977. Annotated list of the Fenno­ scandian black flies (Diptera, Simuliidae). Rhi­ zocrinus (in manus). Eusimulium beltukovae Rubzov, 1956 Rubzov, 1. A. 1956. Moshki (sem. Simuliidae). Material: Hedmark, Y. Rendal, Renadalen, Fauna SSSR, lzd. 2, 6 (6), 859 pp. AN SSSR, Moskva-Leningrad. 5 Aug. 1968, 1 pupa. Leg. D. M. D. & J. E. R. Rubzov. 1. A. 1971. Novye i nedostatochno izvest­ Telemark, Tinn, Lufsja, 19 Sept. 1969, 8 nye vidy moshek, pp. 89-107 in: Novye i ma­ larvae, 6 pupae. Leg. J. E. R. loizvestnye bidy fauny Sibiri. Pub!. Comp. This is a first record of this species outside Nauchnoi, Novosibirsk. Rubzov, 1. A. & Carlsson, G. 1965. On the taxo­ USSR. nomy of black flies from and Northern USSR. Acta Univ. Lund. 2 (18), 1-40. Simulium rotundatum (Rubzov, 1956) Ussova, Z. V. 1961. Flies of Karelia and the Mur­ mansk region (Diptera, Simuliidae). 286 pp. Material: Hordaland, 0len, Bjordalen, 7 July AN SSSR, Moskva-Leningrad. Transl. IPST, 1965, 2 larvae. Leg. A. Lillehammer. Jerusalem, 1964.

Received 8 December 1976

'-­ Communication by sound between desert tenebrionids

KARL ERIK ZACHARIASSEN

Zachariassen, K. E. 1977. Communication by sound between desert tenebrionids. N orw. ]. Ent. 24, 3~36. East African desert beetles of the species Phryanocolus sOTTUllicus Wilke (Col., Tenebrionidae) have been found to produce sound by tapping their abdomen against the substrate. The sound production probably serves the purpose of attrac­ tion between beetles of opposite sexes. The beetles are sensitive to the sound, not only to mechanical vibrations in the substrate. They also seem to be able to distinguish between sounds from different directions. K. E. Zachariassen, Institute of Zoophysiology, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo 3, Norway.

Ability to produce and to respond to sound laboratory at room temperature. They were is known from a number of insect orders. fed by pieces of apple and carrot. Sound production usually serves the purpose of frightening predators or is used for intra­ specific communication. Some insects produce OBSERVAnONS AND DISCUSSION sound by the impact of a part of their body In the laboratory, the beetles were found to against the substrate, while others use special produce sound by tapping their abdomen sound-producing organs. The detection of against the substrate. The sound was made sound is obtained by the use of tympanic by a series of 7 to 12 tappings with a fre­ membranes or by using specialized sensory quency of about 2 tappings per second. hairs. From the coleoptera, only sensory hairs Observations in the laboratory strongly have been reported (Rockstein 1974). suggest that the sound production serves the purpose of sexual attraction. A series of tap­ ping sounds produced by a male was im­ mediately followed by a similar series pro­ MATERIAL duced by a female, whereafter the male The species Phryanocolus somalicus Wilke moved in the direction of the answer. The (Col., Tenebrionidae) inhabits arid thorn female was standing still. After a short shrub and semi desert areas in Eastern Africa. while, the male stopped and made another The beetles spend the day under stones and series of tapping sounds, which was an­ fallen branches of trees and are probably swered by the female. The male then con­ active at night. tinued in the direction of the answer. This Beetles of this species were collected near was repeated until the male ran into the fe­ Isiolo in the northern part of Kenya. They male and copulation took place. were brought alive to Oslo and kept in the Response from the beetles in the form of 36 K. E. Zachariassen

cal vibrations in the substrate. Consequently, the beetles probably have sound-sensitive receptor organs, such as tympanic membranes or sensory hairs. The beetles have hairs on the antennae and on the pronotum, and these hairs might serve as sound-sensitive re­ ceptor organs. The observations also indicate that the beetles (at least the males) have the capability to discriminate between sounds of different directions. The ground is very hard at the locality where the beetles were found. Thus, the na­ tural substrate should allow the production of rather loud tapping sounds, which might be heard many metres away, depending on the sensitivity of the receptor organs of the beetles. Because of the dense darkness of tropical nights, it is probably a great advantage to night-active insects in these regions to com­ municate by means of sound.

Fig. 1. Phryanocolus somalicus Wilke. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The beetles were collected during a stay in abdominal tapping was also obtained by arti­ Kenya which was supported by the Norwegian ficially made sounds, for example by tapping a Research Council for Science and the Hu­ pencil against the plastic box in which the manities. beetles were kept. The beetles even responded to tapping sounds produced in the air above the box. In this case there were probably no mechanical vibrations in the substrate under REFERENCES the beetles. This indicates that they are Rockstein, M. (Ed.) 1974. The Physiology of In­ sensitive to sound, and not only to mechani- secta II, 2. ed. Academic Press, London. Received 20 December 1976 Ectoparasites (Mallophaga, Siphonaptera, Acarina) from Birds of Jan Mayen Island, Norway

NIELS HAARL0V

Haarlov, N. 1977. Ectoparasites (Mallophaga, Siphonaptera, Acarina) from birds of Jan Mayen Island, Norway. Norw. ]. Ent. 24, 37-41. Mallophaga, Siphonaptera, and ectoparasitic mites from birds of Jan Mayen have been registered and discussed. Niels Haar!ov, Zoological Institute, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Biilowsvej 13, DK-1870 Copenhagen V, Denmark.

Klaus Vestergaard stayed on the Norwegian possible presence of parasites. Then the bird island of Jan Mayen during the period 11 was placed on a piece of white paper and its June to 20 July 1972 as a member of the plumage brushed, beaten, and thoroughly Danish Jan Mayen Expedition 1972. His main ransacked for ectoparasites; when found they task was to collect mites, collemboles, and were put in 70% alcohol. In some cases dead other microarthropods from moss and soil, Mallophaga could be taken directly from the but besides this work he shot several birds feathers. The kittiwake and the dunlin were for the Zoological Museum of Copenhagen. the only birds that were not chloroformed From these birds he sampled as many ecto­ before being examined for ectoparasites. parasites as he could collect in the given According to Becher (1865) and Zunker time, and these parasites form the material (1932), the following species of Mallophaga for the study described in the following. have been found in Jan Mayen: The following birds were examined: Ful­ Menopon albofasciatum Piaget 1880 (= marus glacialis (L.), Alle alle (L.), Uria lom­ Holomenopon albofasciatum (Piaget) 1880) via (L.), Fratercula arctica (L.), Rissa tridac­ from Uria lomvia. tyla (L.), Charadrius hiaticulae L., and Cali­ Menopon lutescens Burmeister 1338 (= dris alpina (L.). Austromenopon lutescens (Burmeister) 1838) Following the methods of Mehl (1967), the from T ringa sp. birds were put into plastic bags immediately Philopterus gonothorax Giebel 1874 (= after they had been shot. After return to the Saemundssonia gonothorax (Giebe!) 1874) laboratory, each bag was opened and a wad from Uria lomvia. of cotton with chloroform put into it. After Degeeriella brachythorax Giebel 1876 (= about 30 minutes the birds were taken out Brilelia brachythorax (Giebel) 1876) from and the inside of the bag examined for the Plectrophenax nivalis. 38 N. HaarlfJv

Esthiopterum nigrolimbatum Giebel 1874 Mjoberginirmus klatti (Tim.) 1954 (= Perineus nigrolimbatus (Giebel) 1874) Stasjonsbukta, 10 July 1972,2 adults (~, <;» from Fulmarus glacialis. from Alle alle. Timmermann (1954a) original­ No records for Siphonaptera (Jordan 1933) ly referred this species to the genus Quadra­ seem to exist from Jan Mayen nor for the two ceps. Zlotorzycka (1967), however, in her species of ectoparasitic species of mites (Fri­ revision of the Quadraceps group, distinguish­ strup 1942, MacFadyen 1954, Krczal 1959, ed between species with one or with two long Arthur 1963, Doss et al. 1974, Rack 1975). temporal hairs, and in that connection the The material is kept at The Zoological Mu­ original Quadraceps klatti distinctly belongs seum, Copenhagen, Denmark. to the former group including the genus Mjoberginirmus. MALLOPHAGA Austromenopon nigropleurum (Denny) 1842 Kap Muyen, 27 June 1972, 1<;> and 1 juv., Quadraceps fissus (Burm.) 1838 taken together with Saemundssonia calva Stasjonsbukta, 25 June 1972, about 55 from an Uria lomvia which was rather ex­ specimens (adults, juvenes) were collected hausted and not able to fly. According to together with Chadraceps hiaticulae from Clay (1959) the specimens belong to the Charadrius hiaticulae. Identified according nigropleurum group. She made no distinction to Timmermann (1953, 1957) and Zlotor­ between subspecific varieties in this group; zycka (1967). these, however, may certainly be found when comparing, for instance, this specimen from Uria lomvia with Austromenopon nigropleu­ Perineus nigrolimbatus (Giebel) 1874 rum from an Alca torda (Overgaard 1942): Batvika, 19 July 1972, about 50 specimens, Among other things, it is evident that the taken together with Saemundssonia occiden­ outer hair but one along the posterior side talis (?) from two specimens of Fulmarus of the head is well developed in the specimen glacialis. This relatively big species is with from Alca torda, but rudimentary in that certainty referred to genus (Seguy 1944, from Uria lomvia. Timmermann 1965). At species level, how­ ever, there may be some difficulties, especial­ Carduiceps meinertzhageni (Timmermann) ly in relation to P. circumfasciatus v. KeIer, 1952 1957. Yet the structure of clypeus seems suf­ Stasjonsbukta, 16 June 1972, 23 adults and ficiently characteristic to make a correct juvenes were collected nine days after the bird identification. had been shot together with Lunaceps sp. of a Calidris alpina. Identified according to Saemundssonia calva (Kellogg) 1896 Timmermann (1957). Kap Muyen, 27 June 1972,3<;><;> and 1~ were collected from together with Chadraceps hiaticulae (0. Fabr.) 17~0 Uria lomvia specimens of Austromenopon nigropleurum. From a Charadrius hiaticulafJ, Stasjons­ Identification was according to Timmermann bukta, 2 5June 1972, 16 adults and juvenes (1957). were collected together with Quadraceps fis­ sus. This species can be identified according to Clay and Hopkins (1954) and Zlotarzycka Saemundssonia merguli (Denny) 1842 (1967). Stasjonsbukta, 14 June and 10 July 1972, 3 adults (1<;>, U~) and 4 juveniles from 3 Lunaceps sp. specimens of Alle alle. Evidently the struc­ Stasjonsbukta, 16 June 1972, 2 adults found ture of the male genitalia of this species is together with Carduiceps meinertzhageni closely related to those of S. grylle (0. Fabr.) from Calidris alpina. As the material con­ 1780 (Clay & Hopkins 1954). Yet the dimen­ tained no males, identification of species sions of its head and relative lengths of could not be made (Timmermann 1954b, telomeres and endomeres should make it 1957). clearly distinguishable from S. grylle. Ectoparasites 39

Saemundssonia lari (0. Fabr.) 1780 DISCUSSION Stasjonsbukta, 20 June 1972, 14 adults and juveniles taken from the neck of a Rissa tridac­ In order to outline the hosts of the ectopara­ tyla. Male genitalia correspond fairly well sites collected at J an Mayen, and to sum­ with Timmermann's depictions (1957) of an marize the occurrence of these species from individual taken from Larus hyperboreus, but neighbouring areas, Table I has been com­ deviate somewhat and especially to the form piled from Tragardh (1904, 1931), Henrik­ of the telomeres depicted by Hopkins and sen (1928, 1939a, b), Thor (1930), Jordan Clay (1954) probably from the same host. As (1933), Overgaard (1942), Fristrup (1942), there may be some sub-specific variations, Arthur (1963), Hackman & Nyholm (1968), the specimens found are nevertheless referred Kaisala (1973), and Lindroth et al. (1973), to S. lari. with reference to J an Mayen (M), Svalbard (S), Iceland (I), Greenland (G) and Faroes Saemundssonia tringae (0. Fabr.) 1780 (F). Those which are new to the fauna of Stasjonsbukta, 16 June 1972, IS and 1 Jan Mayen are marked with an asterisk. juvenis from Calidris alpina. The identifica­ As stressed by Clay (1949), host and geo­ tion is based on high similarity wth the graphical distribution must be equated in figures of Timmermann (1957) and Hopkins work with highly specialized ectoparasites & Clay (1954). like Mallophaga. Considering the distribution of the hosts from J an Mayen, the geographical Saemundssonia occidentalis (Kellogg) 1896 (?) distribution of the Mallophaga outside the island is therefore quite reasonable. It should Batvika, 19 July 1972, 2~~ taken on the be understood, however, that non-occurrence same specimen of Fulmarus glacialis from of the mallophagan species in most cases is which Perineus nigrolimbatus were found. due to non-systematic collections. In this in­ Based on Timmermann (1965), the identifica­ vestigation no species have been found on tion seems reasonable, but as the material abnormal hosts. has no males, the species cannot be deter­ With the larval stages of the fleas living mined with certainty. off their hosts, the distribution of Miocten­ opsylla arctica may depend equally on the ecology of the nests of their hosts as on the hosts themselves. At any rate it has till now SIPHONAPTERA only been found in nests and specimens of Mioctenopsylla arctica Rotschild 1922 Rissa tridactyla. Yet it is astonishing that in June 1972, 3~~ and 2~~ collected from the colonies of Rissa tridactyla on the cliffs of, nest of Rissa tridactyla. The identification for instance, Rest at Lofoten, no Miocten­ agrees closely with Rotschild's original de­ opsylla arctica were found despite special scription. search (Mehl 1968). Regarding host and geographical distribu­ tion, the most astonishing find at Jan Mayen is Pygmephorus spinosus. which strictly speak­ ACARINA ing seems to have been found neither in arctic regions nor on a bird, but only on small Pygmephorus spinosus Kramer 1877 mammals (Krzal 1959, Rack 1975). Yet Rack Fishburndalen, 15 July 1972, collected (by letter) reports 'besitze 2 Exemplare von from feathers of Fratercula arctica. According Turdus merula aus den Niederlanden', which to the description by Krczal (1959) and Rack may indicate that the species is not as host­ (1975), the only individual found can with dependent as generally supposed. Further­ certainty be identified as P. spinosus. more, it is worthwhile mentioning that Vitzthum (1943) points out that even if Pygme­ Ceratixodes uriae (White) 1852 phorus spinosus and other species of the same Jamesonbukta, 13 June 1972. Three larvae genus are fl)und on moles and mice, they may were collected from Uria lomvia. Identifica­ be more parasitic on insects found in the sub­ tion according to Filipova (1958). terranean nests of these mammals. If so, the 40 N. Haar[ov

Table I. The nresence of ectonarasites at Jan Mayen, a~d t~eir occurrence in nei~hbourin~ areas. Jan Mayen (M), 5"albard (5), Iceland (I), Greenland (G) and Faroes (F). 5necies new to the fauna of Jen Mayen are ~arked w;t~ an asterisk.

Mallophaga Siphonaptera Acarina

Fulmarus glacialis Perineus nigrolimbatus (M, s) Saemundssonia occidentalis (?)* (M, F)

Alle aIle Mj5berginirmus klatti* (M,S) Saemundssonia merguliil' (M,G)

Uria lomvia Holomenopon albofasciatum (M) Austromenopon nigropleurum* (M,S) Saemundssonia gonothorax (M) Saemundssonia calva· (M) Ceratixodes uriae* (M,I ,F ,G)

Fratercula arctica Pygmephorus spinosus* (M)

Rissa tridactyla Saemundssonia lari* (M,I,F,G) Mioctenopsylla arctica* (M,S ,I)

Tringa sp. Austromenopon lutescens (M)

Charadrius hiaticulaeChadraceps hiaticulae* (M,S,F,G) Quadraceps fissus* (M)

Calidris alpina Carduiceps meinertzhageni* (M) LW1aceps sp* (M) SaemW1dssonia tringae* (M)

Plectrophenax nivalis Briielia brachythorax (M,G)

presence of Pygmephorus spinosus on Frater­ radriiformes. Proc. Ent. Soc., London (B), 157­ cula arctica may seem more understandable 168. inasmuch as this species also has its nest in Clay, T. & Hopkins, C. H. E. 1954. The early literature on Mallophaga. Bull. Brit. Entomol. 3, tunnels in the soil, and is thus in close con­ 223-266. tact with the insects living there. Except for Doss, M., Farr, M. M., Roach, K. F. & Anastos, the arctic fox (Alopex lagopus), no mammals G. 1974. Index-catalogue of medical and veteri­ live permanently at Jan Mayen. nary zoology. Spec. publ. 3, I, part 2, 1-593. Filipova, N. 1958. A contribution to the morpho­ logy and systematics of the immature phases of ACKNOWLEDGEMENT the ticks (Ixodinae). Parazitol. Sbornik 18, 10­ 77. My sincere thanks are due to Dr. Bengt Nils­ Fristrup, B. 1942. Om lundelus. Ent. Medd. 22, son, The University of Lund, Sweden, for 264-267. Hackman, W. & Nyholm, E. S. 1968. Notes on the very informative discussions as to identifica­ fauna of Spitsbergen II. 9. Mallo­ tion of the Mallophaga. I am most grateful phaga from Spitsbergen and Bear Island. Ann. to Dr. Klaus Vestergaard, The Royal Veteri­ Ent. Fenn. 34, 75-82. nary and Agricultural University, for his Henriksen, K. L. 1928. Mallophaga and Ano­ kindness in giving me the opportunity of plura. Zool. Faroes. ll, (1), 1-11. Henriksen, K. L. 1939a. Siphonaptera. Zool. Ice­ utilizing the material he had collected. land Ill, (47), 1-7. Henriksen, K. L. 1939b. A revised index of the REFERENCES insects of Gnmland. Medd. Gronland 119, (10), 1-111. Arthur, D. 1963. British Ticks. 213 pp. London. Jordan, K. 1933. Die aus der arktischen Zone be­ Becher, E. 1865. Insekten von Jan Mayen. In­ kannten Fliihe. Fauna Arctica 6, 117-118. ternationale Polarforschung 1882183, Beob.­ Kaisila, J. 1973. The Anoplura and Siphonaptera Ergeb. 3, 59-66. of Spitsbergen. Ann. Ent. Fenn. 39, 63-66. Clay, T. 1949. Some problems in the evolution of Krczal, H. 1959. Systematik und Okologie der a group of ectoparasites. Evolution 3, 279-299. Pyemotiden. Beitr. Syst., Okolg. mitteleurop. Clay, T. 1959. Key to the species of Austromeno­ Acarina, I (2), 385-625. pon Bedford (Malloph.) parasitic on the Cha­ Lindroth, C. H. et al. 1973. Surtsey, Iceland. The Ectoparasites 41

Development of a New Fauna, 1963-1970. Ter­ (Mallophaga) der Regenpfeifer (Unterfamilie restrial Invertebrates. Ent. Scand. Suppl. 5, Charadriinae). Zool. Anzg. 150, 178-190. 1-280. Timmermann. G. 1954a. Neue und wenig bekannte MacFadyen, A. 1954. The invertebrate fauna of Kletterfederlinge von charadriiformen Wirten. Jan Mayen Island. ]. Ecology 23, 261­ Zool. Anzg. 152, 163-177. 297. Timmermann, G. 1954b. Studies on Mallophaga Mehl, R. 1967. Ektoparasitiske undersogelser pa from the collections of the British Museum (Nat. fugl 0'1, pattedyr i Syd-Varanger, sommeren Hist.) London. l. A preliminary survey of the 1966. Fauna 20, 195-201. genus Lunaceps (Clay & Meinertzhagen). Ann. Mehl, R. 1968. Lopper og lundelus pa sjofugl pa Mag. N at. Hist. ser. 12. 7, 623-637. Rost. Fauna 21, 197-198. Timmermann, G. 1954c. Revision of the genus Overgaard, C. 1942. Mallophaga and Anoplura. Carduiceps. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 12, 7, Zool. Iceland Ill, (42). 1-22. 40-48. Rack, G. 1975. Phoretisch auf Kleinsaugern ge­ Timmermann, G. 1957. Studien zu einer ver­ fundene Arten der Gattung Pygmephorus (Acar.. gleichenden Parasitologie der Charadriiformes Pygmeph.). Mitt. Hamburg Zool. Mus. Inst. 72, oder Regenpfeiferviigel. Parasit. Schriftenreihe 157-176. 3, 1-204. Rotschild, N. C. 1922. Siphonaptera. Collected by Timmermann, G. 1965. Die Federlingsfauna der the Norwegian expedition to Novaya Zemlaya Sturmviigel und die Phylogenie des procellari­ in 1921. Rep. Scient. Res. Norw. Exp. N. Zem­ formen Vogelstammes. Abh. u. Verh. Naturw.­ laya I, (4), 1-9. schaft. Verein in Hambur'l.. N. F. 7, Suppl. Seguy, E. 1944. Insectes Ectoparasites (Mallo­ Triigardh, I. 1931. Terrestrial Acari. Zool. Faroes phages, Anoplures, Siphonapteres). Faune de Acariden. Fauna arctica 4, 1-78. France 43, 1-684. Triigardh, E. 1931. Terrestrial Acari. Zool. Faroes Thor. S. 1930. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Inverte­ 2, 1-69. braten Fauna von Svalbard. Skrifter om Sval­ Vitzthum, H. 1943. Acarina. Bronns Kls. Ordn. 5, bard og Ishavet 27, 1-155. IV,S, I-lOll. Timmermann, G. 1952. The species of the genus Zlotarzycka, J. 1967: Studien iiber Quad­ Quadraceps (Malloph.) from the Larinae. With raceps (Mallop., Quadraceptinae). Dbersicht some remarks on the systematics and the phy­ der Arten und systematische Revision mit be­ logeny of the gulls. Part I. Ann. Mag. Hist. sonderer Beriicksichtigung der synhospitalen Nat. ser. 12. 5. 209-222. Part 11. Ann. Mag. und allohospitalen Arten. Bull. Entomol. Po­ Hist. N at. ser. 12, 5. 595-600. logne 37, 705-785. Timmermann. G. 1953. Die Quadraceps-Arten Zunker. M. 1932. Die Mallophagen des arktischen Gebietes. Fauna arctica 4, 283-294.

Received 1 November 1976 I Contribution No. 133 from The Zoological Museum, University of Oslo

The group (Lep., Geometridae) in Norway

NILS KNABEN

Compiled by Magne Opheim

Knaben, N. 1976. The Eupithecia group (Lep., Geometridae) in Norway. Norw. ]. Ent. 24, 43-82. A faunistic and taxonomic study of the genera Eupithecia Curtis, Gymnoscelis Mabille, and Chloroclystis Hubner in Norway, based on the notes of the late Nils Knaben, is presented. The synopsis comprises 50 species, of which two, Eupithecia irriguata (Hubner) and E. cauchiata, (Duponchel), have been added by M. Opheim. Magne Opheim, Zoological Museum, University of Oslo, Sars gt. 1, Oslo 5, Norway.

many specimens had to be dissected. In all PREFACE 1750 dissections were made by him. The Eupithecia group in Norway comprises Knaben's untimely death in January 1969 three genera, Eupithecia Curtis, 1825, Gym­ prevented him from putting his work on the noscelis Mabille, 1868 and Chloroclystis Hiib­ Eupithecia group into print, and he did not ner, 1825, containing in all 50 species. leave a complete MS, though he had type­ The species are rather small geometrid script for most species, regarding lists of , and as many of them are superficially localities and of literature of Norwegian similar, many mistakes have been made by records, up to 1953. Between this year and collectors and students when trying to identi­ 1968 there were many notes on loose sheets. fy the different species. His comprehensive journal listing dissected A revision of the Norwegian material of specimens was very helpful to me. Knaben the group seemed highly necessary, and my had also handwritten commentaries to many deceased friend, Nils Knaben, head curator at of the species. the Zoological Museum, Oslo, undertook this Maps of distribution of the species were great task, starting as far back as the middle brought up to about 1953 by Knaben and to of the 1930s. He studied the collections in all 1975 by Opheim. Excellent photographs of of the Norwegian zoological museums and the species numbered 48. had also access to several large private col­ Knaben's typescript had to be rewritten be­ lections of the group. In addition, he brought cause of the addition of many new localities together a large material from many districts and new Norwegian records. In this the in Norway, in particular from the western following arrangement of the text was used: part of the country. Norwegian records - Localities - Not veri­ In order to get a reliable determination, fied records - Doubtful and erroneous records 44 N. Knaben

- Distribution (incI. vertical) - First capture SP Statens Plantevern - Food-plant - Flight - Remarks. Dates and SR Soot-Ryen, T. sex are given for scarce species only. The SS Sparre Schneider, J. sequence of the countries and that of rural ST Museum districts follows Strand (1943). Sv Svendsen, G. M.Opheim Stgr Staudinger, O. Ta Taksdal, G. THS Schoyen, T. H. CONTRIBUTORS Th Thorstensen, T. D. Aa - Aarvik, L. Tj Tjonneland, A. AB Bakke, A. To Torpe, L. H. AF Fjeldsa, A. Ull Ullmann, A. C. AN Nielsen, A. WC Christie, W. AU Ulla, A. Wck Wocke, M. F. B&L Brattegard, T. & Linden, L. We Wessel, A. CFL Luhr, C. F. WH Hackman, W. EB = Barca, E. WMS Schoyen, W. M. ES Strand, E. ZMO Zoologisk Museum, Oslo Es Esmark, L. ZMT Zoologisk Museum, Trondheim FJ Jensen, F. 0w 0wre FS Smedstad, F. Fu Fugelli, E. GN Grude-Nielsen, M. A. SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES Gr - Grimsgaard The nomenclature used here is in the mam Haw = Hawkshaw, J. c. part that applied by Opheim (1972). He Henrichsen, H. HG Hoegh-Guldberg, O. EUPITHECIA Curtis, 1825 Ih = Ihleba:k, R. IS = Svensson, I. Eupithecia tenuiata (Hubner, 1809-12) (Figs. JF Fjelddalen, ]. lA, lIE) JG Gronvall, ]. Norwegian records: Eupithecia tenuiata; .; JH Heiland, ]. Schoyen 1882, 1893; Lampa 1885, Sparre JR Rygge, J. Schneider 1893; Henrichsen 1907; Nielsen JW Werner, ]. 1956; Berggren 1970; Opheim 1972. Tephro­ KB = Berggren, K. clystia tenuiata; Barca 1910. KG - Gjertsen, K. Localities: 0stfold: ] eloy (EB, AN, GN); KH = Haanshus, K. Sarpsborg (EB). Akershus: As (He); Ba:rum: KK = Krog, K. Slependen (AU). Oslo: Kristiania (Si), Tasen LP = Lie-Pettersen, O. J. ex larvae (NK). Oppland (On): V. Slidre: Lu Lundetra:, O. B. Hausaker (NK). Vestfold: Sem: Narverod MO = Opheim, M. (CFL). T elemark (TEi): Bolkesjo (EB). Aust­ Moe = Moe, A. Agder (AAy): Risor: Laget (NK). Vest-Agder Mu - Munster, T. (VAy): Kristiansand (KB); Sogne (CFL). NG = Gronlien, N. (Ry): Klepp: Vig (AN); Sandnes: NK = Knaben, N. Dale (AN). Hordaland (HOy): 0len: Heggens OK Kvalheim, O. Molle (Lu). HOi: Ullensvang (NG); Gran­ Pe - Peltonen, O. vin: Eide (JR); Voss: Vossevangen (NG). ~ PS Seglen, P. O. Sogn og Fjordane (SFy): Nordfjordeid (NK). RB = Borgstrom, R. SFi: Aurland: Vassbygdi (NK); Hornindal: RD - Dahlby, R. Fannemel (NK). Nord-Trondelag (NTi): In­ RM Mehl. R. deroy (WMS). Ro = Ro, A. Not verified record: The record of Schoyen So - Siebke, H. (1882) refers to information received from Si = Sotavalta, O. J. Schilde, who bred E. tenuiata from larvae Eupithecia 45

H

Fig. 9. Distribution of the Eupithecia group in Norway. A. Eupithecia linariata, B. E. tripunctaria, C. E. sinuosaria, D. E. pimpinellata, E. E. dodoneata, F. E. lariciata, G. Chloroclystis debiliata, H. E. undata. found on the catkins of Salix at Nsy: Bodo Doubtful and erroneous records: Tephro­ May 1879. Although the locality is the north­ clystia tenuiata, Hawkshaw (1919) VAy: Vi­ ernmost in Norway, the record should be geland 2 Aug. 1905 (= E. inturbata Hb.). considered reliable. Tephroclystia tenuiata. Torpe 1926: 77 (HOi: 46 N. Knaben

Viveli 11 July 1909 (EB)). The record is Distribution: Around the Oslofjord and in considered unreliable, as Viveli is situated Vest-Agder. Vertical distribution: Lowland at 900 m. species, not found above 150 m. Recorded Distribution: Main area from 58° to 62° N.L., food-plant: . Flight: 7 June­ northern localities at 64° and 67° N.L. Verti­ 8 July. cal distribution: From sea level to 500 m Remarks: Not found between 1849 and 1952. (TEi: Bolkesj0). First capture: Oslo ~ 18 July 1846 (Si). Recorded food-plant: Salix. Flight: (Haworth, 1809) (Figs 11 July-19 Aug. ID, 7B, 12A) Remarks: Mostly found singly, but 38 ~~ Norwegian records: Eupithecia plumbeolata; were captured 23 July 1942 at SFi: Fannemel, Sch0yen 1882, 1883, 1893; Lampa 1885; Spar­ and also bred in numbers at Oslo: Tasen. re Schneider 1893; Strand 1901; Haanshus 1921; Opheim 1938, 1972; Werner 1940; Eupithecia inturbata (Hubner, 1814-17) (Figs Nielsen 1956; Luhr 1960; Berggren 1970. IB, lOA) Tephroclystia pygmaeata; Strand 1902. T eph­ Norwegian records: Eupithecia inturbata; roclystia plumbeolata; Strand 1904; Gmnlien 1921; Barca 1923. Sch0yen 1887; Liihr 1970,1973; Opheim 1972. Eupithecia subciliata; Sch0yen 1893. T ephro­Localities: 0stfold: Sarpsborg (EB); Jel0Y clystia tenuiata; Hawkshaw 1919. Tephro­(EB, GN), Rauer (AB). Akershus: Nesodden: clystia inturbata; Barca 1923. Spro (KH); Oslo (Es), Nordstrandsh0yden Localities: 0stfold: Sarpsborg; Moss (EB); (EB); Vllensaker (WMS). Oppland (Os): Land Jel0Y (EB, GN); Rauer (AB). Akershus: Oslo: (ES); Ringebu (EB). On: V. Slidre: Hausaker, Einang (NK); 0. Slidre: Beito (NK, MO); Frogner, Thoresens L0kke (Es), T0yen (Si, Lom (CFL). (Bo): Lier, S. Linnes Moe, WMS), Tasen (KK); Ba::rum: Sandvika (EB), Slependen (AV); Asker (CFL). Vestfold: (NK); Modum (WMS). Bv: Gol (NK). Aust­ Sem: Narvemd (CFL). Aust-Agder (AAy): Agder (AAy): Ris0r: Laget (NK); Trom0Y Ris0r (Th); Nes Verk (SS). Vest-Agder (VAy): (AB). Vest-Agder (VAy): Kristiansand (KB); S0gne (CFL); Mandal (WMS); Kvinesdal: Vennesla: Vigeland (Haw). Doubtful record: T ephroclystia inturbata, Gjemlestad (NK); Sireosen (ES). VAi: Sirdal (ES). Rogaland (Ry): Sandnes: Gramstad Gmnlien 1921: 78 (HOi: Voss). No specimen from Voss has been found in any of the (AN), Gausel (AN, Fu). Hordaland Hay): ~ studied collections, and furthermore there is Fana: Skipanes 25 June 1907 (EB). HOi: no record from western Norway. Vllensvang (NG); Kinsarvik: Dj0nno (Lu); Voss (NG, EB). Sogn og Fjordane (SFy): Distribution: Along the southeast coast from Oslo to Vest-Agder. Vertical distribution: E. Gaular: Sande (NK); J0lster: Skei (NK).SFi: inturbata is a lowland species, not found Borgund: Eggum (NK); Stryn: Vinsrygg above 100 m. First capture: Oslo, Frogner 15 (NK). More og Romsdal (MRy): 0rskog; July 1845 (Es). Recorded food-plant: Acer Skodje; Vestnes (WMS). Sor-Trondelag campestris, flowers. Flight: 21 July-l Sept. (STy): Afjord: Monstad, By (MO). Nord­ Trondelag (NTi): Snasa (WMS). Nordland Nsi): Saltdal (WMS), Storjord (JR). Nno: Eupithecia immundata (Zeller, 1846) (Figs. S0rfold: Bonnasj0en (CFL); Hamamy (ES); lC, lOB) Tysfjord (ES); Skjomen: Elvegard (MO). Norwegian records: Eupithecia immundata; Nnv: L0dingen (ES, EB). Finnmark (Fi): Sch0yen 1885, 1893; Lampa 1885; Opheim Alta (EB). 1951, 1972; Luhr 1973. Not verified record: The record of Hawkshaw Localities: 0stfold: Jel0Y ~ 20 June, ~ 27 (1919), VAy: Vennesla: Vigeland is probably June 1953 (GN). Akershus: Oslo: Rosenhof ~ correct. Besides, E. plumbeolata has been 6 July 1849 (Si); Ba::rum: Bj0rum Sag ~ 26 captured in 5 other localities in the same June 1952 (NK), Slependen ~ 15 June 1963 district. (AV); Asker ~ 5 July, ~ 8 July 1957, ~ 7 June Distribution: Generally distributed north to 1959 (CFL). Buskerud Bo): Lier: S. Linnes ~, Nnv: L0dingen, except the outer coastal 2 ~~ 20 June 1953 (NK). Vest-Agder (VAy): strip from Bergen to MRy: Skodje. North of S0gne 3 ~~ 25 June 1966 (CFL). the area of distribution: Fi: Alta. Vertical Eupithecia 47

Fig. 10. Distribution of the Eupithecia group in Norway. A. Eupithecia inturbata, B. E. immundata, C. E. irriguata, D. E. egenaria, E. E. trisignaria, F. E. subumbrata, G. E. subnotata, H. E. innntata, 1. E. lanceata, J. Chloroclystis coronata, K. E. exiguata, L. E. centaureata. 48 N. Knaben

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Fig. 11. Distribution of the Eupithecia group in Norway. A. Eupithecia pulchellata, B. E. icterata, C. E. nanata, D. Gymnoscelis pumilata, E. E. tenuiata, F. E. pini. Eupithecia 49 distribution: From sea level to 800 m (On: (EB, GN). Akershus: Nesodden: Spro (KH); Beito). First capture: Oslo ~ in the 1840's (?) Asker (CFL), Neseya (MO); Brerum: Lysaker (ES). Recorded food-plant: Melampyrum (JR); Oslo: Ekeberg (WMS), Nordstrands­ pratense. Flight: 1 June-18 July. heyden (EB). Oppland (On: Lom (CFL). Bus­ kerud (Bo): Modum (SS). Aust-Agder (AAy): Eupithecia pini (Retzius, 1783) (Figs lE, 7E, Riser (Th), Laget (NK); Amli: Hovdefjell IIF) (NK). Hordaland (HOy): Fjelberg, Halsney, Norwegian records: Eupithecia togata; Sparre Borgundey (MO); Tysnes: Anuglo (B & L). Schneider (1876a, 1878,1882), Scheyen (1893). HOi: Voss (NG); Kinsarvik: Djenno (Lu). Eupithecia abietaria; Henrichsen (1907), Sor-Trondelag (STi): Orkdal (AB); Selbu Haanshus (1921). T ephroclystia togata; Hawk­ (AB). NTi: Stjerdal (AB); Verdal (AB); shaw (1919). Eupithecia pini; Bakke (1955), Ogndal: Reysing (AB); Grong: Harran (AB); Feichtenberger (1965), Berggren (1970), Op­ Namskogan (AB); Serli: Udland (MO). heim (1972). Nordland (Nsy): Meley: Svarftisen (SR). Nsi: Localities: 0stfold: Rauer (EB); Jeley (GN). Grane: Laksfors (AB); Saltdal (WMS), Stor­ Akershus: As (He); Nesodden: Spro (KH); jord (JR), Rognan (AB). Trom (TRi): Stor­ Asker (KH, CFL); Rerum: Stabekk (Es), fjord (SS); Nordreisa: Javreoaivek (NK). Sandvika (EB); Oslo: Slemdal (SS), Nord­ Finnmark (Fi): Alta (EB). marka (WMS), Teyen (Si), Nordstrand (EB). Not verified records: Werner (1917), Hed­ Hedmark (HEs): Ser-Odal (WMS): Rings­ mark, HEs: Leten, colI. Deinboll. Feichten­ aker: Furnesasen (AB). Oppland (Os): Ser­ berger (1965), Nsi: Saltdal ~ 25 June 1943. Fron: Harpefoss (MO). On: V. Slidre: Vollen Distribution: From 58°40' to 70° N.L., more (NK); Vang (THS). Buskerud (Bo): Vikersund scattered in the north. Probably absent from (SS); Reyken: Hevik (MO). Aust-Agder the outer southern and western coast. Vertical (AAy): Nes Verk (SS); Riser: Laget (NK); distribution: From sea level to 400 m. First Tromeya (AB). Vest-Agder (VAy): Kristian­ capture: Oslo ~ 10 June 1880 (WMS). Re­ sand (KB); Segne (CFL). Ragaland (Ry): corded food-plant: Picea. Flight: 21 May­ Klepp: Reve (FJ). Hordaland (HOy): Bergen 6 Aug. (MO). Nord-Trondelag (NTi): Sparbu: Vo­ Remarks: In Scandinavian literature there has land in vist (AB); Snasa (WMS); Nordli: previously been some confusion regarding Kvemoen (MO). Nordland (Nsy): Bindal: the nomenclature of E. pini and E. bilunu­ Tosdalen (MO); Velfjord: Flatmo (MO). lata; for example, Aurivillius (1893) uses the Not verified records: Sparre Schneider name E. togata Hb. for E. pini, and E. abie­ (1876a), AK: Bekkenstein. Hawkshaw (1919), taria Goeze for E. bilunulata Zett., respec­ VAy: Vigeland. Feichtenberger (1965): 110 tively, and in older Norwegian literature up (Nsi: Mo i Rana and Selfors 18 June-13 July, to the 1920s the same is the case regarding forewing 9.5 to 11.5 mm). the last-mentioned species. Haanshus (1933) Distribution: Scattered distribution north to lists E. pini only as he probably refers to 66° N.L. Not found in the western districts Prout (1915), who considers E. abietaria Goeze from Bergen to Nsy: Velfjord. Vertical dis­ and E. togata Hb. as synonyms to E. pini tribution: From sea level to 500 m (On: Vang). Retz. First capture: Stabekk ~ 1 June 1846 (Es). The ventral plate in E. pini differs from Recorded food-plant: Abies, in the cones. that of E. bilunulata, in having concave outer Flight: 1 June-20 July. edges which converge strongly proximally. Eupithecia bilunulata (Zetterstedt, 1839) (Figs In E. bilunulata the edges run more parallel, IF, 13B) slightly converging at the outer end. E. bilunulata prefers Chermes galls ac­ Norwegian records: Eupithecia abietaria; cording to Juul (1948), but seldom cones. Scheyen 1880, 1882, 1893; Lampa 1885; On the other hand, Bakke (1955) obtained a Werner 1917; Haanshus 1921. Tephroclystia large material of E. bilunulata from spruce abietaria; Barca 1910; Grenlien 1921. Eupi­ cones. The Chermes galls he evidently did thecia bilunulata; Bakke 1955; Liihr 1960; not pay any attention to. Feichtenberger 1965; Opheim 1972. Eupithecia linariata (Denis & Schiffermiiller, Localities: 0stfold: Sarpsborg (EB); Jeley 1775) (Figs 1G, 9A)

4 - Norsk ent- Tidsskr. 50 N. Knaben

\" \" ,/ /' >­

Fig. 12. Distribution of the Eupithecia group in Norway. A. Eupithecia assimilata, B. E. denotata, C. E. succenturiata, D. E. tantillaria, E. E. conterminata, F. Chloroclystis rectangulata. Eupithecia 51

Norwegian records:. Eupithecia linariata; Romsdal (MRy): 0rstavik (JW). MRi: Valdal Scheyen 1883, 1893; Lampa 1885; Haanshus (WMS). 1921; Werner 1940; Nielsen 1956; Luhr 1962; Distribution: Along the western coast from Berggren 1970; Opheim 1972. Tephroclystia 58° N.L. to 62°20" N.L. Vertical distribution: lineariata; Barca 1923. In the lowlands not exceeding 200 m. First Localities: 0stfold: Rauer (EB); Varteig (EB); capture: Valdal ~ 6 July 1880 (WMS). Food­ Moss (EB), Jeley (GN). Akershus: Nesodden; plant: Digitalis purpurea. Flight: 21 May­ Spro (KH); Oslo; Rosenberg (Es). Oppland 17 July. (Os): Gjevik (Aa); Ser-Fron; Harpefoss Remarks: In Norway the larva has been (WH). On: V. Slidre; Vollen ex larvae (NK); found a few times in the flowers of Digitalis Lom; Fossberg, Reysheim (CFL). Aust-Agder as mentioned above. Most of them were in­ (AAy): Riser (Th), Laget (NK). Vest-Agder fested with parasites so only a few reached (VAy): Kristiansand (KB); Segne (CFL). Ro­the adult state after hibernation. In one case galand (Ry): Klepp: Vig (AN). Hordaland a ~ needed two winters for complete devel­ (HOi): Voss (NG); Ullensvang (NG). Sogn opment, though the wings were reduced. og Fjordane (SFi): Ardal: Utladalen (NK); Luster ex larvae (NK).More og Romsdal (MRi): Geiranger (WMS). Eupithecia irriguata (Hubner, 1809-13) (Fig. Distribution: South Norway north to Geir­ 10C) anger except outer coast districts north of Norwegian records: Eupithecia irriguata; Stavanger. Vertical distribution: From sea Luhr 1973; Opheim 1973. level to 600 m (On: Reysheim). First capture: Locality: Aust-Agder: Grimstad: Groos one Oslo ~ 17 July 1849 (Es). Recorded food­~ and 4 specimens 30 Apr.-primo May 1973 plant: Linariq. Flight: 20 June-15 Aug. (CFL). Remarks: The species varies considerably in Distribution in Fennoscandia: Sweden: Viis­ size and colour of the forewings. Dark speci­ tergotland, Scania, Blekinge and Gotland mens might sometimes be hard to distinguish (Nordstrom 1943, 1953). Not found in Fin­ from the next species, E. pulchellata Steph. land (Mikkola pers. comm.) as mentioned by Regarding genitalia Hoffmeyer (1966) could Luhr (1973). Recorded food-plants: Quercus not find any difference betwel;n the two, and Fagus. though the male genitalia differ somewhat, as the sclerified tube in aedoeagus is shorter in E. linariata, but longer (or of equal length Eupithecia exiguata (Hubner, 1809-13) (Figs as aedoeagus) in E. pulchellata. 2A, 10K) Norwegian records: Eupithecia exiguata; Scheyen 1875, 1893; Sparre Schneider 1876a; Lampa 1885; Huitfeldt-Kaas 1892; Haanshus Eupithecia pulchellata Stephens, 1831 (Figs 1928; Berggren 1970; Opheim 1972. Tephro­ 1H, 7A, llA) clystia exiguata; Barca 1910. Norwegian records: Eupithecia pulchellata; Localities: 0stfold: Hvaler ~ 28 May 1889 Scheyen 1883, 1893; Lampa 1885; Lundetne (WMS); Sarpsborg ~ 12 June 1922 (EB); 1938; Werner 1940; Nielsen 1956; Opheim Jeley ~ 30 May, ~ 3 June 1908 (EB), Refsnes 1972; Luhr 1973. T ephroclystia pulchellata; 2 ~~ 20 June 1955 (GN). Akershus: Nesodden: Gmnlien 1921. Spro ~ 26 May 1919, ~ 20 June 1924 (KH); Localities: Vest-Agder (VAy): Farsund ex Oslo: Teyen ~ 1 June 1849, ~ 2 June 1850 larva (NK); Flekkefjord larvae in the flowers (Si), ~ no date (ZMT). V. Aker ~ 13 June 1885 of Digitalis purpurea (NK). Rogaland (Ry): (WMS), Nordstrandsheyden ~ 17 June 1924 Klepp: Vig. (AN). Hordaland (HOy): Fjel­ (EB); Asker ~ 9 June 1964, ~ 5 June 1965 berg (MO); Onarheim (MO); Bergen (MO); (CFL). Hedmark (Hes): Ser-Odal ~ 23 June Herdla ex larvae from flowers of Digitalis 1885 (WMS). Oppland (Os): Lunner: Roa ~ purpurea (NK). HOi: Ullensvang: Lofthus June 1939 (MO). Aust-Agder (AAy): Riser (NG); Kinsarvik: Djenno (Lu); Voss: Bor­ 1 specimen (Th). Vest-Agder (VAy): Kristi­ dalen (Rognebakke). Sogn og Fjordane (SFy): ansand fairly common on light June-July Vadheim (NK). SFi: Stryn (CFL). More og (KB); Segne ~ 29 May 1966 (CFL). Horda­ 52 N. Knaben

\

..,~~~, o " .~ //'/

/ .. / ..

A B

./ / ..

D

Fig. 13. Distribution of the Eupithecia group in Norway. A. Eupithecia plumbeolata, B. E. bilunulata, c. E. valerianata, D. E. palustraria. Ellpithecia S3

A B c o

F G H

L M N o

p Fig. 7. Genitalia of the male, ventral plate: A. E. pulchellata, B. E. plum­ beolata, C. E. castigata, D. E. tantillaria, E. E. pini, F. E. sobrinata, G. E. indigata, H. G. pumilata, 1. E. venosata, J. E. gelidata, K. E. vulgata, L. E. satyrata, M. E. nanata, N. E. lanceata, O. E. absinthiata, P. E. intri­ cata, Q. E. assimilata, R. E. icterata, S. E. centaureata, T. E. succenturiata. land (HOy): Tysnes: Onarheim !i' 26 June South-eastern Norway north to 60 0 20" N.L. 1957 (B&L), Anuglo ~ 25 June 1957 (B&L). and west to Segne (58 0 N.L.). Isolated area Doubtful records: Eupithecia exiguata, Sparre in western Norway: HOy: Tysnes. Vertical Schneider (1876), HOy: Bergen, Kalfaret 1 distribution: From sea level to 400 m (Os: specimen (Selsberg) medio June 1870 or 1871, Roa). First capture: Oslo ~ 1 June 1849 (Si). later corrected to E. nanata (Hb.) by Sparre Recorded food-plants: Different trees and Schneider (1901) Eupithecia exiguata, Schey­ bushes. Flight: 26 May-26 June. en (1883), MRy: Vestnes one worn specimen 25 June 1880, not present in the ZMO col­ lection. T ephroclystia ,exiguata, Gmnlien (Hubner, 1809-13) (1921), HOi: Vossevangen 1 specimen ult. Norwegian records: Eupithecia valerianata; June 1910, probably lost. Knaben 1955; Nielsen 1956; Berggren 1970; Distribution (based on reliable records): Opheim 1972. 54 N. Knaben

Localities: Vest-Agder (VAy): Kristiansand Only captured in the lowland. First capture: a few specimens in June every year 1965­ Fi: Alta 2

......

C 0 Fig. 14. Distribution of the Eupithecia group in Norway. A. Eupithecia venosata. B. E. actaeata, C. E. intricata, D. E. satyrata. 56 N. Knaben

WMS), Bestun (MO). Hedmark (HEs): Vang: Localities: 0stfold: Sarpsborg (EB); Rygge: Hjellum (WC). Oppland (Os): S0r-Aurdal: Dilling (EB); Moss (EB); Jel0Y (EB, GN). Bagn (KH); lOyer (JR). On: 10. Slidre: Beito Akershus: Nesodden: Spro (KH); As (He); (MO, NK); Sel: Heidal (SS), Laurgard B(SS) , Slemdal (JR), me (MO). Aust-Agder (AAy): Ris0r: Laget Frogner (MO). Hedmark (HEs): S0r-Odal (NK). AAi: Bygland: Austad (ES). Vest­(WMS). Buskerud, Bo: Lier: S. Linnes (NK). Agder (VAy): Kristiansand (KB). VAi: Fjot­ Vestfold: Holmestrand (NK). T elemark land: Knaben gard (NK); Sirdal (ES). Roga­(TEy): Jomfruland (MO). Aust-Agder: AAy: land (Ry): Ogna (WMS); Sandnes: Gausel Ris0r (Th), Laget (NK); Trom0Y (AB). Vest­ (AN). Hordaland (HOy): Onarheim (MO); Agder: VAy: Kristiansand (KB). Rogaland: Fitjar (MO); Herdla (EB). HOi: Eidfjord Ry: Ogna (AN); Klepp: Vig (AN), Reve (Fu); (EB); Ullensvang (TE); Granvin (EB); Voss Sandnes: Gausel (Fu); Gjesdal: Figgen (FJ); (NG). Sogn og Fjordane (SFy): J0lster: Al­ Sola: Kolnes (FJ); Randaberg: Sande (FJ). hus (EB). SFi: Hafslo (NK), Solvorn (NK); Distribution: Mainly along the coast from Aurlandsvangen (NK); L

1970 (CFL). Vest-Agder (VAy): Sogne ',l 10 A July 1966 (CFL). Erroneous records: Tephroclystia trisignaria, ~~J Gmnlien (1921), Hoi: Voss ~ 22 June 1916 b (= goosensiata Mab.). Eupithecia trisignaria, C Haanshus (1921), AK: Spro ~ 8 Sept. 1915 (= absinthiata Cl.). Recorded food-plants: Dif­ /_==~ I C-~=~~ ferent umbelliferous plants. d e

Eupithecia intricata (Zetterstedt, 1839) (Figs 2G, 7P, 8Ae, 14C) Norwegian records: Larentia intricata; Zet­ terstedt 1839. Eupithecia helveticaria; Staud­ inger 1861; W ocke 1864; Sparre Schneider 1876a, 1893; Schoyen 1880, 1898; Lampa 1885; Strand 1900; Henrichsen 1907; Haans­ B I hus 1921; Lundetrce 1988. Tephroclystia hel­ o veticaria; Strand 1904; Sparre Schneider 1913. Eupithecia intricata; Opheim 1950, 1972; Nielsen 1956; Liihr 1960; Feichtenberger 1956. Localities: 0stfold: Onsoy: Rauer (EB); Jeloy (GN). Akershus: As (He); Nesodden: Spro (KH); Holand: Bjorkelangen (MO); Oslo: Toyen (ST), Abildso (ST), Nordstrandshoy­ G den (EB), Maridalen (NK, CFL), Nordmarka E F (WMS); Bcerum: Slependen (AU); Asker Fig. 8. Genitalia of the male, aedoeagus: Aa. E. (CFL). Hedmark (HEs): Sor-Odal (WMS). sobrinata AAy: Bygland 14 Aug. 1931 (NK), b. Oppland (Os): Ringebu (WMS). On: Vang: E. vulgata HOy: Os, Hagavik 16 May 1937 (NK), Helinstrond (NK); 0. Slidre: Beito(NK, MO); c. G. pumilata no 10c., d. E. assimilata HOy: Os, Hagavik 16 May 1937 (NK), e. E. intricata AAy: Nord-Fron: Vinstra (MO); Vaga: Vagamo Risor, Laget 12 June 1930 (NK). Genitalia of the (MO), Hindseter (CFL); Lom: Boverdalen female, bursa copulatrix: B. E. absinthiata, C. E. (WMS), Fossberg (CFL); Dovre: Dombas sobrinata, D. E. castigata, E. E. denotata, F. E. (WMS). Buskerud (Bo): Modum (WMS); tripunctaria, G. E. vulgata. Lier: S. Linnes (NK). Vestfold: Tj0me (NK, MO). Telemark (TEy): Kragem (Ull?), Fos­ land: Fretheim (NK), Aurlandsvangen (NK), sing (AU). Aust-Agder (A Ay): Risor (JH), Nyheim (NK), Vassbygdi (AF); Borgund: Laget (NK); Trom0Y (AB). Vest-Agder Eggum (NK), Kvamma (NK), Maristova (NK); (VAy): Vennesla: Vigeland (Haw); S0gne Stryn: Videseter (MO). More og Romsdal (CFL); Kvinesdal: Gjemlestad (NK); Sire­ (MRi): Sunndal: Vangshaugen (MO), Stor­ osen (ES). VAi: Sirdal (ES). Rogaland (Ry): fale (MO). Sor-Trondelag (STy): Afjord: By Sandnes: Gausel (AN, Fu), Dale (AN). Ri: (MO). STi: Oppdal (MO), Kongsvoll (NK) Forsand (NK); Suldal: Lcegdedn (Fu), Neset Nord-Trondelag (NTi): Indemy (WMS); (Fu). Hordaland (HOy): Fjelberg: Eidsvik Snasa (WMS). Nordland (NSy): Bindal: Lan­ (MO), Halsn0Y kloster (MO), Borgundoy de (MO); Hemy: Donna (ES); MeI0Y: Svart­ (MO); Tysnes: Anuglo (B&L); Austevoll: isen (SR). Nsi: Grane: Majavatn (MO); Nord­ Nausthellar (MO); Os: Nordstmna (AN); Rana: Svartisdal (SR); Fauske (CFL). Nno: Fana: Fjelltveitvatn (NK), Grimseid (NK), Skjomen (MO), Elvegard (MO), Fjellbu (MO); Minde (EB); Bergen: Kalfaret (MO), Stare­ Hamamy (ES); Tysfjord (ES). Nnv: Ledin­ foss (NK), Knatten (NK); Ostemy: Kleppe gen (ES). Troms (TRi): Malangen: Skjavik0r (MO), Njastad (MO), 0vre Botnvatn (MO); (SR); Kvcenangen (SS); Nordreisa: Javreoai­ Herdla (NK). HOi: Kinsarvik: Djonno (Lu). vek (NK). Finnmark (Fi): Alta (Wck.) Fn: Sogn og Fjordane (SFy): Gaular: Sande (NK), Kistrand (0w). Fo: S0r-Varanger: Kirkenes (NK). SFi: Vik: H0geggji (NK); Aur- (We), Svanvatn (We). 58 N. Knaben

Doubtful and erroneous records: ?Eupithecia E. cauchiata is quite similar to the common helveticaria, Sparre Schneider (1876), Hoi: E. satyrata (Hb.), but differs superficially Kvam, T angeriis. Eupithecia helveticaria, from the latter, in having a darker outer Lie-Pettersen (1897), SFi: L

Opheim 1950, 1969, 1972; Nielsen 1956; Liihr HOi: Reldal (CFL), Horda (Lu); Ullensvang 1960; Feichtenberger 1965; Berggren 1970; (NG); Kinsarvik: Djenno (Lu); Voss (EB), Mehl 1971. T ephroclystia satyrata: Strand Vossevangen (NG), Haugamoen (NG). Sogn 1902, 1904; Sparre Schneider 1907, 1914, og Fjordane (SFy): Lavik (ES); Gular: Viken 1921; Barca 1910; Hawkshaw 1919; Gnm­ (NK). SFi: Vik: Heglii (NK); Aurland: Fret­ lien 1921. heim (NK); La:rdal: Stuvane (MO); Borgund: Localities: 0stfold: Sarpsborg (EB); Onsey: Eggum (NK), Hegg (NK), Galdestelen (NK); Rauer (EB); Jeley (GN, AN, MO). Akershus: Luster: Turtagm ex larvae (SS), Skjolden As: Tirudmosan (SP); Frogn: Haeya (MO, (NK); Stryn: Hammerstadli (NK), Videseter CFL); Nesodden: Spro (KH); Oppegard: Kol­ (MO). More og Romsdal (MRy): 0rsta (lW); (MO); Oslo: Kristiania (ES), Teyen (Si), Alesund (lR); 0rskog (WMS). MRi: Rauma: Ekeberg (Si), Rosenberg (Es), Linderud (Si), Romsdal (WMS), Trolltindene (MO), Flat­ V. Aker (WMS), Sognsvann (NK), Mari­ mark (MO); Sunndal: Jenstadlia (MO), Mid­ dalen (NK), Nordmarka (WMS), Appelsin­ dagshjellen (MO), Gikling (MO), Inderdalen haugen (MO), Bogstad (JR, CFL); Ba:rum: (MO); Surnadal: Kvanne (RM). Sor-Tronde­ Lysaker (WMS), Stabekk (Si), Osteya (MO), lag (STy): Bjugn: Sa:ter (MO); Melhus: Ben­ Slependen (AU); Asker (CFL), Neseya (NK); na (NK); Orkdal: Sevatn (RD). Nord-Tron­ Gullhella (lH, MO); Ullensaker (WMS); delag (NTy): Namsos: Alhusvatn (SR). NTi: Hurdal: Temte (AB). Hedmark (HEs): Ser­ Indemy (WMS); Beitstad (WMS); Steinkjer Odal (WMS); Vang: Hjellum (WC). HEn: (WMS); Snasa (WMS); Grong: Fiskum Kvikne: Sverja (MO). Oppland (Os): Lunner: (CFL); Serli: Udland (MO), Lemenvann Roa (MO), Mylla (MO); S. Land: Odnes (MO), Guspiggen (MO); Nordli: Gasterfjell (ES); Nord-Aurdal: Fagernes (MO); Lille­ (MO), Finhustjern (MO). Nordland (Nsy): hammer (WMS); Ringebu (EB). On: V. Bindal: Tosdalen (MO); Semna: Sandvag Slidre: Heyme (NK), Gmnsenn (NK); 0. (SR); Bode; Hernes (AF). Nsi: Grane: Maja­ Slidre: Beito (NK, MO); Nord-Fron: Vinstra vatn (MO), Holmvassdal (MO), Fjellstuen (MO); Vaga: Vagamo (AN), Kvarberg (MO), (MO), Klovimonen ES); Hattfjelldal (ES), Bessheim (MO); Lom: Fossberg (CFL), Bever­ Resvatn (ES); Nord-Rana: Storfosshei (CFL); dalen (WMS), Elveseter (CFL); Skjak (MO); Saltdal: Storjord (MS, JR), Junkerdalsaura Dovre: Dombas (WMS). Buskerud (Bo): (SS), Solvagfjetll (CFL). Nno: Tysfjord (ES); Reyken: Hevik (MO); Lier: S. Linnes (NK); Skjomen: Melne elv (MO), Elvegiird (MO), Modum (WMS); Kongsberg: Skrim (NK). Bv: Olderholmen (MO), Fjellbu (MO), Nord­ Al (ES); Hol: Ustaoset (Hellmann). Vestfold: dalen (MO); Narvik (MO), Kvitsand (MO); Holmestrand (NK); Brunlanes: Nevlunghavn Serfold: Bonnasjeen CFL). Nnv: Ledingen (EB). Telemark (TEy): Porsgrunn (ES); No­ (ES); Hadsel (ES); Langey (ES); Svolva:r me: Ulefoss (ES); Kragem (WMS). TEi: Fy­ (MO); Vestvagey: Leitet (MO), Okstind MO). resdal, Kilegrend (MO). Aust-Agder (AAy): Troms (TRy): Harstad (EB); Tromse (SS, SR, Riser: Laget (NK); Tromey: Ballesvik (CFL). NK), Tromsdal (SS); Senja (NK). TRi: Bals­ Vest-Agder (VAy): Kristiansand (KB); Segne: fjord: Storstennes SS), Skjeiviker (SR); Bardu: (CFL); Vennesla: Vigeland (Haw); Sireosen Gmnnfjord (CFL); Malselv: Fagerli (SS), (ES); Kvinesdal: Gjemlestad (NK). VAi: Sir­ Nymo (SS), Moen (SS), Nordmo (SS), Bjerk­ dal (ES), Dyngjane (AN). Rogaland (RyJ: eng (SS); Storfjord: Skibotn (JG); Kva:nangen Bjerkreim: Gmtteland (MO), Sandane (MO), SS, Kaisila): Nordreisa: Raipas (NK), Sappen Maudal (MO), Vaule (MO); Ha: Na:rbe (NK), Javreoaivek (NK). Finnmark (Fi): Alta: (WMS); Klepp: Orre (AN), Vig (AN); Sand­ Bossekop (WMS, SS, NG), Vina (EB), Ka­ nes: Gausel (AN, Fu), Myrland (TN), Hel­ fjord EB), Romsdal (EB). Fo: Sor-Varanger: geland (TN); Stavanger: Solheim (FJ), Sol­ Neiden (CFL), Vaggatem (CFL). vang (FJ), Mosvatnet (FJ). Ri: Suldal: La:gd­ Not verified records: The record of Sparre edn (Fu), Neset (Fu), Ogdedn (Fu). Hordaland Schneider (1876) refers to HOi: Kvam, Tan­ (HOy): Os (Linden); Bergen: Hauglandsdalen gercis, and that of (1878) to Be: Drammen, (NK), Fjelltveitvatn (NK), Thoreshaug (EB), Gulskogen. Scheyen (1879), On: Sel, Laur­ Minde (EB), Damsgard (SS), Knatten (NK); gard. Sparre Schneider (1880), Nsi: Berarn, Ostemy: Kleppe (MO), Njastad (MO), Ljos­ Tolla. Scheyen (1882), Nsy: Bode (Schilde) bu (MO), 0vre Botnvatn (MO); Herdla (NK). and Nsi: Saltdal, Rognan (Schilde). Sparre 60 N. Knaben

Fig. 1. A. E. lenlliata Hb. Q Sarpsborg 21 July 1921 (EB). B. E. iniurbala Hb. (; Ba:: ru 111, Sandvika 30 July 1934 (EB). C. E. immll71dala Z. Q Oslo, Rosenhof 6 July 1849 (Si). D. E. jJlllmbeolala Haw. Q Oslo. Nordstrandsh0yden 8 July 1923 (EB). E. E. jJi71i Retz. Q Ser-Odal 23 June 1885 (WMS). F. E. bilu71l1lala Zett. Q Sarpsborg 5 June 1922 (EB). G. E. linariala Schiff V. Slidre ex larva 5 May 1945 (NK). H. E. jJulchellala Steph. Q Ullensvang 21 June 1908 (NG). Eupithecia 61

Fig. 2. A. E. eXIgI/ala Hb. ? Jeloy. Orkerod 3 June 1008 (Ell). B. E. IJaiuslraria Db!. 0 Saltdal 0 July 1881 (WMSJ, C. E. undala fennoscandia Knb.? Alta, Jotkajavre 9 July 1924 (EB). D. E. veno­ sala F. ? Sel, Heidal July 1913 (SS). E. E. cenlaureala Schirf. ? Oslo. SlemclaJ Aug. 1913 (JR). F. E. aclaeala beTgllnensis Dietze ? Oslo 25 June 18i6 (WMS). G. E. inlricala Zetl. ~ Kva:nangen July 1881 (SS). H.? E. veralraria H. S. ? Alta, Romsclal 6 June 1914 (EB). 62 N Knaben

Fig. 3. A. E. \alyrala Hb. 'i' Sarpsborg 5 June 1922 (EE). B. E. IrijJll7lcluria H. S. <;' Hafslo, Kjos 6 July 1938 (NK). C. E. absinthiata Cl. 'i' Oslo, Tobiesens ]0kke 26 July 1847 (Es.). D. E. goossen­ siala Mab. $ Voss 22 June 1916 (NG). E. E. assimtlala Dbl. <;> SCJr-Odal 10 June 1883 (WMS). G. E. denolala Hb. <;> J doy, Orkerod 7 July 1908 (EB). H. E. castigata Hb. $ Frogn, Hi10ya 15 June 1947 (MO). EUfJithecia 63

Fig. 4. A. E. iclera/a ViII. ", Nesodden, Spro 22 July 1912 (KH). B. E. sl/ccenlunala L. ", Sarpsborg 25 June 1921 (EB). C. E. sl1bllmbrala Schiff. 9 Oslo. V. Aker 6 June 1899 (SS). D E. wbnolala Bb. 9 Nesodden. Spro 2 Aug. 1915 (KH). E. E. sinuosaria Ev. 6 Sarpsborg 22 June 1922 (EB). F. E. iu­ digala Hb. 6 Oslo. Ekeberg 10 May 1880 (WMS). G. E. /ilm/linellala Hb. 6 Leikanger. Foshage 2 July [939 (NK). H. E. gelidala hyperboreala Stgr <;:> Sor-Varanger July 1882 (SS). 64 N. Rnaben

Fig. .5. A. E. nuartta Hb.

Fig. G. A. E. lan,eala Hb. <;> Boerum. Sandvika [5 May 1934 (EB). B. G. pumilala Hb. 9 Sarps­ borg 20 May 1922 (EB). C. C. ch/oerala Mab. Q Sal tela!. Storjord 5 July 1898 (SS). D. C. reclan­ gulalG L. <;> Sarpsborg 25 June 1921 (EB). E. C. /Nlangulata L. Q Oslo 19 July 1885 (WMS). F. C. debiliala Hb. Q Nesodden. Spro 21 July 191G (KH). G. C. coronala Hb. 0 Moss July 1916 (EB). H. C. c%nala Hb. <;> Frogn, HflOya 15 June 1947 (MO).

5 - Norsk enl' Tldsskr. 66 N. Knaben

Schneider (1882), AAy: Tvedestrand, Nes ger 1965. T ephroclystia absinthiata; Barca Verk. Lie-Pettersen (1897), SFi: Lrerdal, Bla­ 1910; Hawkshaw 1919, Gmnlien 1921. flat. Strand (1900), Nsy: Denna, and TEy: Localities: 0stfold: Sarpsborg (Grimsgaard, Skien. Strand (1901), Nne: Hamamy. Barca EB); Moss (EB); Jeley (EB, GN). Akershus: (1910), 0: Moss. Buxton (1914), MRi: Surna­ As (He); Frogn: Asponn (PS); Nesodden: da1, Moen. Feichtenberger (1965), Nsi: Nord­ Spro (KH); Oslo: Wratz lekke (Es), Tobisens Rana, Tveranes and Mofjell (350 m). lekke (Es), Rosenberg (Es), Frogner (Es), Doubtful or erroneous records: Eupithecia Teyen (Si, WMS), Bygdey (Munster); Asker satyrata, Scheyen (1881), Fe: Kirkenes. Eu­ (JH, CFL). Hedmark, HEs: Kvikne: Sverja pithecia satyrata, Sparre Schneider (1883), (MO). Opp/and (On): Lom (CFL). ?Buske­ Fe: Melkefoss. Eupithecia satyrata, Sparre rud (Bo): Adal: Maribo (JR) ex larvae. Vest­ Schneider (1895a), Fe: Kirkenes, Melkefoss, fold: Sem: Skallevoll (OK), Jarlsberg hoved­ Strand. gard (OK), Narvemd (CFL); Tj0me: Ormelet Distribution: From 58° to 70° N.L. Vertical (KH). Telemark (TEi): Seljord: Flatdal (MO). distribution: From sea level to 1000 m (Bv: Aust-Agder (AAy): Riser (Th), Laget (NK); Ustaoset). First capture: Oslo ~, ~ 11 June Tromeya (MO); Grimstad (CFL). Vest-Agder 1846 (Si). Recorded food-plants: Different (VAy): Vennesla: Vigeland (Haw); Segne Compositae, Dipsaceae etc. Flight: 5 May-3 (CFL); Kvinesdal: Gjemlestad (NK, Ro). July.;;, Rogaland (Ry): Klepp: Vig (AN); Sandnes Remarks: Variation is considerable, many (AN), Gausel (AN(Fu). Ri: Sauda (FJ). Hor­ forms have been named (Hoffmeyer 1966, daland (HOy): Fjelberg: Srebe (MO); Os: Juul 1948). Nordstmna (AN); Bergen: Munkebotn (SS), Fleyen (EB).HOi: Voss (NG). Sogn og Fjor­ dane (SFi): Aurland (NK). More og Romsdal (MRi): Sunndal: Jenstad (MO). Sor-Tronde­ Eupithecia tripunctaria Herrich-Schiiffer, lag (STy): 0rland (MO); Afjord: Monstad 1852 (Figs 3B, 8F, 9B) (MO). STi: Trondheim (MO). Nord-Tronde­ Norwegian necords.o Eupithecia tripunctaria, lag (NTi): Snasa (SS); Grong (WMS); Nordli Knaben 1944; Opheim 1972; Liihr 1973. (MO). N ordland (Nsy): Bindal: Tosebotn Localities: 0stfold: Jeley ~ 1952, ~ 6 June (MO). Nsi: Grane: Klovimoen (ES); Hatt­ 1953, ~ 15 Aug., ~ 15 Sept. 1954, 2 ~~ 20 fjelldal (ES), Pantdalslien (ES); Saltdal June, ~ 25 June 1955, ~ 8 July 1956 (GN). (WMS); eBiarn: Tolla (SS). Nno: Tysfjord Akershus: Asker 23 June 1959 (CFL). Aust­(ES). Nnv: Svolvrer (MO). Troms (TRy): Agder (AAy): Tromey ~ 28 June 1957 (AB). Senja (NK). TRi: Bardu: Altevatn (CFL); Vest-Agder (VAy): Segne ~ 16 June, ~ 22 Miilselv: Dividal (CFL); Balsfjord: Skjiiviker June 1960 (CFL). Sogn og Fjordane (SFi): (SR); Nordreisa: Sappen (NK). Hafslo ~ 6 July 1938 (NK). Not verified records: Lie-Pettersen (1898), Distribution: Only 4 localities on the south­ SFi: Stryn July 1898. Feichtenberger (1965), east coast and one in the inner part of western Nsi: Nord-Rana: Tveranes and Saltdal: Stor­ Norway. Vertical distribution: Not above 100 jord. m. First capture: SFi: Hafslo ~ 6 July 1938 Distribution: Between 58° and 70° N.L. Ver­ (NK). Recorded food-plants: Different Um­ tical distribution: From sea level to 600 m belliderae, also Sambucus (1. generation). (HEn: Sverja). First capture: Oslo: ~ 25 June Flight: 6 June-8 July, 15 Aug.-15 Sept. 1846 (Es). Recorded food-plants: Different species of Compositae. Flight: 9 May-8 June, 22 June-3 Sept. Remarks: E. absinthiata and the next species, Eupithecia absinthiata (Clerck, 1759) (Figs E. goossensiata, are very closely related. There 3C, 70, 8B, 15A) are no reliable characters by which to sepa­ Norwegian records: Eupithecia absinthiata; rate the two species. Juul's (1946) claim that Sparre Schneider 1881, 1893, 1901; Sch0yen the number of hairs on papillae should dis­ 1882, 1893; Lampa 1885; Huitfeldt-Kaas tinguish the two species, could not be sustained 1892; Haanshus 1921; Opheim 1938, 1950, by the examination of a great amount of 1972; Nielsen 1956; Liihr 1960; Feichtenber­ material. Eupithecia 67

Fig. 15. Distribution of the Eupithecia group in Norway. A. Eupithecia absinthiata, B. E. vulgata, C. E. castigata, D. E. indigata.

5· - Norsk ent'Tidsl!lkrift 68 N. Knaben

Eupithecia goossensiata Mabille (1869) (Fig. 1893; Lampa 1885; Haanshus 1921; Opheim 3D) 1938, 7950, 1972; Lundetrx 1938; Werner Norwegian records: Eupithecia goossensiata; 1940; Nielsen 1956; Liihr 1960; Berggren Opheim (1972). 1970; Mehl 1971. Tephroclystia vulgata; Localities: Akershus: Nesodden: Spro (KH). Strand 1904; Barca 1910; Grenlien 1921. Aust-Agder (AAy): Riser: Laget (NK). Hor­ Localities: 0stfold: Hvaler (ES); Onsey: daland (HOi): Voss (as 'T. trisignaria' NG). Rauer (EB); Sarpsborg (EB); Moss (EB); Jeley N ordland (Nsi): Hattfjelldal (ES). (EB, GN, MO). Akershus: As (He); Frogn: Distribution: A few localities north to 65°30" Haeya (CFL), Asponn (PS); Nesodden: Spro N.L. Vertical distribution: Not found above (KH); Oslo: Rosenberg (Es), Vettakollen 200 m. First captune: Nsi: Hattfjelldal ~ 19 (MO); Bxrum: Sandvika (EB), Slependen July 1899 (ES). Recorded food-plant: Calluna. (AD), Kjaglidalen (CFL); Asker (CFL), Gull­ Flight: 31 May-3 Sept. hella (MO); Eidsvoll (WMS). Hedmark Remarks: The specimens of E. goossensiata (HEs): Ser,-Odal (WMS); Leten OWl; Vang: are all determined from outer appearances Hjellum (WC); Hamar (CFL). Oppland (Os): only. Knaben was not convinced that E. S. Land: Odnes (ES); Lillehammer (WMS), goossensiata was a good species. Nansenskolen (AN); Ringebu (EB). On: V. Slidre: Einang (NK); Vaga: Hindseter (CFL); Eupithecia assimilata Doubleday, 1856 (Figs Lom: Fossberg (CFL), Solell (CFL); Dovre: 3E, 7Q, 8Ad, 12A) Dombas (WMS). Buskerud (BfJ): Reyken: He­ Norwegian records: Eupithecia minulata; vik (MO); Kongsberg: Raje (MO), Skrim Scheyen 1875. Eupithecia minutata; Scheyen (MO). Bv: Gol (NK). Vestfold: Holmestrand 1880a, 1893. T ephroclystia assimilata; Torpe (NK); Tjeme: Red (MO); Brunlanes: Nev­ 1926. Eupithecia assimilata; Haanshus 1930; lunghavn (EB). Telemark (TEy): Skien Nielsen 1956; Berggren 1970; Opheim 1972. (WMS); Kragem (ACD). Aust-Agder (AAy): Localities: 0stfold: Jeley (EB). Akershus: Riser (Th), Laget (NK). Vest-Agder (VAy): Nesodden: Spro (KH); Bxrum: Slependen Kristiansand (KB); Vennesla: Vigeland (as (AD). Hedmark (HEs): Ser-Odal (WMS). 'Chloroclystis rectungulata' Haw.); Segne Oppland (Os): Ringebu (EB). On: Lom (CFL). (CFL); Kvinesdal: Gjemlestad (NK); Sire­ Telemark (TEi): Kviteseid: Vradal OR). osen (ES). Rogaland (Ry): Klepp: Vig (AN), Vest-Agder (VAy): Kristiansand (WMS, KB); Orre (AN, NK), Ase (AN), Reve (FJ); Sand­ Segne (CFL); Kvinesdal: Gjemlestad (NK). nes: Gausel (EF, AN). Ri: Sand NK). Horda­ Rogaland (Ry): Ogna (WMS); Sandnes: Gau­ land (HOy): Fjelberg: Halsney kloster (MO); sel (AN, Fu); Klepp: 0ksnevad (AN) Horda­Tysnes: Onarheim (MO); iFtjar (MO); Os: land (HOy): Os: Lekven (EB), Hagavik (NK). Hagavik (NK); Bergen: Skipanes (EB), Tho­ HOi: Voss (NG, Torpe). Nord-TrfJndelag reshaug (EB), Minde (EB), Kalfaret (MO), (NTi): Grong (WMS). Fjellveien (NK), Starefoss (NK), Fleyen Doubtful and erroneous records: Eupithecia (NK); Herdla (NK); Osterey: Kleppe (MO). minutata, Sparre Schneider (1890), AK: Oslo: HOi: Reldal (CFL); Odda (To); Dllensvang St. Hanshaugen, a few specimens. (NG); Utne (EB); Kinsarvik: Djenno (Lu, Distribution: Moderately distributed from 58° NK); Granvin (EB); Voss (NG). Sogn og to 62° N.L. North of this area an isolated Fjordane (SFy): Heyanger: Vadheim (NK); locality at 64°30" N.L. Vertical distribution: Jelster: Skei (NK). SFi: Balestrand: Beyum From sea level to 400 m (On: Lom). First (NK); Leikanger: Foshage (NK); Aurland: capture: HEs: Ser-Odal 2 <;?<;? 10 June 1883 Gudvangen (NK), Otternes (NK); Lxrdal: (WMS). Recorded food-plants: Humulus, 0degard (MO), Eri (MO); Borgund: Vind­ Ribes nigrum. Flight: 6 May-20 July. hella (NK), Eggum (NK); Innvik: Bruland Remarks: E. assimilata is not easy to distin­ (NK); Stryn: Hammerstadlia (NK), Arheim guish from E. absinthiata superficially, but (NK), iVsnes (NK), Videseter (MO). MfJre the male can be separated by its ventral plate. og Romsdal (MRy): 0rsta OWl; Alesund Eupithecia vulgata (Haworth, 1809) (Figs 3F, OR); 0rskog (WMS). MRi: Stranda: Geir­ 7K, 8Ab, 15B) anger (CFL); Rauma: Skiri (MO); Sunndal: Norwegian records: Eupithecia vulgata; Spar­ Jenstad (MO), Jenstadlia (MO), Gjera (MO); re Schneider 1876a, 1890, 1901. Scheyen 1879, Surnadal: Kvanne (RM). SfJr-TrfJndelag Eupithecia 69

(STy): 0rland (MO); Mjord: Monstad (MO). Not verified record: Loken (1966), SFi: Flam Nord-Tnmdelag (NTi): Verran: Fines (MO); (Peltonen). IndenlY (WMS); Beitstad (WMS); Snasa Doubtful necord: Knaben (1944), NTi: Snasa (WMS); Grong (WMS). Nordland (Nno): <;? 10 July 1884 (WMS). This locality which is Tysfjord (as 'E. castigata' and 'E. satyrata the northernmost in Norway does not figure trans var. callunaria' ES). in Knaben's list. Doubtful and erroneous records: Eupithecia Distribution: Occurs not uncommonly from vulgata, Strand (1900), Nsy: Donna. Eupithe­58° to 62°50" N.L. North of the area one loca­ cia vulgata, Lie-Pettersen (1902), HOi: Har­ lity only, at 63°50" N.L. (NTi: Fines). Vertical dangervidda, Fossli, Bjoreidal, Isdal, Syssen­ distribution: From sea level to 800 m (MRi: dal. Haanshus (1921), Ak: Epro, in part = Havsas). First capture: Oslo ~ July 1846 E. sobrinata and E. castigata. (ZMT). Recorded food-plant: . Distribution: Fairly common from 58°0 to Flight: 10 June-19 Aug. 64°30" N.L. In North Norway one locality Remarks: The species has been mixed up only at 68° N.L. (Nno: Tysfjord). Vertical with other species like E. castigata, E. intri­ distribution: From sea level to 1200 m (On: cata and E. immundata. Solell). First capture: Oslo: Rosenberg <;? 6 The dark form atraria H.S. was found at a July 1848 (Es). Recorded food-plants: Scrubs few localities in SFy and SFi: Nordfjord, and and lower plants. Flight: 30 Apr.-17 July. at MRi: Sunndal.

Eupithecia denotata (Hiibner, 1809-13) (Figs Eupithecia castigata (Hiibner, 1809-1.3) (Figs 3G, 8E, 12B) 3H, 7C, 8D, 13B) Norwegian records: Eupithecia denotata; Norwegian records: Eupithecia castigata; Knaben 1944; Opheim 1950, 1972; Nielsen Schoyen 1879, 1883, 1893; Lampa 1885; 1956; Liihr 1960; Loken 1966; Berggren 1970. Strand 1899, 1900; Haanshus 1921; Lunde­ Localities: 0stfold: Onsoy: Rauer (EB); Moss tree 1938; Werner 1940; Opheim 1950, 1959, (EB); Jeloy: Orkerod (EB), Refsnes (GN). 1972; Nielsen 1956; Liihr 1960; Berggren Akershus: Nesodden: Spro (as 'immundata' 1970. T ephroclystia castigata; Strand 1902. KH); Oslo: Kristiania (ZMT, ex pupa as Localities: 0stfold: Sarpsborg (EB); Jeloy 'castigata' JR), Toyen (as 'helveticaria' WMS), (EB, GN, MO, AN). Akershus: Frogn: Asponn Rosenberg (Es), Slemdal OR), Oscarshall (as (PS), Haoya (MO, CFL); Nesodden: Spro 'castigata' Es), Bygd0Y (Mu), Berg (NK); (KH); Oslo: Tobisens lokke (Es), Toyen (ST), Asker (CFL). Hedmark (REs): Hamar (CFL). Aker (WMS), Nordstrandshoyden (ER), Ho­ Oppland (On): Vaga: Vagamo (MO, AN); vedoya (MO); Beerum: Sandvika (EB), Slepen­ Lom: Fossberg (CFL, MO). Buskerud (Bo): den (AU); Asker (MO, CFL), Nesoya (NK); Lier: S. Linnes (NK). Bv: Al (as 'helveticaria, N Holand: Bjorkelangen (NK, MO); Hurdal: ?conterminata, ?hyperboreata' ES). Aust­Tomte (AB). Hedmark (HEs): Sor-Odal Agder (AAy): Risor: Laget (NK). AAi: Byg­ (WMS); Hamar (CFL). Oppland (Os): S. land: Austad (ES). Vest-Agder (VAy): Kris­ Land: Odnes (ES); Sor-Aurdal (WMS); Lille­ tiansand (KB). Rogaland (Ry): Bjerkreim: hammer (WMS); Ringebu (EB). On: V. Slidre: Austrumdal (FJ); Klepp: Orre (AN), Vig Einang (NK), Hausaker (NK); Vaga: Kvar­ (AN, MO), Reve (FJ); Sandnes: Gausel (EF, berg (MO), Vagamo (AN); Sel: Otta (MO). AN)). Ri: Erfjord (ES). Hordaland (HOy): Laurgard (WMS); Lom (CFL). Buskerud (Bo): Fitjar (MO); Os: Nordstf0na (AN); Osteroy: Lier: S. Linnes (NK). Bv: Al (as'?lariciata' Kleppe (MO, AN). HOi: Voss (NG). Sogn og ES), Tune (ES). Vestfold: Tjome (MO). T ele­ Fjordane (SFy): Nordfjordeid (NK). SFi: mark (TEy): Porsgrunn (ES); Kragef0: Fos­ Aurland: Vassbygdi (NK), Flam (Peltonen); sing (AU). TEi: Nissedal, Nes (MO). Aust­ Borgund: Vindhella (NK); Luster: Skjolden Agder (AAy): Risor (Th), Laget (NK); Trom­ (NK); Breim: Byrkjelo (NK); Stryn (NK), oya (MO); Eide: Norholmen (NK). Vest­ Arheim NK), Hjelle (NK). More og Romsdal Agder (VAy): Kristiansand (KB); Sogne (MRy): 0rsta OWl. MRi: Stranda: Geiran­ (CFL). VAi: Sirdal (ES). Rogaland (Ry): ger (as 'castigata' WMS); Sunndal: Havsas Vaule (AN); Klepp: Orre (AN); Sandnes: (MO), Gikling (MO). Nord-Trondelag (NTi): Gausel (AN, EF). Hordaland (HOy): Fjel­ Verran: Fines (MO). berg: Borgundoy (MO); Tysnes: Onarheim 70 N. Knaben

(MO), Anuglo (B&L); Bergen: Minde (EB). (EB), Orkemd (EB), Refsnes (GN, AN). HOi: Kinsarvik Djenno (Lu). Sogn og Fjor­ Akershus: As (He); Nesodden: Spro (KH); dane (SFy): Heyanger: Vadheim (NK); Gau­ Oslo: Dragonskogen (Es), Frogner (Es), In­ lar: Viken (NK); Jelster: Skei (NK). SFi: cognito (Es), Rosenberg (Es), Teyen (Si), Balestrand: Beyum (NK); Sogndal: Bergeplass Bygdey (Mu, MO); Ba:rum: Hevik (NK); (NK); Luster: Solvorn (NK), Skjolden (NK); Asker (CFL). Oppland (Os): Gjevik (Aa). Aurland: Fretheim (NK), Nyheim (NK), Ot­ Buskerud (Bo): Lier: S. Linnes (NK). Vest­ ternes (NK), Vassbygdi (NK); La:rdal: Bla­ fold: Sem (CFL); Tjeme: Ormelet (KH). flat (NK); Borgund: Eggum (NK), Vindhella Aust-Agder (AAy): Riser (Th), Laget (NK); (NK); Ardal: 0vre Ardal (NK); Stryn: Ned­ Nes Verk (SS); Froland: (MO); Grim­ stryn (NK), Hjelle (NK), Videseter MO). stad (CFL). AAi: Bygland: Austad (ES), More og Romsdal (MRy): 0rskog (WMS); Dale (PS). Vest-Agder (VAy): Kristiansand Sunndal: Jenstadlia (MO). Sor-Trondelag (KB); Segne (CFL); Kvinesdal: Gjemlestad (STy): 0rland (MO); Bjugn: Sa:ter (MO); (NK). Rogaland (Ry): Bjerkreim (AN); Klepp: Afjord: Monstad (MO). STi: Oppdal: Kongs­ Vig (AN, MO), Reve (FJ); Sandnes: Gausel voll (NK); Orkdal: Sevatn (RD). Nord-Tron­ (EF); Sola: Kolnes (FJ). Hordaland (HOy): delag (NTi): Indemy (WMS); Grong: Fiskum Bergen (MO); Ostemy: Losstad (MO). HOi: (CFL); Snasa (WMS), Finsas (AB). Nordland Dllensvang (NG). Sogn og Fjordane (SFi): (Nsy): Bindal (Dahl), Tosdalen (MO); Semna: Aurland: Vassbygdi (Sotavalta). More og Sandvag (MO); Vevelstad: Aursletta (NK), Romsdal (MRi): Stranda: Geiranger (WM~); Visten (NK); Hemy: Denna (ES); Fauske Rauma: Flatmark (MO). (CFL). Nsi: Grane: Majavatn (MO), Klovi­ Not verified record: Haanshus (1935): Ry: moen (ES). Ja:ren (FJ). Not v.erified records: Scheyen (1883), MRi: Distribution: From Gjevik (60°50" N.L.) in Geiranger. Strand (1900), Nsi: Hattfjelldal, eastern Norway along the coast to Romsdal Dalen. (62°30" N.L.). Vertical distribution: Lowland Doubtful records: ?Eupithecia castigata, species, not found above 250 m. First capture: Christie (1909), HEs: Vang, Hjellum VI. Oslo 12 July 1845 (Es). Recorded food-plants: Eupithecia castigata, Feichtenberger (1965), Achillea, T anacetum, Artemisia. Flight: Nsi: Nord-Rana, Tveranes, Selforsfjell (150 6 June-17 Aug. m) 18 June-4 July, quite common. Distribution: Occurs in many districts from Eupithecia succenturiata (Linnaeus, 1758) 58° to 67°20" N.L. Vertical distribution: (Figs 4B, 7T, 12C) From sea level to 600 m (On: Vaga, Kvar­ Norwegian records: Eupithecia succenturiata; berg). First capture: Oslo':;? 21 June 1849 (Es). Siebke 1853; Scheyen 1875, 1879, 1893; Spar­ Recorded food-plants: Many plants and trees. re Schneider 1876a, 1882, 1890; Lampa 1885; Flight: 3 Apr., 22 May-25 July, 9 Aug. Huitfeldt-Kaas 1892; Henrichsen 1907; Remarks: E. castigata has been confused with Christie 1909; Haanshus 1921; Liihr 1960, species like E. denotata, E. lariciata and E. 1973; Berggren 1970, Opheim 1972. Tephro­ vulgata. clystia succenturiata; Barca 1910. Localities: 0stfold: Sarpsborg (EB); Moss Eupithe'cia icterata (Villers, 1789) (Figs 4A, (EB); Jeley (GN). Akershus: As (He); Nes­ 7R, lIB) odden: Spro (KH); Oslo: Rosenberg (ES), Norwegian necords: Eupithecia subfulvata; Frogner (ES), Youngsl0kke (Si), Teyen (Si, Sparre Schneider 1876a, 1882; Scheyen 1883, WMS), V. Aker (SS), Bygd0Y (Mu), Slemdal 1893; Lampa 1885; Henrichsen 1907; Haans­ (SS), Grefsen (MO); Ba:rum: Slependen (AD), hus 1921; Berggren 1970. Tephroclystia sub­ Osteya (CFL); Asker (CFL). Hedmark (HEs): fulvata; Strand 1904; Barca. T ephroclystia Ser-Odal (WMS); Vang: Hjellum (JR); Ha­ succenturiata v. subfulvata; Gmnlien 1921. mar (AB); Ringsaker: Helgeya (WC). Opp­ Epithecia (sic!) icterata; Haanshus 1935. Eu­ land (Os): Lunner: Svea (MO); Gran: Rey­ pithecia icterata; Werner 1940; Opheim 1950, kenvik (THS); Ser-Aurdal: Bagn (KH); 1972; Nielsen 1956; Leken 1966; Seglen 1967. Nord-Aurdal (WMS); 0yer (Si, JR); Ringe­ Localities: 0stfold: Onsey: Rauer (EB); Moss bu (WMS). On: V. Slidre: Einang (NK); Sel: (EB); Vansje: Dalen (EB); Jeley: Rosnes Heidal (SS); Lom (CFL). Vestfold: Sem Eupithecia 71

(CFL); Tj0me (KG). 7elemark (7Ey): Jom­ Oppland (Os): Gran: Stastad (MO). Vestfold: fruland (MO). Aust-Agder (AAy): Trom0ya Sem (OK); Stavern (JR). 7elemark (7Ey): (AB). Vest-Agder: VAy): Kristiansand (KB). Kragem (JR). Aust-Agder (AAy): Ris0r (Th). Sogn og Fjordane (SFi): Borgund: Vindhelle - In all 32 specimens, the main part collected (NK). More og Romsdal (MRy): Tingvoll: between the years 1913-27. Straumsnes (KK). N ord-7 rondelag (N7i): Distribution: Eastern Norway between 58°40" Grong; Harran (CFL). and 60°30" N.L. Vertical distribution: In the Distribution: Eastern Norway between 58° lowlands up to 200 m. First capture: Oslo: and 62° N.L., but only two localities in west­ Frogner 2 iSiS 1 July 1848 (Es), and latest ern Norway (SFi: Borgund, Vindhella and capture: Vestfold: Sem Cj? 15 Aug. 1939 (OK). MRy: Tingvoll, Straumsnes), and an isolated Recorded food-plants: Chenopodium, Atri­ locality at 64°30" N.L. Vertical distribution: plex. Flight: 1 July-15 Aug. From sea level to 500 m. First capture: Oslo is 6 July 1848 (Es). Recorded food-plants: Eupithecia sinuosaria (Eversmann, 1848) (Figs Artemisia, Achillea. Flight: 22 June-6 Aug. 4E, 9C) Eupithecia subumbrata (Denis & Schiffer­ Norwegian records: 7 ephroclystia sinuosaria; muller, 1775) (Figs 4C, 10F) Barca 1910; Gmnlien 1921. Eupithecia sinuo­ Norwegian records: Eupithecia subumbrata; saria; Wahlgren 1921; Haanshus 1921; Opheim 1968, 1972. Christie 1923; Opheim 1938, 1972; Lundetne 1938; Luhr 1960. Localities: 0stfold: Je10Y is, 2 Cj?Cj? 6 June 1953, is 25 June 1955, is 11 June 1956 (GN); Hvaler: Localities: 0stfold: Sarpsborg (EB); Ons0y: S. Sand0Y is 11 June 1967 (MO). Akershus: Rauer (EB); Moss (EB); Jel0Y (EB, GN). Akershus: As (He); Nesodden: Spro (KH); Oslo: V. Aker Cj? 6 1899 (SS), Tveita is 15 June 1967 (KM). Hedmark (HEs): S0r­ Oslo: Nordstrand (WMS), Kristiania (JR), Odal is 4 June 1882, is June 1882 (WMS). Bygd0Y (Mu). Hedmark (HEs): Vang: Hjel­ Doubtful and erroneous records: ?Eupithecia lum (WC): Mamar (Rost). HEn: Stor-Elvdal: scabriosata, Sparre Schneider (1882). Eupithe­Koppang (Granberg). Oppland Os): S0r-Aur­ cia scabiosata, Lampa (1885), AAy: Nes Verk dal: Bagn (KH). On: V. Slidre: L0ken (EB), 5 Aug. 1876, several specimens. There are no Vollen (NK); 0. Slidre: Beito (MO); Sel: specimens from Nes Verk in the Norwegian Heidal (SS); Vaga: Vagamo (AN); Lom: collections. Eupithecia subumbrata, Luhr R0ysheim (JR), Fossberg (CFL, NK); Dovre: (1970), On: Lom, Fossberg 30 June 1968. I Rudi (EB). Vestfold: Nevlunghavn (EB). 7 c­ (MO) have not seen the specimen from Lom, lemark (7Ei): Kviteseid: Vriidal (JR). Aust­ and I consider it improbable that the species Agmer (AAy): Risor (Th), Laget (NK). Hor­ occurs far north of the known area of distri­ daland (HOi): Ullensvang (NG); Kinsarvik: bution. Djonno (Lu); Voss (NG). Sogn og Fjordane Distribution: Eastern part of the Oslofjord (SFi): Lerdal: 0degard (MO). district, and then inland to HEs: S0r-Odal Distribution: Eastern Norway from 58°40" (60°14" N.L.). Vertical distribution: Lowland to 62° N.L., and a few localities in inner part species, below 150 m. First capture: HEs: of western Norway. Vertical distribution: S0r-Odal is 4 June 1882 (WMS). Recorded From sea level to 800 m (On: Beito). First food-plants: Umbelliferae, Compositae. capture: Oslo: Nordstrand Aug. 1907 (WMS). Flight: 4-25 June. Recorded food-plants: Chenopodium, Atri­ plex. Flight: 25 May-2 Aug. Eupithecia subnotata (Hubner, 1809, 13) (Figs 4D, lOG) Eupithecia indigata (Hubner, 1809-13) (Figs Norwegian records: Eupithecia subnotata; 4F, 7G, 15D) Sch0yen 1885, 1893; Lampa 1885; Haanshus Norwegian records: Eupithecia indigata; 1921; Opheim 1943, 1972. 7ephroclystia sub­Sch0yen 1882, 1893; Lampa 1885; Sparre notata; Barca 1922; Haanshus 1923. Schneider 1893; Strand 1900, 1901; Haans­ Localities: 0stfold: Ons0y: Rauer (EB); Moss hus 1927, 1928; Nielsen 1956; Luhr 1960; (EB). Akershus: Nesodden: Spro (KH); Oslo: Berggren 1970; Opheim 1972. 7 ephroclystia Frogner (Es), Rosenberg (Es), Tobisens lokke indigata; Barca 1910, 1923; Gmnlien 1921. (Es), T0yen (ST); Asker, Bmnn0ya (SP). Localitics: 0stfold: Hvaler (as 'conterminata', 72 N. Knaben

ES); Sarpsborg (EB); 0ymark (ES); Jeley Klepp: Vig ~, <;> 1 Aug. 1950, 2 ~~ 17 July (EB, GN). Akershus: Frogn: Hleya (CFL); 1952, ~ 24 July 1956 (AN), ~ 14 Aug. 1949 Nesodden: Spro (KH); Oslo: Ekeberg ~ (as (FJ); Randaberg: Sande ~ 1 July 1936 (FJ). 'conterminata', WMS), Bogstad (JR); Asker: Sogn og Fjordane (SFi): Leikanger: ~ 2 July Gullhella (MO). Hedmark (HEs): Ser-Odal 1939 (NK); Aurland: Vassbygdi 15 Aug. 1965 (WMS). Oppland (On): Lom: Reysheim (JR), (Sotavalta). More og Romsdal (MRi): Stranda: Fossberg (CFL). Vestfold: Hvasser (NK). Geiranger <;> medio July 1880 (WMS). T elemark (TEy): Nome: Ulefoss (ES). TEi: Erroneous record: Eupithecia pimpinellata, Nissedal: Treungen (FS). Vest-Agder (VAy): Haanshus (1927, 1928), AK: Spro (= E. Kristiansand (KB). Rogaland (Ry): Klepp: absinthiata (Cl.). Vig (AN); Sandnes: Gausel (EF). Hordaland Distribution: In south-eastern Norway along (HOy): Os: Hagavik (NK). HOi: Kinsarvik: the coast, and in the western districts from Djenno (NK). Nordland (Nsi): Saltdal 58°40" to 62°10" N.L. in few localities. In (WMS). north-eastern Norway, one locality only, at Not verified records: Grenlien (1921): HOi: 62° N. L. Vertical distribution: From sea level Voss one specimen June 1910. to 400 m (On: Lom). First capture: MRi: Doubtful and erroneous records: Eupithecia Geiranger <;> medio July 1880 (WMS). Re­ indicata, Scheyen 1880, Nsi: Saltdal: Sundby corded food-plants: Pimpinella and also other and Storjord several specimens primo June Umbelliferae, and Compositae. Flight: 1 July­ 1879 (= E. virgaureata altenaria Stgr.). 15 Aug. Scheyen (1882), Nsi: Saltdal 1881. Only one <;> correctly determined, all the others are E. Eupithecia gelidata Moschler, 1860 (Figs 4H, virgaureata altenaria Stgr. Record from HEs: 7J, 16A) Ser-Odal is correct. Strand (1900), Nsi: Norwegian T1ecords: Eupithecia hyperboreata; Grane, Klovimoen a couple of specimens Staudingerl861; W ocke 1864; Sparre Schnei­ 1899. Not present in the museum collections. der 1876a, 1881, 1883, 1889, 1893, 1895a; Strand (1901), Nne: Tysfjord 1900. Doubtful Scheyen 1879, 1880, 1881, 1883, 1893; Sand­ record. ?Tephroclystia indigata, Strand berg 1883, 1885; Lampa 1885; Strand 1900, (1902), Os: Odnes, specimens not present in 1901; Werner 1940; Opheim 1950. Tephro­ the museum collections. clystia hyperboreata; Strand 1902; Sparre Distribution: Scattered localities from 58° Schneider 1921. Eupithecia gelidata hyper­ to 62° N.L. In northern Norway only one boreata; Feichtenberger 1965, Opheim 1972. locality at 67° N.L. Vertical distribution: Localities: Hedmark (HEn): Trysil: Terberget From sea level to 500 m (On: Rflysheim). (FS). Oppland (Os): Ringebu (WMS) On: V. First capture: Oslo: Ekeberg ~ 10 May 1880 Slidre: Grensenn sr. (NK); 0. Slidre: Beito (WMS). Recorded food-plants: Pinus, Larix. (NK, MO); Lom: Beverdalen (WMS); Sel: Flight: 30 Apr.-19 July. Hevringen (CFL); Dovre: Dombas (WMS). Remarks: E. indigata was considered in the Buskerud (Bv): Gol (AN); Fla (RB). Horda­ last century by many lepidopterologists to be land (HOi): Reldal: Horda (Lu); Voss (NG). a variety of .e. virgaureata (Sparre Schneider Sogn og Fjordane (SFi): Vik: Malset (NK); 1895). Accordingly most specimens of the Stryn: Bruland, Vinsrygg and Hammerstadli latter from that time were placed under the (NK). More og Romsdal (MRy): 0rskog E. indigata label in the museum's collection. (WMS); Smela: Hopen (RD). MRi: Sunndal: Havsas (MO). SfJr-TrfJndelag (STi): Oppdal: Eupithecia pimpinellata (Hubner, 1809-13) Kongsvoll (NG, NK); Orkdal: Sevatn (RD). (Figs 4G, 9D) Nordland (Nsy): Denna (ES). Nsi: Hattfjell­ Norwegian records: Eupithecia pimpinellata; dal: Dalen (ES). NnfJ: Skjomen: Elvegard Scheyen 1883, 1893; Lampa 1885; Werner (MO). Nnv: Ledingen (ES). Troms (TRy): 1940; Nielsen 1956; Luhr 1960; Laken 1966; Tromse: Tromsdal (SS), Ramfjord (SR); Opheim 1972. Senja (NK). TRi: Malselv: Mauken and Localities: 0stfold: Jeley ~ 1952 (GN). Opp­ Bjerkeng (SS); Kvcenangen (SS); Nordreisa: land (On): Lom 15 July 1956, <;> 11 July 1960 Javreoaivek (NK). Finnmark (Fi): Alta: Bose­ (CFL). Aust-Agder (AAy): Riser ~ (Th); kop (ES, JR, EB), Kafjord (EB). Fn: Pors­ Tromeya ~ 14 July 1955 (AB). Rogaland (Ry): anger: Kistrand (0w), Banak (CFL). FfJ: Eupithecia 73

Fig. 16. Distribution of the Eupithecia group in Norway. A. Eupithecia gelidata, B. E. virgaureata, C. E. sobrinata, D. Chloroclystis chloerata. 74 N. Knaben

Polmak: Aleknjarg (SS); Sor-Varanger: Nei­ (Fu). Hordaland (HOy): Os: Hagavik (NK); den (CFL), Strand (SS, We), Kirkenes, Svan­ Bergen: Knatten (NK); Herdla (NK). HOi: vik, Svanvatn, Melkefoss, Mennika and Voss: Vossevangen (NG). MfJre og Romsdal Jacobselv (We), Elvenes (OK), Vaggetem (MRy): Molde OR). (CFL). Erroneous record: Eupitheeia nanata, Strand Doubtful and erroneous records: Eupithecia (1900), Nsy: Donna 3 specimens 25 June 1899 hyperboreata, Schoyen (1882), and Tephro­(= E. hyperboreata Stgr.). clystia hyperboreata, Sparre Schneider (1907), Not verified record: Sparre Schneider (1901), Nsi: Saltdal. There are no specimens from HOy: Bergen one specimen (LP). this locality in the Norwegian Zoological Distribution: A coastal species with a range Museums. ?Eupithecia hyperboreata, Strand from Oslo in the east to

1919; Tephroclystia virgaureata v. alternaria; eastern part of Sweden: Smiland, Oland and Sparre Schneider 1921. Eupithecia virgaureata Gotland. The southern limit of distribution cum f. alternaria; Feichtenberger 1965. Eu­ of E. v. alternaria goes from Dalecarlia to pithecia virgaureata; Opheim 1972; Liihr Angermanland (Nordstrom 1943, 1953). 1973. Localities: Akershus: Ullensaker <;> 5 June Eupithecia dodoneata Guenee, 1857 (Figs 5D, ~ 1887 (WMS). Hedmark (HEs): Ser-Odal 5 9E) June, <;> 8 June 1884 (WMS). Oppland (Os): Norwegian records: T ephroclystia dodoneata; ~ Lunner: Mylla 12 June 1943 (MO); S. Hawkshaw 1919. Eupithecia dodoneata; Kna­ Land: Odnes <;> 1901 (ES). On: Lom (CFL). ben 1955; Nielsen 1956; Opheim 1972. Vest-Agder (VAy): Vennesla: Vigeland 7 Localities: Aust-Agder (AAy): Riser ~ (Th). June 1904 (Haw). Sogn og Fjordane (SFy): Vest-Agder (VAy): Vennesla: Vigeland 14 Jelster: Skei <;> 3 July 1942 (NK). Nordland May 1907 (as 'lariciata' Haw); Segne ~ 12 (Nsy): Meley (SR). Nsi: Grane: Klovimoen June 1960 (CFL). Rogaland (Ry): Sandnes: (ES); Saltdal (WMS). Nno: Skjomen: Fjellbu Gausel <;> 13 June, <;> 26 June 1951, 3 ~~, (MO). Troms (TRy): Tromse: Prestvatn (SR); <;> 4 June 1952, <;> 25 May, <;> 30 May, ~ 10 Senja (NK). TRi: Bardu: Innsetfallet (AF); June, <;> 15 June 1953, ~ 23 May, ~ 3 June Milselv: Nordmo (SS), Olsborg(NK), Bjerk­ 1954 (AN), <;> 10 June 1953, ~, 4 99 26 May eng (SS), Dividal (CFL); Storfjord: Skibotn 1954 (Fu). Hordaland (HOy): Bergen: Myr­ (SS), Helligskogen (CFL); Nordreisa: Javre­ vann <;> 15 May 1965, ~ 4 June 1966 (AF). oaivek (NK); Kva:nangen (Kaisila). Finnmark Distribution: Along the coast from Riser in the (Fi): Alta (Stgr., WMS, EB), Vina (EB), southeast to Bergen in the west. Vertical Romsdal (EB). Fn: Porsanger: Lakselv distribution: Below 100 m. First capture: (WMS). Fo: Ser-Varanger: Strand (SS), El­ VAy: Vigeland 14 May 1907 (Haw). Re­ venes (OK), Vaggatem (CFL), Jarfjord (CFL). corded food-plant: Quercus. Flight: 23 May­ Doubtful record: Eupithecia altenaria, Sparre 25 June. Schneider 1879, HOi: Kvam, Tangeriis very worn specimen primo July 1874, del. Stgr. Not verified records: Sparre Schneider (1921), Eupithecia sobrinata (Hubner, 1814-17) (Figs TRi: Milselv, Melkelvli one specimen 2 July 5E, 7F, 8Aa, c, 16C) 1893. Feichtenberger (1965), Nsi: Rana, Norwegian records: Eupithecia sobrinata; Tveranes and Sjefossen many specimens 6­ Staudinger 1861; Sparre Schneider 1876a, 12 July. 1893,1901; Scheyen 1880, 1893; Lampa 1885; Distribution: Scarce in South Norway be­ Strand 1901; Haanshus 1921; Lundetra: 1938; tween 58° and 61 °30" N.L. Fairly common Nielsen 1956; Opheim 1959, 1972; Luhr 1960; in North Norway between 65°30" and 70° Feichtenberger 1965; Berggren 1970; Mehl N.L. Vertical distribution: From sea level to 1971. T ephroclystia sobrinata; Strand 1902; 400 m in South Norway, lowland species in Sparre Schneider 1904; Barca 1910; Hawk­ the north. First capture: Fi: Alta 1 July 1860 shaw 1919; Gmnlien 1921. (Stgr). Recorded food-plants: Sparre Schnei­ Localities: 0stfold: Sarpsborg (EB); Onsey: der (1897) was sceptical about Solidago and Rauer (CFL); Moss (EB); Jeley (EB, GN). Senecio as food-pl~nts for E. v. altenaria, as Akershus: Nesodden: Spro (KH); Oppegird: none of these were found near the locality. S. Oppegard (NK); Oslo (FJ): Bygdey (JR, Lhomme (1923-35) mentions quite a few Mu), Nordstrandsheyden (EB), Teyen (WMS, food-plants for E. v. virgaureata. Among NK); Ba:rum; Sandvika (EB), Slependen them Lysimachia and Cirsium might be con­ (AU); Asker (CFL). Hedmark (HEs): Ser­ sidered as food-plants for E. v. altenaria. Odal (WMS); Ringsaker; Helgeya (Es). Flight: 2 June-12 July. Oppland (Os): Lunner: Roa (MO); Ser-Aur­ Remarks: Everyone of the examined speci­ dal: agn (KH, CFL); Nord-Aurdal: Aurdal mens belonged to ssp. altenaria. Markings on (MO); Gausdal: Skeikampen (Rui). On: 0. the wings are more indistinct than found in Slidre: Beito (NK, MO); Vang (THS); Vigi: the Central Eurapeans, with a tendency to Bukkehaug (Hackman); Lom: Beverdalen become obsolete. In Scandinavia E. v. vir­ (WMS), Fossberg (KN, CFL); Skj1ik: Jeingsli gaureata has only been found in the south- (CFL). Buskerud (Bo): Modum (WMS). Bv: 76 N. KnafJen

Al (ES). Vestfold: Sem (CFL). T elemark Eupithecia lariciata (Freyer, 1842) (Figs 5F, (TEi): Kviteseid (MO). Aust-Agder (AAy): 9F) Rislilr (Th), Laget (NK); Amli: Nelaug (MO). Norwegian records: Eupithecia lariciata; AAi: Bygland: Langerak (NK), Lenggjei Schlilyen 1885, 1893; Lampa 1885; Liihr 1960; (NK); Valle (NK); Bykle (NK). Vest-Agder Opheim 1972. (VAy): Kristiansand (KB); Vennesla: Vige­ Localities: 0stfold: Sarpsborg ';? 24 June 1922 land (Haw); Slilgne (CFL); Kvinesdal: Gjem­ (EB). Oppland (On): Lom ';? 15 July 1956 lestad (NK, Ro). VAi: Fjotland: Narvestad (CFL). Vest-Agder (VAy): Mandal ~ June (NK), Aseral (HG). Rogaland (RyJ: Bjerk­ 1882 (WMS). Rogaland (Ry): Klepp: Vig ';? reim (AN), Malmin (AN), Vaule (AN); 15 Aug. 1951 (AN), 0ksnevad ';? 18 June Klepp: Vig (AN), Reve (FJ); Sandnes (AN), 1953 (AN); Time: Asland ';? 28 June 1952 Brastein (AN), Figgjo (AN), Forus (AN), (AN). Gausel (AN, Fu), Dale (Fu), Hlille (FJ); Finn­ Doubtful and erroneous records: ?Eupithecia lilY: Hidle (FJ); Imsland: Imsland brygge lariciata, Strand (1899), Bv: Al July 1898 (Lu). Ri: Forsand (Tj); Ardal (AN); Suldal (= E. castigata Hb.). T ephroclystia lariciata, (ES, Fu). Hordaland (HOy): Tysnes: Flat­ Strand (1902), Os: Odnes (= E. virgaureata rilker (MO); Bergen: Minde (EB), Apeltun­ altenaria Stgr.). ?Eupithecia lariciata, Chris­ vatn (NK), Espegrend (MO), Skipanes (EB), tie (1909), HEs: Vang, Hjellum 3 specimens Fllilyen (NK), Bellevue (NK), Kalfaret (MO), June 1906. Tephroclystia lariciata, Hawkshaw Landas (Sv), Eidsvagsnes (NK), Eidsvag (1919), VAy: Vigeland (= E. intricata Zett., (MO); OsterlilY: 0vre Botnvatn (MO). HOi: satyrata Hb., virgaureata altenaria Stgr., Kvinnherad: Omvik (Lu); Kinsarvik: Djlilnno dodoneata.• sobrinata Hb.). Eupithecia lari­ (Lu), Utne (NK); Kvam: 0stese (To); Voss ciata, Haanshus (1921, 1927, 1930), AK: Spro (NG), Kvanndalen (NK); Ulvik (NK). Sogn ~ 20 June 1918 (= E. castigata Hb.).Eupithe­ og Fjordane (SFy): Lavik (ES). SFi: Vik: cia lariciata, Feichtenberger (1965), Nsi: Framfjord (NK); Aurland (NK, AF, So), Tverilnes 7 June, Nnlil: Kjlilpsvik 14 Aug. Otternes (NK), Steine (NK), Vassbygdi (NK, Caught among Juniperus. AF, So), Flom (Af, Pe), Kvammadal (IS), Distribution: At the southern coast from Kvammahagene (AF), Li (AF); L

Eupithecia tantillaria piceata; Opheim 1972. WMS); B~rum: Lysaker (WMS), Sandvika Localities: 0stfold: Hvaler (WMS, ES); Ons­ (EB); : Movatn (MO). Hedmark ey: Rauer (EB); Sarpsborg (EB); Jeley (EB, (HEs): Ser-Odal (WMS). Oppland (Os): Lun­ GN, AN, MO). Akershus: As (He); Frogn: ner: Mylla (MO); S. Land: Odnes (ES); Fa­ Haeya (MO); Oppegard (WMS); Nesodden: berg (AB); Ringebu (WMS). Nord-Tronde­ Spro (KH); Oslo: Kristiania (ES), Teyen lag (NTi): Beitstad (WMS); Steinkj~r (WMS), Ryenberg (Si), Grefsen (WMS), V. (WMS). Nordland (Nsi): Grane: Klovimoen Aker (WMS), Bygdey (Es), Skeyen (Si), Berg (ES). (NK), Nordmarka (WMS), Appelsinhaugen Not verified record: Feichtenberger (1965), (MO); B~rum: Lysaker (WMS~, JR), Sand­ Nsi: Rana: Hveranes, Grubheia 1 - 18-30 vika (EB), Haslum MO), Osteya (NK), June. Slependen (AV), Kolsas (MO), Bjerum sag Doubtful and erroneous records: Eupithecia (NK), Kjaglidalen (CFL); Asker (MO, CFL, conterminata, Sparre Schneider (1876a), and TE); Nittedal: Movatn (MO); Vllensaker Lampa (1885), Oslo: Hegdehaugen June 1973 (WMS). Hedmark (HEs): Ser-Odal (WMS); and Bv: Nummedal (Wallengren). ?Eupithe­ Vang: Hjellum (WC). Oppland (Os): Lunner: cia conterminata, Strand 1899), Bv: Al 1898). Mylla (MO), Roa (MO); Ringebu (WMS). T ephroclystia conterminata, Strand (1904), On: Vang (THS). Buskerud (B0): Reyken: (0: Hvaler 9 U 17 May-7 June 1902 (= E. Hevikvollen (MO); Hurum (CFL). Tofte­ indigata Hb.). Barca (1910): 19 (0: Moss holmen (JR); Lier: S. Linnes (NK); Modum several specimens June 1908). (WMS); Kongsberg: Skrim (NK, MO), Raje Distribution: Eastern Norway between 59° (MO). Vestfold: Sande (ES); Sem: Vally (ES). and 61 °30" N.L. and inner part of Tmndelag Telemark (TEy): Porsgrunn (ES); Nome: Lle­ and Nordland between 64° and 65°30" N.L. foss (ES). TEi: Nissedal, Nes; Fyresdal, Mom­ (? 66°20" N.L.). Vertical distribution: From rak (MO). Aust-Agder (AAy): Riser (Th) , sea level to 400 m. First capture: Oslo: V. Laget (NK). Vest-Agder (VAy): Segne (CFL). Aker ~ 3 June 1876 (SS). Recorded food­ Rogaland (Ry): Klepp: Vig (AN); Sandnes: plant: Picea. Flight: 15 May-30 June. Helgeland (AN), Gausel (AN( Fu). More og Romsdal (MRi): Surnadal: Kvanne (RM). Eupithecia lanceata (Hubner, 1826) (Figs 6A, Nord-Trondelag (NTi): Inderey (WMS); 7N, 101) Beitstad (WMS); Steinkj~r (WMS); Snasa Norwegian records: Eupithecia lanceata; (WMS). Scheyen 1893; Henrichsen 1907; Opheim 1972. Not verified records: Sparre Schneider (1878), T ephroclystia lanceata; Strand 1902; Barca Be: Gulskogen, common). Scheyen (1879): 193 1910, 1923. (Os: Lillehammer). Hawkshaw (1919): 67 Localities: 0stfold: Sarpsborg (EB); Rygge: (VAy: Vigeland). Larkollen (ES); Jeley (GN, MO). Akershus: Distribution: The main area is between 58° As (He); Oppegard (NK); Oslo: Nordstrand and 61° N.L., eastern Norway to J~ren in (EB), Ekeberg (WMS), V. Aker (WMS), the west. Isolated areas: MRi: Surnadal (63° Holmenkollen (JR), Bygdey (JR); Barum: N.L.) and NTi (about 64° N.L.). Vertical Lysaker (JR), Sandvika (EB); Asker (CFL), distribution: From sea level to 600 m. First Neseya (JR). Hedmark (HEs): Ser-Odal capture: Oslo: Skeyen ~ 23 June 1847 (Si). (WMS). Oppland (Os): Gjevik (Aa). Buske­ Recorded food-plants: Picea, Abies. Flight: rud (Bo): Hurum: Filtvedt (ES). Bv: Torpo 15 Apr.-8 July. (CFL). Telemark (TEi): Rjukan (CFL). Aust­ Agder (AAy): Riser: Laget (NK). Eupithecia conlierminata (Zeller, 1846) (Figs Doubtful and erroneous records: Eupithecia 5H, 12E) lanceata, Sparre Schneider (1876a), and Norwegian records: Eupithecia conterminata; Lampa (1885), Oslo: Teyen (Si). Tephrocly­ Scheyen 1879; Strand 1900; Henrichsen 1907; tia lanceata, Gmnlien (1921), HOi: Voss 25 Feichtenberger 1965; Opheim 1972. Tephro­May 1910. Only two specimens of E. lanceata clystia conterminata; Strand 1902; Barca 1910. (Hb.) were present in Gmnlien's collection, Localities: 0stfold: Onsey: Rauer (EB); both without locality label. There are no Sarpsborg (EB); Jeley (MO, GN, AN). Akers­new records from western Norway ?Eupithe­ hus: As (He); Oslo: Teyen (ST), V. Aker (SS, cia lanceata, Werner (1940), (Mere og Roms­

6 - Norsk ent· Tjdsskr. 78 N. Knaben dal). Probably due to a printing error in the Norwegian records: Eupithecia rectangulata Haanshus' list (1933). ab. cydoniata; Strand 1901. Chloroclystis Distribution: Eastern Norway between 58°40" chloerata v. hadenata; Strand 1902, 1904. and 61 ° N.L. Vertical distribution: From sea Chloroclystis rectangulata ab. cydoniata; level to 400 m. First capture: Oslo: Ekeberg Sparre Schneider 1907. Chloroclystis chloe­ ~ 27 Apr. 1879 (WMS). Recorded food­ rata; Barca 1922, 1923; Opheim 1950, 1972; plants: Pinus, Picea. Flight: 3 Apr.-2 June. Luhr 1960; Feichtenberger 1965. Localities: 0stfold: Sarpsborg (EB); Jeley (EB, AN). Akershus: Frogn. Haeya (MO); GYMNOSCELIS Mabille, 1868 Nesodden: Spro (KH); Oslo: Teyen (Si). Oppland (On): 0. Slidre: Beito (NK); Vaga: Gymnoscelis pumilata (Hubner, 1809-13) (Figs Vagamo (MO, AN); Lom (CFL). Buskerud 6B, 7H, 8Ac, lID) (Bv): Hol (KH). Vest-Agder (VAy): Segne Norwegian records: Eupithecia pumilata; (CFL). Hordaland (HOy): Fjelberg: Borgund­ Scheyen 1883, 1893; Lampa 1885; Strand ey (MO); Ostemy: Kleppe (MO). N ordland 1901; Haanshus 1921. T ephroclystia pumilata; (Nsi): Saltdal: Storjord (SS). Nne: Tysfjord Strand 1902; Barca 1910; Gmnlien 1921. (ES). Gymnoscelis pumilata; Opheim 1938, 1972; Not verified records: Strand (1904), Nne Lundetne 1938; Werner 1940; Nielsen 1956; Ankenes: Rombaksbotn 1901 (Wahlgren). Berggren 1970. Barca (1922); 0: Varteig. Feichtenberger Localities: 0stfold: Tune: Vister (Ih); Hvaler (1965); Nsi: Storjord 500 m ~ 13 July 1945. (WMS); Halden (EB); Onsey (ES); Rygge: Distribution: Scattered localities from 58° Larkollen (ES); Sarpsborg (EB); Moss (EB); to 68° N.L. Vertical distribution: From sea Jeley (EB, GN, AN). Akershus: Nesodden: level to 800 m. First capture: Oslo: Teyen ~ Spro (KH); Oslo: Teyen (Si, WMS). Kristi­ 10 July 1847 (Si). Recorded food-plants: ania (Mu), Bygdey (Mu). Oppland (Os): Gje­ Prunus spinosa and P. padus. Flight: 5 June­ vik (Aa). Buskerud (Be): Lier: S. Linnes (NK). 17 July. Vestfold: Sem (CFL); Brunlanes: Nevlung­ Remarks: The first 3 Chloroclystis Hb. species havn (EB). Aust-Agder (AAy): Riser: (Th), have to a large degree been confused with Laget (NK); Grimstad (CFL). Vest-Agder each other. Only misidentification mentioned (VAy): Kristiansand (KB); Kvinesdal: Gjem­ in the literature will be noted specially here. lestad (NK).Rogaland (Ry): Klepp: Vig (AN); Sandnes (AN), Briistein (AN), Gausel (Fu); Chloroclystis rectangulata (Linnaeus, 1758) Sola: Tananger (AN). Hordaland (HOy): Os: (Figs 6D, E, 12F) Hagavik (NK); Bergen: Flesland (MO), Mu­ Norwegian records: Eupithecia rectangulata; seumshagen (NK). HOi: Skiinevik: Fj

(Bo): Hurum: Hermansbr1Hen (Ta); Lier (]F). Djenno (Lu); Voss (NG). Sogn og Fjordane Vestfold: Sem (CFL). Telemark (TEy): Jom­ (SFy): Ferde (NK); Eid: Nordfjordeid (NK). fruland (MO). TEi: Kviteseid (MO), Vradal SFi: Gloppen: Olden (NK); Hornindal: Fan­ (.JR). Aust-Agder (AAy): Riser (Tb), Laget nemel (NK). (NK); Nes Verk (SS). Vest-Agder (VAy): Doubtful record: Chloroclystis debiliata, Kristiansand (KB); Segne (CFL); Kvinesdal: Feichtenberger (1965), Nsi: Storjord worn ~ Gjemlestad (Ro). VAi: Sirdal (ES). Rogaland 7 Aug. 1944 on Vaccinium. (Ry): Sandnes: Gausel (AN), Li (Fu). Ri: Distribution: From 58° to 62° N.L. mainly Forsand (Tj). Hordaland (HOy): Bergen: in southern and western districts. Vertical Skjold (NK), Flesland (MO). HOi: Kinsarvik: distribution: From sea level to about 400 m. Djenno (Lu); Voss (NG). Sogn og Fjordane First capture. AAy: Nes Verk ~ 12 July 1873 (SFi): Stryn: Arheim (NK), Hammerstadli (SS). Recorded food-plant: Vaccinium. Flight: (NK), Hjelle (NK). More og Romsdal (MRi): 10 May-ll Aug. Rauma: Trolltindene (MO); Sunndal: Stor­ fale (MO). Sor-Trimdelag (STiJ: Selbu Chloroclystis coronata (Hubner, 1809-13) (WMS). Nord-Trondelag (NTi): Snasa (Figs 6G, 7H, HIJ) (WMS). Norwegian records: Chloroclystis coronata; Not verified records: Sparre Schneider (1876), Barca 1922; Haanshus 1924; Juul 1948. Dy­ HOi: Tangeras and Skiilheim. Huitfeldt-Kaas serga coronata; Opheim 1972. (1892), Oslo: Oscars gate. Sparre Schneider Localities: 0stfold: Moss ~ July 1916 (EB); (1901, HOy: Bergen, Hop and Krakenes. Jeley ~ 10 July 1955 (GN). Akershus: Frogn: Grenlien (1921), HOi: Granvin and Eidfjord. Haeya ~ 15 June 1947 (MO). Erroneous record: Chloroclystis rectangulata, Distribution: Inner part of the Oslofjord dis­ Hawkshaw 1919, VAy: Vigeland (= E. vul­ trict. Vertical distribution: Below 50 m. First gata Haw.). capture: 0: Moss ~ July 1916 (EB). Recorded Distribution: From 58° to 64° N.L., mainly food-plants: Sambucus, Solidago, Lythrum in coastal districts. Vertical distribution: From etc. Flight: 15 June-lO July. sea level to about 500 m. First capture: Oslo: Teyen ~ July 1842 (Si). Recorded food-plants: Pyrus, Crataegus, Prunus. Flight: 12 June­ 25 Aug. SPECIES WRONGLY RECORDED FROM NORWAY Chloroclystis debiliata (Hubner, 1814-17) (Figs 6F, 9G) Eupithecia abbreviata Stephens, 1831 Norwegian records: Eupithecia debiliata; Norwegian records: Eupithecia abbreviata; Sparre Schneider 1882; Lampa 1885; Scheyen Scheyen 1875; Haanshus 1930. Scheyen re­ 1893. Chloroclystis debiliata; Barca 1910; ported the species to occur commonly in HEs: Hnnshus 1921; LundetfGe 1938; Berggren Ser-Odal, but he deleted it in his list of 1970; Opheim 1972; Luhr 1973. 1893, so we might take it for granted that Localities: 0stfold: Varteig (EB); Jeley (GN, his original determination was erroneous. AN). Akershus: As (He); Nesodden: Spro The record of Haanshus was based on a ~ (KH); Oslo: Teyen (ST), Bygdey (MO); B

A ~ from Fi: Alta, Romsdal caught 6 July die der Ostalpen. Z. wien. ent. Ges. 50, 80-118. 1924 (EB) (Fig 2H), was first supposed to Gronlien, N. 1921. Voss og Indre Hardangers Macrolepidoptera. Norsk ent. Tidsskr. 1, 23-55, be E. veratraria, but later determined as E. 71-80. intricata. The specimen which was quite small Hawkshaw. J. C. 1919. from South had a bursa copulatrix with an aberrant Norway. Entomologist 52, 62-68. distribution of thorns. Henrichsen, H. 1907. Fortegnelse over Macro­ lepidoptera samlede i Aas. Nyt. Mag. Naturvid. 45, 1-28. Hoffmeyer, S. 1966. De danske miilere. 2 ed. 361 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS pp., Universitetsforlaget, Aarhus. Huitfeldt-Kaas, H. 1892. Fortegnelse over i en I am greatly indebted to Dr. Gunvor Knaben, have i Christiania bem~rkede Lepidoptera. Ent University of Oslo, for all her help in bringing Tidskr. 13, 78-80. forth the vast material of notes and illus­ Haanshus, K. 1921. Fortegnelse over Macrolepi­ trations concerning the Eupithecia group, left doptera samlede ved Spro paa Nesodden. Norsk ent. Tidsskr. 1,100-113. by her late husband, Nils Knaben. Through Haanshus, K. 1922, 1923, 1927, 1930, 1935. Nye the courtesy of Dr. Albert Lillehammer, Head fund og findesteder. Norsk ent. Tidsskr. 1, 160. Curator at the Zoological Museum, Oslo, I 251. 2, 152-153, 360. 3, 408. was allowed to study the collections of the Haanshus, K. 1929. Fortegnelse over Macrolepi­ doptera samlede ved Spro paa Nesodden. Norsk Eupithecia group there. My thanks are due ent. Tidsskr. 2, 250-255. to Mr. Preben HoIst, Harboer, Denmark, for Hlanshus, K. 1933. Fortegnelse over Norges Lepi­ the gift of a ~ of Eupithecia cauchiata (Du­ doptera. Norsk ent. Tidsskr. 3, 164-216. ponchel) from Usedom, East Germany. Finan­ Juul, K. 1946. Er Eupithecia absinthiata Clerk og cial support from the Norwegian Research E. goossentiata Mab. 2 arter? Flora Fauna Arhus 52, 162-164. Council for Science and the Humanities Juul. K. 1948. Nordens Eupithecier. 147 pp., Gra­ (NAVF) is gratefully acknowledged. vers Andersens Forlag, Aarhus. Knaben, N. 1944. Beretning om en del Lepidop­ tera-arter, nye for Norges fauna. Bergens Mus. Arb. 1944, 2, 1-12. REFERENCES Knaben, N. 1949. Eupithecia fennoscandia n.sp. Aurivillius. C. 1888-1891. Nordens Fjiirilar. (Lepid., Geometridae). Ent. Tidskr. 70, 77-81. Handbok i Sveriges, Norges, Danmarks och Knaben, N. 1955. Lepidoptera new to Norway Finlands Macrolepidoptera. 278 pp., Aktiebo­ (Noct., Geom.). Norsk ent. Tidsskr. 9, 252-253. laget Hierkas Bokforlag, . Knaben, N. 1957. Lepidoptera-nytt. N orsk ent. Bakke, A. 1955. Insects Reared from Spruce Cones Tidsskr. 10, 153-156. in Northern Norway 1951. Norsk ent. Tidsskr. 9, Krogerus, H. 1954. Investigations on the Lepi­ 152-212. doptera of N ewfouudland I. Macrolepidoptera. Barca, E. 1910. Smaalenenes Macrolepidopter­ Acta zool. fenn. 82, 1-80. fauna. Bergens Mus. Aarb. 1910, 3, 1-23. Lampa, S. 1885. Fiirteckning iifver Skandinaviens Barca, E. 1922. Seltene norwegische Schmetter­ och Finlands Macrolepidoptera. Ent. Tidskr. 6, Hnge. Ent. Tidsskr. 42, 33-40. 1-137. Barca, E. 1923. 0stfolds (Smaalenenes) Iepidopter­ Lhomme, L. 1923-1935. Catalogue des Lepidop­ fauna 11. Norsk ent. Tidsskr. 1, 216-234. teres de France et de Belgique. 800 pp., Leon Berggren, K. 1970. Lepidoptera fra Kristiansands­ Lhomme, Le Carriol, par DouelIe (Lot). distriktet 1. Macrolepidoptera. Atalanta norv. 1, Lie-Pettersen, O. J. 1898. Entomologiske under­ 145-163. sogelser i nordre Bergenhus amt I. Lepidop­ Buxton, P. A. & D. A. 1914. Late Summer in tera iagttagne i L~rdal sommeren 1897. Ber­ Norway. Entomologist's Rec. ;. Var. 26, 155­ gens Mus. Aarb. 1897, 13, 1-29. 158. Lie-Pettersen, O. J. 1899. 11. Lepidopterologiske Chapman, T. A. 1899. Butterflies in South and notiser fra Nordfjord 1898. Bergens Mus. Aarb. North Norway. Entomologist's mon. Mag. 35, 1898, 14, 1-12. 20-28. Lie-Pettersen, O. J. 1902. Faunistiske og biologiske Chapman, T. A. & Lloyd, R. W. 1899. Moths notiser vedkommende Hardangerviddens lepi­ taken in Norway 1898. Entomologist's mono dopterfauna. Bergens Mus. Aarb. 1901, 8, 1-12. Mag. 35, 107-109. Lundetr~, O. B. 1938. Beitrag zur Kenntniz der Christie, W. 1909. Fortegnelse over Macrolepi­ westnorwegische Schmetterlingsfauna. Bergens doptera samlede paa Hedemarken. Nyt Mag. Mus. Arb. 1938, 10, 1-15. N aturvid. 47, 269-284. Liihr, C. Fii 1960. Fortegnelse over Macrolepi­ Christie, W. 1922. Nogen oplysninger om Macro­ doptera fanget i Lom herred (On). Norsk ent. lepidoptera paa Hedemarken. Norsk ent. Tids­ Tidsskr. 11, 112-116. skr. 1, 135-138. Liihr, C. F. 1962. Tillegg til fortegnelse over Feichtenberger, E. 1965. Die norwegische Lepi­ Macrolepidoptera fanget i Lom herred (On). dopterenfauna am Polarkreis, mit Bezug auf Norsk ent. Tidsskr. 12, 40. Eupithecia 81

Liihr, C. F. 1970. Nye funn av Lepidoptera i til Norges Fauna. Nyt Mag. Naturv. 25, 301­ Norge. Norsk ent. Tidsskr. 17, 123-124. 309. Liihr, C. F. 1973. Nye finnesteder av Lepidop­ Schoyen, W. M. 1881. Nye Bidrag til Kundskaben tera i Norge. Norsk ent. Tidsskr. 20, 333-334. om det arktiske Norges Lepidopterfauna. Liihr, C. F. 1973a. Eupithecia irriguata Hb. (Lep., Tromm Mus. Aarsh. 3, 71-100. Geometridae) ny for Norge. Norsk ent. Tidsskr. Schoyen, W. M. 1882. Ibid. 2. Saltdalens Lepi­ 20. 335-336. dopterfauna. Tromso Mus. Aarsh. 4, 1-63. Loken, A. 1966. Ekskursjonsberetning. Norsk ent. Schoyen, W. M. 1883. Lepidopterologiske Under­ Tidsskr. 13, 371-386. sogelser i Romsdals Amt Sommeren 1880. Nyt Loken, A. 1968. Nils Knaben 70 ar. Norsk ent. Mag. NatuTV. 27, 1, 1-54. Tidsskr. 15, 81-82. Schoyen, W. M. 1885. Tillreg og Berigtigelser til Norges Lepidopterfauna. Forh. Christ. Vidensk­ McDunnough, J. 1949. Revision of the North Selsk. 1885, 10, 1-9. American Species of the Genus Eupithecia Schoyen, W. M. 1887. Yderlige Tillreg til N or­ (Lepid., Geometr.). Bull Am. Mus. N at. Hist. ges Lepidopterfauna. Forh. Christ. Vidensk­ 93, 8, 535--728. Selsk. 1887, 3, 1-32. Mehl, R. 1971. Nordmores Lepidoptera, 2. Sver­ Schoyen, W. M. 1893. Fortegnelse over Norges mere, spindere, malere og nattfly. Atalanta Lepidoptera. Forh. Christ. VidenskSelsk. 1893, norv. 1, 191-203. 13, 1-54. Nielsen, A. 1956. Bidrag til Rogalands macro­ Seglen, P. O. 1967. Bidrag til kunnskapen om lepidopterfauna, med srerlig henblikk pa Jreren. indre Aust-Agders Macholepidoptera. Atalanta Norsk ent. Tidsskr. 10, 1-30. (norv.) 1, 41-48. Nordstriim, F. 1921. Nagot om svenska Eupithe­ Siebke, H. 1853. Beretning om en i Sommeren cia-arter. Ent. Tidskr. 41, 164-174. 1850 foretagen entomologisk Reise i en Deel av Nordstriim, F. 1943. Fiirteckning over Sveriges Gudbrandsdalen. Nyt Mag. Naturv. 7, 253-306. storfjiirilar. Ill, Macrolepidoptera. Opusc. ent. Sparre Schneider, J. 1876. De i Sondre Bergenhus 8, 59-120. Amt hidtil observerede Coleoptera og Lepidop­ Nordstrom, F. 1953. Catalogus Insectorum Sueeiae, tera. Forh. Christ. VidenskSelsk. 1875, 109-209. Additamenta Ill, Macrolepidoptera. Opusc. ent. Sparre Schneider, J. 1876a. In Siebke, Enumera­ 18, 75-87. tio Insectorum N orvegicorum Ill, Catalogus Opheim, M. 1938. Fortegnelse over Macrolepi­ Lepidopterorum Norvegia;. 188 pp., A. W. Bmg­ doptera, srerlig fra Vestlandet og Tmndelagen. ger. Christiania. Bergens Mus. A.rb. 1938, 7, 1-14. Sparre Schneider, J. 1878. Indberetning om en i Opheim, M. 1950. Macro- Lepidoptera from Cen­ Sommeren 1876 foretagen lepidopterologisk tral Norway. N orsk ent. Tidsskr. 8, 91-123. Reise. Forh. Christ. VidenskSelsk. 1877,4, 1-30. Opheim, M. 1951. Eldre funn av Macro-Lepi­ Sparre Schneider, J. 1879. Entomologiske Under­ doptera i Norge. Norsk ent. Tidsskr. 8, 207-217. sogelser i Sondre Bergenhus AmI. Forh. Christ. Opheim, M. 1959. Lepidoptera from Vaga. Norsk VidenskSelsk. 1879, 2, 1-12. ent. Tidsskr. 11, 36-39. Sparre Schneider, J. 1880. Lepidopterologiske bi­ Opheim, M. 1972. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera drag til Norges arktiske fauna. Tromso Mus. of Norway Ill. 36 pp. Norsk Lepidopterologisk Aarsh. 3, 53-95. Selskap. John Grieg. Oslo. Sparre Schneider, J. 1881. Bidrag til kundskaben Opheim, M. 1973. Nye Lepidoptera for Norge. om Norges Lepidopterfauna. Porh. Christ. Vi­ Atalanta norv. 2, 54-56. denskSelsk. 1881, 2, 1-21. Petersen, W. 1909. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Sparre Schneider, J. 1882. Oversigt over de i Gattung Eupithecia Curt. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 22, Nedenres amt bemrerkede Lepidoptera. Forh. 203-314. Christ. VidenskSelsk. 1882, 2, 1-129. Pierce, F. N. 1914. The Genitalia of the Group Sparre Schneider, J. 1883. Fortsatte bidrag til Geometrida; of the Lepidoptera of the British kundskaben om Syd-Varangers Lepidopterfauna. Islands. 88 pp., F.N. Pierce Liverpool. Ent. Tidskr. 4, 63-88. - Prout, L. B. 1915. Die Spannerartigen N achtfalter Sparre Schneider, J. 1884. Oversigt af Lepidoptera in Seitz, A.: Die Gross-Schmetterlinge des iagttagne paa Tromso og i nrermeste omegn. Palaarktischen Faunengebietes. Tromso Mus. Aarberetn. 1883, 14-28. Sandberg, G. 1883. Iagttagelser over arktiske Som­ Sparre Schneider, J. 1885. Mindre entomologiske merfuglers metamorphoser. Ent. Tidskr. 4, 9-28. meddelelser fra det arktiske Norge. Ent. Tidskr. Sandberg, G. 1885. Supplement til Sydvarangers 6, 145-159. lepidopterfauna. Ent. Tidskr. 6, 187-203. Sparre schneider, J. 1888. Dyrelivet pa yore Hav­ Schoyen, W. M. 1875. Fortegnelse over Sommer­ skjrer. En zoologisk udflugt til Hilleso juni 1887. fugle fundne i sondre Odalen. Nyt Mag. Na­ T romso Mus. Aarsberetn. 1887, 17-34. turv. 21, 139-146. Sparre Schneider J. 1889. Entomologiske Udflug­ Schoyen, W. M. 1879. Bidrag til Gudbrandsdalen ter i Tromso Omegn. Ent. Tidskr. 10, 193-216. og Dovrefjelds Insektfauna. Nyt Mag. Naturv. Sparre Schneider, J. 1890. SI. Hanshaugen. Et 24, 2, 153-220. lepidopterologisk minde fra Kristiania. Ent. Schoyen, W. M. 1880. Oversigt over De i Norges Tidskr. 11, 131-139. arktiske Region fundne Lepidoptera. Arch. Sparre Schneider, J. 1893. Leptidopterfauna'en pa Math. NatuTV. 5, 119-228. Tromsoen og i nrermeste omegn. TromslJ Mus. Schoyen, W. M. 1880a. Lepidopterologiske Bidrag Aarsh. 15, 1-156. 82 N. Knaben

Sparre Schneider, J. 1895. En entomologisk Ud­ insektfauna. Nyt Mag. Naturoid. 36, 46-72. flugt til Bardodalen og Altevand i Juli 1893. Strand, E. 1900. Lepidopterologiske unders0gel­ Ent. Tidskr. 16, 225-248. ser, sa:rligt i amt. Arch Math. Na­ Sparre Schneider, J. 1895a. Sydvarangers ento­ turvid. B22, 5, 1-62. mologiske fauna. 2. Leipidoptera. Tromso Mus. Strand, E. 1901, 1902, 1904. Beitrag zur Schmetter­ Aarsh. 18, 1-93. lingsfauna Norwegens I, 11, Ill. Nyt Mag. Sparre Schneider, J. 1898. Insektlivet i Jotun­ Naturvid. 39, 25-72, 40, 135-192, 42, 109-179. heimen. Tromso Mus. Aarsh. 19, 113-146. Staudinger, O. 1861. 1. Macrolepidoptera in Dr. Sparre Schneider. J. 1901. Coleoptera og Lepidop­ Wocke und Dr. Staudinger, Reise nach Fin­ tera ved Bergen og i mermeste omegn. Bergens marken. Stettin. ent. Ztg. 22, 342-404. Mus. Aarb. 1901, 1, 1-223. Svensson, I. 1957. De senaste tio iirens nytillskott Sparre Schneider, J. 1904. Lepidopterologiske av svenska storfjarilar. Opusc. ent. 22, 143-160. meddelelser fra Tromso stift. T romso Mus. Torpe, L. H. 1926. Macrolepidoptera fra Har­ Aarsh. 26, 21-35. danger og Voss. Norsk ent. Tidsskr. 2, 76-77. Sparre Schneider, J. 1907. Saltdalens Lepidopter­ Wahlgren, E. 1921. Brunbandade malmiitarens fauna, 2. Tromso Mus. Aarsh. 28, 103-162. (Eupithecia sinuosaria Ev.) nordiska utbred­ Sparre Schneider, J.-1910. Hilles0. Et litet supple­ ning. Ent. Tidskr. 42, 148-163. ment. Tromso Mus. Aarsh. 31 & 32, 123-142. Werner, J. 1940. Sunnmores Macrolepidoptera. Sparre Schneider, J. 1913. Til Dovres Lepidopter­ Norsk ent. Tidsskr. 5, 123-167. fauna. Tromso Mus. Aarsh. 34, 187-235. Wocke, M. F. 1864. Ein Beitrag zur Lepidoptern­ Sparre Schneider, J. 1914. 1914. Lepidoptero­ fauna Norwegens. Stettin. ent. Ztg. 25, 166­ logiske meddelelser fra Tromso stift, 2. T TOmsO 192, 201-220. Mus. Aarsh. 35 & 36, 179-219. Wolff, N. L. 1964. The Lepidoptera of Green­ Sparre Schneider, J. 1921. Maalselvens Insekt­ land. Meddr Gronland 159, 11, 1-74. fauna 2. Lepidoptera. Tromso Mus. Arsh. 44, WOlff' N. L. 1971. Lepidoptera. The Zoology of 1-59. Ed. J. Rygge. Iceland 45, 193 pp., Munksgaard. Copenhagen Strand, A. 1943. Inndeling av Norge til bruk ved and Reykjavik. faunistiske oppgaver. Norsk ent. Tidsskr. 6, Zetterstedt, ]. W. 1839. Insecta Lapponica. 208-224. 1139 pp., Sumtibus Leopoldi Voss. Lipsiae Strand, E. 1899. Bidrag til Hallingdals og Lyngors 1838-1840.

Received 19 November 1976 Norw. ]. Ent. Vol. 24, No. 1, 1977

Short Communications

Further information on the distribution of Anthocaris cardamines L. (Lep.) in northern Norway

ERLING HAUGE

One male of Anthocaris cardamines L. (Lep.) was observed in July 1966 at Slett­ jord, Skjomen in Nordland county. E. Hauge, Zoological Museum, University of Bergen, N-5014, Bergen-Univ, Norway.

Andersen (1975) reports the species Antho­ species at Slettjord, Skjomen (Nno: Ankenes). caris cardamines L. from Dividalen, Troms. The specimen was sitting in the short grass He also (citing Nordstrom (1955)) mentions besides a narrow road with birch forest inter­ a N to NW expansion of this species in mingled with some pines on the upper side Sweden during the last century, and presumes and cultivated land on the other side. that the occurrence of the species in Dividalen is of quite recent origin. With this background I feel justified in giving information that REFERENCES may help to fill the gap between the last­ Andersen, J. 1975. Aurorasommerfuglen (Antho­ mentioned locality and that previously most caris cardamines) funnet i indre Troms. Norw. northern locality in Norway, Inderoya in ]. Ent. 22, 162. 1966 Nordstriim, F. 1955. De fennoskandiska dag­ N.Trendelag. In early July I observed fjiirilarnas utbredelse. K. fysiogr. Siillsk. Lund one male of this very easily recognizable Forh. 66, 1-175. Received 21 December 1976

Lamprochernes nodosus (Schrank 1761) (Pseudoscorpionida, Chernetidae) new to Norway

FINN ERIK KLAUSEN

Lamprochernes nodosus (Schrank) is recorded for the first time in Norway. A total of 26 specimens is reported from two localities in the southeastern parts of the country. All specimens were females attached to the appendages of houseflies. Finn Erik Klausen, Zoological Museum, University of Bergen, N-5014 Bergen-Univ., Norway.

In a collection of pseudoscorpions kindly Aug. 1973 from Ottestad south of Hamar, given to me by cand.real. Reidar Mehl, I county of Hedmark. 21 specimens dated 19 have identified several specimens of Lampro­ Aug. 1975 from Skogsbygda, Togstad, county chernes nodosus (Schrank). They come from of Akershus. two localities in the southeastern parts of All specimens from the two localities were Norway as follows: 5 specimens dated 19 females. The specimens from Ottestad were 84 Norw. j. Ent. Vol. 24, No. 1, 1977 all found clinging to the hairs of a housefly REFERENCES (Musca domestica): those from Skogsbygda Beier, M. 1948. Phoresie und Phagophilie bei were caught on several flies in a pigsty. This Pseudoscor pionen. Osterr. Zoo I. Zeitschr. 1, 441-497. habit of letting themselves be transported by Beier, M. 1963. Ordnung Pseudoscorpionidea other animals, known as phoresy, is observed (Afrerskorpione). Bestimmungsbucher zur Bo­ frequently in certain pseduoscorpion groups. denfauna Europas. 313 pp. Akadernie-Verlag, L. nodosus is one of the species in which Berlin. Lohrnander, H. 1939. Zur Kenntnis der Pseduo­ phoresy has been most often observed, parti­ skorpionfauna Schwedens. Ent. Tidsskr. 60, 279­ cularly in the females (Beier 1948, 1963, 323. Lohmander 1939). According to Beier (1963) the species is widespread in Europe. Received 10 February 1977

Survival of Odonata larvae in a dried-up pond in western Norway

BJ0RN MIDTTUN

Four aeshnid larvae were found under a stone in a dried-up pond near Bergen, Norway. The pond had not contained any free water for at least one week. Bjorn Midttun, Zoological laboratory, N-5014 University of Bergen, Norway.

Although most Odonata larvae are aquatic, were all too early instars to enable their a few such as Megalagrion oahuense inhabit identity to be firmly established (Gardner humid terrestrial environments (Williams 1954). The pond had not contained any free 1936). Reports on the ability of normally water for at least one week, and probably aquatic dragonfly larvae to survive for lon­ not for two weeks or more. The larvae had ger periods in air are rather sparse, and the chosen the moistest part of the ground and following observation from the west coast of also one of the few places offering protection Norway, an area which usually receives abun­ from direct sunlight. dant precipitation, deserves mention. Aeshnid larvae which experience low oxy­ During the exceptionally dry spring of gen concentrations in the water, will move to 1974, four aeshnid larvae were found under the surface and in the case of final instar a stone on the bottom of a dried-up pond on larvae, expose their thoracic spiracles, while 19 May at Lysekloster near Bergen, Norway. young larvae will take in air through the The pond is small, measuring 4.5 m across at cloaca (Wallengren 1914). The pre-emer­ its widest, and the maximum depth is approxi­ gence exposure of thoracic spiracles has been mately 20 cm. It is situated 60 m above sea recorded in several aeshnid genera (Calvert level on rocky ground and receives practically 1929, Lucas 1930) and larvae of JEschna all water by direct precipitation. The mud cyanea and T anypterynx hageni Selys have layer covering the bottom is only 10-12 cm been kept alive for weeks in jars containing deep at the most, and the vegetation is very moist weed or mud (East 1900, Svihla 1959). sparse as a result of human activity in pre­ Fischer (1961) reports that larvae of Coena­ vious years. The larvae were all found in grion hastulatum evidently survived one cracks in the dried mud under a stone. They month of drought, whereas larvae of Anax were very sluggish, only moved slowly when papuensis (Burm.) Brauer were unable to touched, and their bodies were covered with withstand drought and died within a few a layer of slightly moist mud. They measured days although the water-weed in the pond 10, 12, 17, and 21 mm respectively, but they was damp (Tillyard 1916). NOTw. ]. Ent. Vol. 24, No. 1, 1977 85

• Svihla, A. 1959. The life history of T anypterux t REFERENCES hageni Selys (Odonata). T rans Amer. ent. Soc. Calvert, P. P. 1929. Different rates of growth 85, 219~232. among animals with special reference to Odon­ Tillyard, R. ]. 1916. The life-histories and de­ ata. Proc. Amer. phil. Soc. 68, 227-274. scriptions of Australian .tEschnina:. ]. Linn. East, A. 1900. Notes on the respiration of the Soc. (Zool.) 33, 1-83. dragonfly nymph. Entomologist 33, 211-212. Wallengren, H. 1914. Physiologische-biologische Fischer, Z. 1961. Some data on the Odonata larvae Studien iiber die Atmung bei den Arthropoden. of small pools. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 46, Ill. Die Atmung der Aeschna-Iarven. Die Ven­ 269-275. tilationsgrosse des Respiratorischen Darmes. Gardner, A. E. 1954. A key to the larvae of the Acta Univ. lund. N. F. Afd. 2, 10 (8), 28 pp. British Odonata. Part I. Zygoptera. Part 11. Williams, F. X. 1936. Biological studies in Ha­ Anisoptera. Ent. Gaz. 5, 157-171, 193-213. waiian waterloving insects. Part 11. Odonata Lucas, W. ]. 1930. The Aquatic (naiad) Stage of or dragonflies. Proc. Hawaii. ent. Soc. 9, 273­ the British Dragonflies (Paraneuroptera). Ray 349. Soc. Pub!., London.

Received 21 February 1977.

New record of Apatania zonella Zett. (Trichoptera, Limnephilidae) from Svalbard

]. O. SOLEM, E. SENDSTAD, T. BERGVIK & A. HEGSTAD

One female of Apatania zonella Zett. was captured in a pitfall trap southwest of Innvikhogda on Nordaustlandet, Svalbard in July 1976. ]. O. Solem, E. Sendstad, T. Bergvik & A. Hegstad, University of Trondheim, Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters, the Museum, N-7000 Trondheim, Norway.

In July 1976 an expedition from the Nor­ where the climate is not as harsh as on the wegian Polar Institute collected invertebrates northern coast. for the Norwegian MAB group at Nordaust­ Two finds, Decamps & Voisin (1971) and landet, Svalbard. Among the species captured the present, were females and only one in­ was a female of Apatania zonella taken in a dividual each time. Boheman (1866) did not pitfall trap, southwest of Innvikhl'Jgda on make any comments on the sex of the Tri­ Nordaustlandet, Svalbard. Collectors were choptera species he examined, as he did for Otha and Halvorsrud. The find was at the other species. latitude between 80 and 81°N. Earlier re­ cords from Svalbard are those of Decamps & Voisin (1971) and Boheman (1866) from the bottom of Woodfjorden and Dirkses Bay, REFERENCES Wijdefjorden, respectively. All these three Boheman, C. H. 1866. Spetsbergens Insekt-Fauna. finds have been on the northern coast of Dfvers. K. Vetensakad. FOrh. 22, 563-577. the archipelago, but as Decamps & Voisin Decamps, H. & Voisin, ].-F. 1971. On the occur­ rence of Apatania zonella Zetterstedt (Trichop­ (1971) also mentioned, it is likely that the tera (Limnephilidae) in Svalbard. N orsk ent. species occurs in other regions further south, Tidsskr. 18, 135. j Received 24 March 1977

,

J, Bokanmeldelser

H. H. Eidmann & A. Klingstrom. 1976. Skade­ i skogen. Noen stor utbredelse i Norge vii den gjorare i skogen. 288 pp. LTs forlag, Stockhlom. allikevel neppe fa, bl. a. fordi det fins tilsvarende Pris sv. kr. 60.-. bilker av norske forfattere. For mange vii sproget ogsa by pa problemer, da de fleste artene har for­ Boken omhandler sopp, insekter og pattedyr, som skjellige navn pa svensk og norsk Og en norsk gjllr skade i skogen, med omtrent halvparten av leser vii kanskje savne noe om artenes forekomst sidetallet pa sopp og halvparten pa dyr. Den er pa var side av grensen - denne grensen som setter beregnet som lrerebok i skogskoler, og til andre et skille for innholdet i bilker, men ikke for dy­ undervisningsformal hvor den matte passe. Iflllge renes utbrede!se. forordet har man ogsa tenkt pa alle som er in­ Lauritz Semme teressert i skogen og dens biologi, og som vii gjllre seg kjent med grunnprinsippene for skade­ gjllrernes levevis og betydning. Den delen av boken som omhandler insektene V. B. Wigglesworth. 1976. Insects and t~e Life of innledes med et kapittel pa tyve sider om dyr i Man. Collected essays on pure science and applied skog-en i sin alminnelighet. Dette omfatter bl. a. biology. 217 pp. Chapman & Hall, London. Pris opplysninger om insektenes bygning, utvikling, (paperback) :£ 3,25. systematikk, spredning og utbredelse, samt kje­ misk og biologisk bekjempelse. Men nar sa mye I denne boken har Sir Vincent B. Wigglesworth skal sies pa sa lite plass, ma det nlldvendigvis bli samlet en rekke foredrag og essay forfattet i ar­ sa kortfattet at det nesten blir uinteressant les­ enes Illp. Mange av dem er hllySt interessante bade ning. Skal man fllrst ta opp disse emnene, burde som historiske dokumenter og populrervitenskap de fatt en bredere plass. av hlly kvalitet. De flllgende kapitler, som omhandler forskjel­ Selv om han ikke regner seg selv som anvendt lige skadelige insekter og midd, gar mer i detalj. entomolog, har Wigglesworth hatt en rekke tilknyt­ Stoffet er tradisjonelt inndelt etter hvilke deler ningspunkter til den anvendte entomologi. Han av planten skadedyrene angriper. Saledes far vi opplevet se!v den store malaria-epidemien pa fllrst et kapittel om skadedyr pa unge planter, Ceylon i 1934, og beskriver ogsa hvilken betyd­ hvor srerlig gransnutebillen far en grundig om­ ning denne sykdommen har i krig, srerlig under tale. den f0rste verdenskrig. Senere kapitler tar for seg insekter pa naler Wigglesworth var meget opptatt av DDT, og og blad, sugende insekter pa grener og naler, in­ allerede i 1945 skrev han en artikkel om «DDT og sekter som angriper knopper og skudd, insekter i balansen i naturen». Han gir klart uttrykk for at kongler og fm, og insekter som lever under bar­ DDT ikke bare vii drepe skadeinsekter, men ogsa ken og i veden. Barkbillene har imidlertid fatt et mange nyttige insekter. Han forutsa at mange kapittel for seg, som rimelig kan vrere for denne andre dyr og-sa ville kunne skades ved uforsiktig gruppen, som har sa stor llkonomisk betydning. bruk av DDT, og muligheten for at det kunne ut­ Dette er et av de mer utfllrlige kapitler med gode vikles insekter som er resistente mot dette stoffet. strektegninger av barkbillenes gangsystem, og Det er interessant at motforestillinger mot DDT Paul Spessivtseffs kjente tegninger av billenes kom £rem pll et sa tidlig tidspunkt, selv om det bakkropper. gikk mange ar fllr bruken av dette insektmidlet ble Til slutt i boken fins et kapittel om virve!dyr i begrenset. skogen, i dette tilfelle begrenset til pattedyrene. «Insekt-fysiologi gjennom femti an, hadde De regnes ikke som spesielt viktige skadedyr, selv Wigglesworth kalt sitt innledningsforedrag til den om forfatteren fremhever at bade smagnagere. 12te Internasjonale entomologikongress i London hjort og elg kan ha stor llkonomisk betydning. De i 1964. Her gir han en historisk oversikt over de enkelte artene far heller ingen bred omtale; kanin, viktigste oppdagelser innen omrlldet, og papeker hare, bever og ekorn ma f. eks. klare seg med 7-8 de viktigste bidrag insekt-fysiologi har gitt til bio­ linjer hver. logien i sin helhet. Som historiker er Wigglesworth Boken har ende! gode fargeplansjer, som viser spesielt interessant i artikkelen om Sir John Lub­ soppangrep og skade-insekter. I teksten fins strek­ bock's bidrag til insekt-fysiologi. Lubbock var tegninger og en rekke fotografier i sort og hvitt. bankmann og politiker, men dertil interessert i Noen av fotografiene er lite tydelige, og det er alle naturvitenskaper, entomologi inkludert. Til vanskelig a se hva de egentlig forestiller. tross for at han bare ofret en bmkdel av sin tid Man sitter igjen med et inntrykk av at boken pa dette omrlldet, gjorde han en betydelig innsats kan vrere en grei oppslagsbok, og at den innehol­ i sine studier av adferd hos bier og maur. Som der mange nyttige opplysninger om skadegjllrere bokens tittel sier har Wigglesworth vrert meget 88 Bokanmeldelser opptatt av problemene omkring anvendt forskning sonnementer som ikke var riktige i alle tilfelle, ja og grunnforskning, og han tar dette opp i flere kanskje bare riktig i noen fit av artiklene. Etter hans oppfatning er ikke khJf­ Den foreliggende bok diskuterer sentrale oko­ ten stor sa som man av og til far inntrykk ay. logiske fenomen som f. eks. predasjon og herbi­ Den anvendte entomologiske forskning har dype vori, innen rammen av systemokologiens mest fundamenter i den generelle forskning som gjor sentrale hjelpemiddel, simuleringsmodeller. For­ det mulig a skille mellom artene, og kjenne deres fatternes modeller er imidlertid mye enklere og biologi og fysiologi. Han fremhever som et eksem­ mindre omfattende enn mange liknende modeller pel hvorledes grunnforskning omkring insektenes utviklet innen Det internasjonale Biologiske Pro­ kutikula har hatt betydning innen anvendt ento­ gram (lBP). Boka er i mange henseende bra, ja mologi. noen av kapitlene er meget bra. Den er kort og • Kutikula har ogsa fatt bred plass i et essay om greit skrevet pa et lettfattelig engelsk. Men den l epidermiscellene hos insekter. har enkelte avsnitt som er meget tendensiose, og Dette er en rent popul;rrvitenskapelig artikkel, etter min mening feilaktige. Mange av uttalelsene som pa en fengslende mate beskriver epidermiscel­ i boka ma ses pa bakgrunn av den historiske ut­ lenes mange funksjoner. Som han sier til slutt. vikling jeg ovenfor har skissert. illustrerer disse cellene hvorledes tilsynelatende Boka er delt i to deler: Del 1 som gir det oko­ enkle strukturer b;rrer de mest kompliserte ideer logiske (teoretiske) grunnlag; en beskrivelse av en i seg. del sentrale aspekter ved okologiske eksperimenter Selv om noen av artiklene kan synes gamle og og provetagn:ng; samt et avsluttende kapittel om litt uaktuelle, er det i alt en fascinerende bok, med hvorfor simuleringsmodeller i det hele utvikles, mange spennende og velskrevne kapitler. Indirekte og hva slike modeller kan brukes til. Del 2 gir, i forteller den ogsii meget om forfatteren selv og form av et eksempel (bladlus, Masonaphis maxima, hans mange aktiviteter, som har gitt slike betyde­ pa Rubus parviflorus og dens parasitt, A/Jhidus lige bidrag til studiet av insektenes fysiologi. rubifolii), hvordan en simuleringsmodell utvikles: Her gis knepene; suksessive versjoner av model­ Lauritz S(Jmme len er gitt i form av EDB-programmer, med feil som forfatterne oppdaget for den endelige versjo­ nen ble publisert i Journal of Animal Ecology (1973, vol. 42, sidene 323-.340). Programmerings­ N. Gilbert, A. P. Gutierrez, B. D. Frazer, and detaljer er meget godt beskrevet, slik at enhver R. E. Jones. 1976. Ecological Relationships. 157 som bare sa vidt har v;rrt i beroring med FOR­ pp. W. H. Freeman and Company, Reading and TRAN-programmering, viI kunne folge argu­ San Francisco. mentene. Boka er avsluttet med et appendix der den filsosofiske disiplinen metodel;rre (eller viten­ Da elektroniske datamaskiner ble forholdsvis van­ skapsfilosofi) beskrives. Her beskrives ogsa me­ lige ved universiteter og andre forskningsinstitu­ todel;rrens implikasjoner for okologisk forskning. sjoner (s;rrlig i USA) i slutten av 50 tallet, skiltes Til tross for at dette er et interessant, og av to grupper ut fra deskriptiv okologi: Den forste, mange okologer dessverre oversett fel t, horer ap­ systemokologene, tok i bruk elektroniske regne­ pendixet pa mange mater ikke hjemme i boka. maskiner for, bI. a. a utvikle detaljerte simuler­ Dette skyldes at denne diskusjonen er altfor kort. ingsmodeller (dvs. teoretiske/matematiske model­ Forst de negative sidene ved boka: ler som ved hjelp av regnemaskiner etterligner (i) Introduksjonen er et angrep pa evolusjon;rr­ fenomen i den virkelige verden); den andre som okologene, samt pii okologiske laboratorieeksperi­ i den senere tid har gatt under navnet evolusjon;rr menter. Det er riktig at resultater oppnadd ved okologi, gjorde bruk av mye enklere matema­ laboratorieeksperimenter bare med forsiktighet kan tiske modeller som oftest kan analyseres bare med generaliseres til a gjelde i naturen. Men det er papir og blyant. Evolusjon;rr okologi slik vi kjen­ mulig: C. B. Huffaker's predator-byttedyr eksperi­ ner den i dag, bygger mye av sitt arbeid pa ideer menterer med to middarter i et heterogent habi­ og metoder utviklet av Charles Darwin, Ronald tat er et av mange eksempler pa slike laboratorie­ A. Fisher og Robert H. MacArthur. eksperimenter som har gitt oket forstaelse av ge­ Begge de nye skolene gjorde bruk av modeller, nerelle okologiske fenomen. Videre er pastanden men av meget forskjellig kompleksitetsgrad (eller om at MacArthur's og hans studenters arbeid ikke detaljrikdom). Dette var det nye relativt til tra­ har bidratt til var forstaelse av okologiske proses­ disjonell okologi. I slike modeller gjores antagel­ ser (etter min mening) feilaktig. Et eksempel pa ser om hvordan forskjellige faktorer virker inn pa dette er MacArthur og Wilson's teori om biogeo­ hverandre: For eksempel, under en spesifisert tem­ grafiske forhold pa oyer. Den har gitt oss en oket peratur viI ingen vekst finne sted hos insekter. forstalse av hvilke typer arter som koloniserer ,lytt P.g.a. at slike spesifikke antagelser ikke alltid land, og hvilke dynamiske prosesser som finner stemmer med den virkelige verden til minste de­ sted i tilsynelatende stabile plante- og dyresam­ talj, ble tilhengerne av disse nye skolene kritiserL funn. Etter min mening har fa (om i del hele for ikke a ha kontakt med den virkelige verden, noen) simuleringsstudier kunnet vise tilsvarende dvs. med naturen som de tross alt pastod at de resultater av generell karakter. Slike eksempler studerte. Pii samme mate kritiserte systemokolog­ finnes heller ikke i foreliggende bok. (Dermed ene evolusjon;rrokologene for a ha mistet kontak­ er ikke sagt at simulerings-studier ikke har noe ten med den virkelige verden etter som f. eks. som helst a bidra med!) Pii grunn av disse ten­ MacArthur gjorde antagelser i sine logiske re­ densiose pastander viI jeg ikke anbefale boka lest Bokanmeldelser 89 uten samtidig a lese en bok som gir en bedre fram­ den foreliggende bok er meget reservert overfor stilling av Darwin-Fisher-MacArthur tradisjonen: slike pastander. De framhever imidlertid at si­ «Theoretical ecology" (Robert M. May (red.), muleringsmodeller vii kunne fore til bedre oko­ 1976, Blackwell Scientific Pub!.), kan i denne for­ logisk forstaelse som i annen omgang vii kunne bindelse anbefales. brukes i skadedyrbekjempelsen. Denne vurdering (ii) Ved a kaste et blikk pa innholdsfortegnelsen, tror jeg er helt korrekt. slo det meg som et meget positivt trekk at Dar­ (iv) Det mest positive ved boka er at den er en win/Fisher's teori for naturlig seleksjon var om­ god l

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The Norwegian Journal of Entomology publishes All drawings and microphotographs should papers in English, occasionally in Norwegian and have a scale giving the appropriate metric unit German. When preparing manuscripts for publi­ (m, cm, mm, ",m, or nm). cation, authors should consult current copies of the journal and follow the style as closely as possible. REFERENCES TO LITERATURE MANUSCRIPTS In the text. Brown (1957), Brown &: White (1961). Manuscripts must be typewritten on one side of If more than two authors, Brown et al. (1963). the paper only, with double spacing throughout, Multiple references: 'As several authors have re­ and with a wide margin. Authors should submit ported (Brown 1957, Brown &: White 1961, Green the original manuscript (preferably with two et al. 1963)', Le. chronological order, no commas copies) to the Editor whose address is on page 2 between names and year. of the cover. Separate sheets should be used for the following: The list of References should be in alphabetical (1) Title page, with the author's name; (2) Abstract order and not numbered. The international alpha­ betical order of Scandinavian and German vowels not exceeding 11 lines (770 letters and spaces) with the name and full postal address of the should be observed: A = AA, .iE and it = AE, author underneath; (3) References; (4) Tables 10 and 0 = OE, D = UE. Indicate ht, 2nd, 3rd, with their headings; (5) Legends to Figures. etc. works by the same author in the same year In the case of articles submitted in a language by a, b, c, etc. e.g. (White 1966a). Ditto marks, other than English, the Abstract. Table headings et al. and ibid. should not be used. Generally, and Figure legends must be accompanied with an titles of journals should be abbreviated according English translation. to the World List of Scientific Periodicals. Brief Acknowledgements of grants and other as­ sistance, if any, will be printed at the end of the Examples: text. Leken, A. 1964. Social wasps in Norway (Hymen­ optera, Vespidae). Norsk ent. Tidsskr. 12, 191­ 218. FIGURES AND TABLES Schwarts, R. J. 1955. The Complete Dictionary of All illustrations will be considered as Figures. Abbreviations. 211 pp., T. Y. Cromwell Co., Each graph, drawing or photograph should be New York. numbered in sequence with arabic numerals, and Whitman, L. 1951. The arthropod vectors of yel­ should be identified lightly on the back with low fever. pp. 229--298 in Strode, K. (ed.) Yellow the name of the journal, the author's name, and Fever. McGraw-Hill, New York and London. the Figure number. The top should be indicated. The Figures should be the original drawings and should be constructed in proportion to either the entire width of the type area (14 cm) or to the PROOFS column width (6.7 cm). Lines must be thick enough to allow for reduction. Letters and numbers must Authors will receive two copies of the first proof not be less than 2 mm in the printed illustration. (page proof). One copy should be returned duly Photographs should be submitted as unmounted corrected without delay. All technical sections of glossy enlargements showing good detail. the article, including references, names, figures Tables should be numbered in Roman numerals, (numbers, formulae), illustrations and so on, are each having a descriptive heading and typed on the responsibility of the author. Authors will be a separate sheet. Since Tables, as well as Figures, required to pay for any alterations they make are reproduced photographically, they should be against the manuscript. constructed in the same proportion as for Figures. Very large Tables should be typewritten on se­ parate sheets to be printed on facing pages. They must be typewritten on good quality paper with OFFPRINTS all rules drawn in with a fine pen. Seventy-five offprints of each article without All Figures and Tables should be referred to covers will be supplied free of charge. Additional in the text by their number, and their approximate offprints may be ordered at the author's own position indicated in the margin of the manuscript. expense. CONTENTS

T. Hofsvang le: E. B. Hlgvar: Cold storage tolerance and supercooling points of mum- mica of Ephedrua ccraaicola Start and Aphidiua colemani Viereck (Hym. Aphidiidac) 1 A. C. Niwcn le: J. Andencn: Finds of Coleoptera from northern Norway...... 7 F. Ossiannilsson: Mire invertebrate fauna at Eidskog, Norway. V. Auchenorrhyncha, Paylloidea, and Coccoidea (Hem.) ...... 11 S. Hlgvar: Mire invertebrate fauna at Eidskog, Norway. VI. Hemiptera Heteroptcra 15 D. M. Davies, H. Gyorkos le: J. E. Raaatad: Simuliidae (Diptera) of Rcndalcn, Norway. IV. Autogcny and anautogcny ...... 19 K. E. Zachariauen: Effects of glycerol in freeze-tolerant Pytho dcprcaaus L. (Col., Pythidae) 25 T. Kvamme: On the distribution and habitat choice of Agonum donale Pont. (Col., Carabidae) in Norway ...... SI J. E. Raaatad le: D. M. Davies: Black flies (Dipt., Simuliidae) ncw to .Norway .. ss K. E. Zachariauen: Communication by sound between desert tenebrionids ...... S5 N. Haarl0v: Ectoparasites (Mallophaga, Siphonaptera, Acarina) from birds of Jan Mayen Island, Norway ...... 37

N. Knaben: The Eupithecia group (Lep., Geometridae) in Norway 43

Short communications E. Hauge: Further information on the distribution of Anthocaris cardamines L. (Lep.) in northern Norway ...... 79

F. E. Klausen: Lamprochernes nodosus (Schrank 1761) (Pseudoscorpionida, Chernetidae) new to Norway ...... 79

B. Midttun: Survival of Odonata larvae in a dried-up pond in western Norway .. .. 80

J. O. Solem, E. Sendstad, T. Bergvik & A. Hegstad: New record of Apatania zonella Zett. (Trichoptera, Limnephilidae) from Svalbard ...... 83

Bokanmeldelser ...... 87

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