Holistic Development, the Role of RETs and local NGOs in Breaking the Vicious Circle of Poverty

in the Context of Developing Countries

Lecture 1 : 20 th March 2017 Lecture 2 : 3 rd April 2017 Dr. Alex Zahnd, RIDS-Nepal / Kathmandu University Nepal Outline of Lectures Lecture 1 (20 th March 2017) • What is Development / Sustainable Development • The Role of Energy Services in Holistic Community Development (HCD) • Energy Resources to Energy Services – Blessing OR Curse ? • Poverty has many Faces • Holistic Community Development (HCD) • RIDS-Nepal (Nepali NGO) • “Family of 4” and “Family of 4 PLUS”

• Renewable Energy Resources – “Wealth” of the Local Community • Quantify and Qualify the Local RE Resources • Some of the Major RETs at a Glimpse (9 RETs briefly looked at) • Energy Storage Lecture 2 (3 rd April 2017) • Nepal, - some Facts and Background • 7 Elements that help to break the vicious circle of poverty

• RIDS-Nepal (Nepali NGO) • Examples to each of the 7 Elements that help to break the vicious circle of poverty • Questions and Discussion (Lecture 1 & 2) Short Background about myself

• Alex Zahnd • I am Swiss, my wife is Indian and we have 2 children • Bachelor in Mechanical Engineering from Switzerland • Industrial experience in Switzerland in the plastic, food and pharmaceutical industry • Masters in Renewable Energy Technology (RET) from Murdoch University in Perth, Western Australia (2004) • PhD from Murdoch University in Perth, Western Australia. My thesis topic: “The Role of Renewable Energy Technologies in Holistic Community Development” (2013), available as book from Springer: http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-03989-3 • Worked and lived in Nepal since 1983, mainly with Christian development agencies • Developed with local Nepali friends our own non-profit NGO, RIDS- Nepal ( www.rids-nepal.org ), in order to implement new Holistic Community Development concepts What is Development ? What is Development ? • Multi-dimensional process involving qualitative and quantitative improvements in society (Wilson and Wood,1984) • Increased Quality of Life , such as …. – meeting and improving basic living conditions: food, shelter, work, clothing, access to basic energy services, clean drinking water, health care, education,… – to live dignified lives, to have choices and opportunities ... – leisure time, stress-free time, feeling of well-being …. • Social Justice Equal rights to opportunities and resources • Political Freedom Right to speak freely, to disagree, to defer in opinion, to protest, to vote • Economic Security Right to meaningful, save and secure jobs with reasonable/just pay • Environmental Sustainability Maintaining/healing the environment for now and the future generations How does “traditional” Development relates to (economic) Growth ? Is Development = OR ≠ (economic) Growth ? Sustainable Development (SD) • Sustainability: Is it the end-state (goal) of a process or the process itself ? • Some say (Robinson, 2004), it is a process (or approach), and needs to integrate environmental, economic and social issues with a long-term perspective. • Others say it is an end-state , equalling “Input with Output”. That means, being “sustainable” is a characteristic/result of a sustainable development process working towards sustainability. • Some say that Sustainable Development is an oxymoron, i.e. development (popularly/traditionally defined as equalling (economic) growth), contradicts sustainability, as the mantra of “steady economic growth” can not be equalled with sustainability….? • Thus, SD means different things to different people, dependent on their professional, cultural, economic and social background. What are implications of these differing definitions? • Brundtland Report (1987): "Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. • Institute of Engineers Australia (1994): “Sustainable development is a tool for achieving sustainability, not the desired goal”. • Watch after class: “The Story of Stuff” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gLBE5QAYXp8 (21:16 min.) Sustainable Community Development (SCD) • Bringing all these issues, questions and thoughts under one umbrella, what is your position/opinion on SCD ? • To what extent has your studies so far helped you to grapple with, and come to a clearer and more realistic understanding of what SCD is ? • Which of your questions have not yet been answered ? • What practical exposure to, and participation in, CD did you have ? • What would you do now differently than before ? • How much did practical exposure to and participation in CD projects help you to deepen your understanding of what SCD is, needs to be and aims to achieve ?

• What do you consider to be Key Aspects of a SCD project ? The Role of Energy Services in SCD

• What do YOU consider the Role of Energy Services to be in SCD ? • Identify some energy services you “consume” in your daily activities in your own context, or so called “developed” part of the world. • What value/role/importance do you give to these energy services ? • How many of your daily energy services you consider as “essential” (needs) to your life and how many are “non-essential” (wants, or even greed?) or just a “privilege” to have?

• How conscious are you consuming your daily energy services ? • Change context from the “developed” to the “developing” world. Identify, in your opinion, the “NEEDS” and the “WANTS” of what you understand to be the basic right to a “decent” living standard ? • What is the role of energy services in the development / life improvement of a person, family and community in a developing community ? It also shows that “indefinite” access to energy services does not mean “indefinite” high HDI

There is an area of a clear, strong increase of the HDI with “minimal” increased access to energy services

There is a clear dependence of increased access to energy services and a higher HDI

From: World Energy Assessment Overview: Update 2004, Basic Energy Facts II, Figure 3, page 27 http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/environment-energy/sustainable_energy/world_energy_assessmentoverview2004update.html 1 kgoe = 41,868 kJ/kg net calorific value. Thus, e.g. 5,000 kgoe/capita = 209.34 GJ/capita = 58.15MWh/capita = 159 kWh/capita per day, or 6.6 kW constant power consumption per capita. Thus each US person consumed in 2000 power at the constant rate of 11 kW, or today ~9-10 kW What Curve Tendency What Curve Tendency is expected for the is expected for the Infant Mortality Rate Adult Illiteracy Rate against the Energy against the Energy Use Per Capita ? Use Per Capita ?

What Curve Tendency What Curve Tendency is expected for the is expected for the Life Fertility Rate against Expectancy against the Energy Use Per the Energy Use Per Capita ? Capita ?

From: World Energy Assessment Report 2000, UNDP, chapter 2: Energy and the Challenge of Sustainability, page 42 From Energy Resources to Energy Services Blessing ? OR Curse ?

• What are the Pros and Cons of taping into the non-renewable and renewable energy resources ? • What are the possible blessings and curses and what is our responsibility and response to the present energy world scenario ? • Example of tapping into Non-Renewable Energy Resources YouTube videos: 1) Nigeria, rich in oil – a curse for local communities: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ME1cRpuQQo&feature=related (0:00-2:53) 2) Fracking Hell: The Untold Story (Marcellus Shale Fields): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dEB_Wwe-uBM (15:14 - 17:13 min) • Example tapping into Renewable Energy Resources: Island of Samso in Denmark: 1) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SIRRIGIsJdk (0:00 - 4:16) 2) Gemasolar 19.9 MW Power Tower, 24 hours Power Generation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LMWIgwvbrcM (0:14 - 4:30 min) Poverty has many Faces and Definitions...... and cannot easily be define in mere economic values and figures, as different standards, ethics and expressions of what poverty means are held in different cultures ...... it denies beings the chance to live dignified lives, with choices and opportunities for change and development . . .

. . . but what poverty does do, independent of national borders, is manifest itself in an inability to meet human needs such as food, shelter, work, clothing, clean water, fuel, health care and education . . . “Poverty alleviation and development depend on the access to energy services that are affordable, reliable and of good quality” (quoted from Reddy A.K.N. 2002, Saghir 2005) There are clear linkages between access to energy and reduced infant mortality and fertility rates and increased literacy and life expectancy. (WEA, 2002) . . . the last few decades of experience and facts of development projects around the globe compel us to engage in long-term holistic community development, with projects designed after a detailed needs assessment is conducted in concert with villagers themselves. – This is not only Good and Successful - - IT's I M P E R A T I V E - Thus, issues regarding . . • Basic indoor lighting • Health • Improved cooking • Hygiene • Income generation • Mal-nutrition • Room heating • Drinking water • Deforestation • Indoor air pollution • Skill training • Increased food availability • Education . . .

. . . need to be understood and addressed in a HCD program. Not over a short time but on a long-term basis, each project embedded with others simultaneously. In this way a HCD program stands the chance to be sustainable and relevant, benefiting from the synergistic effects of its holistic, multi-sectorial approach. This list of needs recognized by the local communities identifies many of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) United Nations Environment Programme Energy, Climate, and Technology Branch RIDS-Nepal Rural Integrated Development Service-Nepal

u|fdL)f Plss[t ljsfz ;]jf −g]kfn (D.A.O.L. Reg. No. 70/62/63/2162, S.W.C. Aff. No. 18859) RIDS-Nepal Rural Integrated Development Services-Nepal www.rids-nepal.org is a Nepali Non Government Organisation (NGO), officially registered in 2005 with the Government of Nepal

RIDS-Nepal is a non-profit organisation involved in long-term Holistic Community Development (HCD) projects and field based research projects, supported by individuals, charities, and organisations Vision To improve Nepal’s remote, poor mountain communities’ overall quality and standard of life.

Mission Implementation of long-term Holistic Community Development (HCD) programs, planned, designed, realized and followed-up in joint partnership with the local communities within their lives’ context.

Special focus is given to the poor, marginalized and disadvantaged people and community groups in remote, difficult to reach mountain communities in the Nepal Himalayas. NEPAL 70-75% of Nepal’s ~29 million people live in rural areas, with estimated half of them in such remote and difficult to access areas that neither a road nor the national electricity grid will reach them for decades to come. Nepal, . . still one of the Poorest Countries, . . some Facts

1. Population: ~ 29 Mio. ~ 75 % in Rural, Remote Mountain Areas 2. Average Annual Income Per Head varies from 75 - 1800 US$ 3. ~ 70% of Nepal’s Population has No Access to Electricity 4. Low Literacy Rates: 40-60% (cities), 5-40% (remote areas) 5. Fast Growing Gap between the Poor and the Rich . . .

6. High unemployment rate between 40% - 50% 7. Long-term Unstable Political Government and Leadership 8. Feasible Hydro-Power Potential of 42’000 MW 9. Daily Average Global Solar Insolation of 4.5 – 6.0 kWh/m2 per day RIDS-Nepal’s Holistic Community Development Projects are implemented in Two of the Poorest and Remotest Districts of Nepal, in Humla and Jumla

Humla (51’000 people, HDI ~0.244, ~GDP $72/c/y) Alt. 2’500–4’500 m.a.s.l. Lat. 29 ° 58’ North Long. 81 ° 49’ East Kathmandu Alt. 1’337 m.a.s.l. Lat. 27 ° 42’ North Long. 85 ° 22’ East

Jumla (109’000 people, HDI ~0.35, GDP ~$180/c/y) Alt. 2’300–3’200 m.a.s.l Nepalgunj Lat. 29 ° 17’ North ° Alt. 120 m.a.s.l. Long. 82 11’ East Lat. 28 ° 03’ North Long. 81 ° 40’ East

Holistic Community Development (HCD) • Experience and Data show that people’s needs are clearly multi-faceted rather than merely single-stranded needs. • This calls for a multi-sectorial, or holistic community development (HCD) project approach. • Examples of RIDS-Nepal’s HCD concept the “Family of 4” and the “Family of 4 PLUS”.

– 1) “Family of 4” video clip (watch till 3.56 min) : http://www.rids-nepal.org/index.php/HCD_Humla_Project_Video.html – 2) “Family of 4 PLUS” web site: http://www.rids-nepal.org/index.php/Family_of_4_Plus.html

G The “Family of 4 PLUS”

Greenhouse Solar Cooker Scholarships

NFE

Solar Drier Hot Water Bathing SSWF

Nutrition RIDS-Nepal’s 3 - Tier HCD Approach 1st Tier: • Initial Village Base-Line Survey (BLS) • Village Follow-Up Survey (FUS) of implemented Projects • Village Project Follow-Up, Skill & Maintenance Training 2nd Tier: • “Family of 4” and / or “Family of 4 PLUS” Projects

3rd Tier: • R & D based on the BLSs, FUSs and practical experience, resulting in the development and local manufacturing of new, contextualised technologies, infrastructures (such as Greenhouses, Community Bathing Center), educational methods & teaching materials for Non-Formal-Education (NFE) classes and project concepts. • Project and Data Monitoring to create understanding and knowledge in order to develop more appropriate solutions 1st Tier

• Initial Village Base-Line Survey (BLS) • Village Follow-Up Survey (FUS) • Village Project Follow-Up, Skill & Maintenance Training Initial Village Base-Line Survey with 56 Questions

Followed after about 2 years by the . . .

Village Follow- Up Survey with 52, similar Questions Skill Training: For example Solar PV System O & M

Understanding and Maintaining one’s own Solar PV System are Crucial Parameters for a long-term Project Success and Healthy Ownership Pride. Thus Training for Hands-on Training in Basic a Real Field Context Understanding, provides Excellent Maintenance & Instruction and Operation are a Education. Central Part of Each Solar PV Project. 2nd Tier

• The “Family of 4”

AND

• The “Family of 4 PLUS” Projects Based on Practical Community Development Project Experience in Remote and Impoverished Communities in Remote Mountain Villages in Nepal since 1996, and the Urgent Need to Address the Multi-Faceted Needs Identified Locally and in the SDGs, RIDS-Nepal Developed Two New HCD Concepts

The Family of 4

The Family of 4 PLUS Experience Shows that the Communities Themselves Identify . . Light Stove

Water

Latrine

. . most of the time as the four MAIN NEEDS they want to address . . Pit Latrine Water

theThus Family the Basic of 4: Issues to Address in Light, Stove, a Holistic Community DevelopmentPit Latrine, Project Waterare . . . Light Stove 1st Pillar of the “Family of 4”

Pit Latrine For healthier Families 1. Improved Health 4. Cleaner Fields 2. Improved Hygiene 5. Cleaner Rivers 3. Cleaner Walking Paths “Indoor pollution kills one person every 20 second in the developing countries” (from: Smoke – The Killer in the Kitchen, ITDG) “4.3 million people a year die prematurely from illness attributable to the household air pollution caused by the inefficient use of solid fuels ( 2012 data )” (World Health Organization: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs292/en/)

In the high altitude remote mountain places of Humla in Nepal, the people are using tree resin lamps, called “jharro”, for night lighting and open fire places for cooking and heating. These activities, especially the indoor cooking on open fireplaces, have a direct chronic impact on the health and the extremely low life expectancy of the women and children, along with devastating deforestation. 2nd Pillar of the “Family of 4” No Smoke - Less Firewood No Smoke insides Homes through Open Fire Place, the Homes a Smokeless Metal Stove. Daily Full of Smoke. The Daily 40% - 50% less Firewood Firewood Consumption is as Consumption. Great Improved high as 20 kg – 30 kg, and the Health of Women and Children Health Conditions. is in great danger. .3rd . . the Pillar Single of the “Family of 4” ContextualisedHome Solar PV Solar PV Systems To Provide System . . Basic Indoor Lighting

For Different Individual Households . . For a Cluster of Households . . For a Whole Village . . DependentThe 2-Axis on, Central and thus design according to, the end users’ context Village Solar PV Tracking System ...... The Cluster Home Solar PV System 4th Pillar of the “Family of 4” CleanClean andand SufficientSufficient DrinkingDrinking Water In close partnership with the local community the drinking water system is defined, and planned. Where the pipes have to go through, where the water taps have to be, are issues decided by the community. The whole system is built together and enjoyed together . . . CleanClean andand SufficientSufficient DrinkingDrinking WaterWater

To have participated in the building of the own village drinking water system increases also the interest to keep it maintained and running. The following four videos show how the families lived before, and how they live now, after they implemented the “Family of 4” projects.

Awareness Raising, Lighting Technology & “Family of 4” Concept

Users are also made . . . and that the aim is for a long- aware that unless term Holistic Community they do change their Development Project, the so open fire cooking called “Family of 4”, including habit through a also Pit Latrines and Access to Smokeless Metal Clean Drinking Water for All. Stove, their new Lights will last not very long, . . . By Demonstrating the Brightness and Illuminence of the WLED Lamps the Users are Introduced to the new Indoor Lighting The “Family of 4 PLUS”

Greenhouse Solar Cooker Scholarships

NFE

Solar Drier Hot Water Bathing SSWF

Nutrition RIDS-Nepal Projects Implemented in Humla and Jumla since 2002

• With over 2000 Humla and Jumla Families “Family of 4” / “Family of 4 PLUS” Projects implemented in 29 different villages • > 1900 Pit Latrines built and in daily use • > 1920 Smokeless Metal Stoves manufactured, installed and in daily use • 18 Solar Parabolic Cookers installed • 701 Individual Solar PV Home Systems designed, manufactured and installed • 29 Solar PV Cluster Systems designed, manufactured and installed • 12 Solar PV Central Systems designed, manufactured and installed • 1 Pico Hydro-Power Village designed, manufactured and installed • >600 Greenhouses built in the villages • >400 Solar Driers designed, manufactured and installed • >651 Slow Sand Water Filters designed, manufactured and installed • 16 Village Drinking Water Systems designed, built and local people trained • 12 Women and 5 Children NFE Classes over 2 years each (~300 students) • Enrolled 179 Mal-Nourished children <5 years of age and their Mothers • 22 Scholarships for Humla/Jumla Female/Male Students to Study a Vocational Skill at the Karnali Technical School in Jumla 3rd Tier • R & D based on the BLSs, FUSs and practical experience, resulting in the development and local manufacturing of new, contextualised technologies, infrastructures (such as Greenhouses, Community Bathing Center), educational methods & materials for Non-Formal- Education (NFE) classes and project concepts

• Project and Data Monitoring to create understanding, learning and new knowledge in order to teach others and develop more appropriate solutions Contextualized (RE) Technology • What is meant by contextualized technology ? – A technology developed and designed for a specific, defined context and use – A technology which has to perform a defined service in a set environment • What issues have to be considered in contextualizing a technology and its design ? – How have the end users done it thus far (e.g. indoor lighting, cooking, . . .) ? – Demographics (changes, growth etc.) and culture of end users – Climate and meteorological patterns – End users education and ability to be trained for O&M and communication – Believe system and cultural habits of end users – Political conditions: stabile government ?, peace/war/civil unrest ?, policies ? – Economic situation of end users – Location: remoteness, access, ability to operate and maintain – Able to manufacture locally, to create a new industry, jobs and skills – Need for performance monitoring and spare parts for high system availability • How important is the relationship between the end user(s) and the technology/project developer/designer ? A Renewable Energy Technology is “CONTEXTUALISED” when its design has emerged based on the end-users’ energy service demands, their living conditions, economic power and ability to operate and maintain the new technologies with their new acquired technical skills. Examples of Contextualised RETs developed and applied through RIDS-Nepal (www.rids-nepal.org )

• Pit Latrine: http://www.rids-nepal.org/index.php/Pit_Latrines.html • Smokeless Metal Stove: http://www.rids-nepal.org/index.php/Smokeless_Metal_Stove_SMS.html • Solar PV Village Systems: http://www.rids-nepal.org/index.php/Solar_Photo_Voltaic.html • Pico-Hydro Power Plant: http://www.rids-nepal.org/index.php/Pico-Hydro.html • Wind Turbine: http://www.rids-nepal.org/index.php/Wind_Energy.html • Village Drinking Water System: http://www.rids-nepal.org/index.php/Clean_drinking_water.html • High Altitude Greenhouse: http://www.rids-nepal.org/index.php/Greenhouse.html • Solar Drier: http://www.rids-nepal.org/index.php/Solar_Drier.html • Slow Sand Water Filter: http://www.rids-nepal.org/index.php/Slow_Sand_Water_Filter.html • Solar Cooker: http://www.rids-nepal.org/index.php/Solar_Cooker.html • High Altitude Solar Water Heater Village Bathing Center: http://www.rids- nepal.org/index.php/High_Altitude_Solar_Water_Heater_HASWH.html 22 Parameters are measured and recorded in each Solar PV Data Monitoring and Recording System, 24/7. This allows a detailed understanding of the system’s performance, shortcomings and successes, based on which future Solar PV systems are designed and installed. dataTaker DT80 Logger A special, solar PV An individual powered box was written Program, designed to contain a to Monitor Each DT80 dataTaker Solar PV System Logger for Each PV was written for System Concept Each of the Monitoring System. installed DT80 Data Loggers. High Altitude Bathing Center for Local Communities 100 1200 HARS (High Altitude Research Station) 1100 90 High Altitude Solar Water Heater • (HASWH) Monitoring Data 14 1000 80 7 Simikot Humla, Nepal, • nd rd 22 - 23 March 2006 900 15a 4 2 70 • • 12 • 800 5a 60 • • 10b 700

Location: 50 30° 00' North Latitude / 81° 49' East Longitude / 600 5c • 3,000 m.a.s.l. Altitude 500 40 3 Legend and explanation to Points 1 - 15, • see in the paper's main text 400

Temperature / EfficiencyºC % 30

5b 300 Intercepted Solar Radiation Watt / m • 6 20 • 200 15b 8 10 • • 100 2 • 10a 9a • 9b • 11 1• • 13 0 • • 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 :0 0 :3 : 0 0 :3 : 0 0 :0 : 3 0 :0 : 3 0 : 0 0: 3 0 :3 0 3 :0 :3 0 0 :3 :0 0 6 : 6 : 7 7 : 38 0 : 08 0 : 39 0 : 9 0 2 : 02 3 4 : 35 5 7 : 38 8 0 : 31 1 3 : 03 0 : 00 0 : 31 0 : 1 : 2 2 3 : 03 0 : 34 0 : 4 5 5 : 36 0 : 0 0 Time 1 1 01 : 3 1 01 : 0 1 01 : 3 01 1 1 31 : 3 4 01 : 0 01 1 1 61 : 0 6 01 : 3 7 01 : 0 01 1 1 91 : 0 9 02 : 3 0 02 : 0 2 2 2 22 : 0 2 02 : 3 02

Abs. T1-T4 Amb. T Tank T8-T5 Tank Avg-Amb. T Tank T8 Tank T5 Efficiency Solar Rad. Poly. (Efficiency) 12 defined parameters are monitored and recorded, allowing detailed performance graphs of the HASWH prototype, as e.g. above graph from the 22 nd – 23 rd March 2006. Slow Sand Water Filter DelAgua Water Testing Laboratory, to test: • Faecal E-Coli form (with an Incubator) • Water PH • Turbidity • Free and Total Chlorine Indoor Air Pollution Measurements are carried out in Homes with Open Fire Cooking Places and in Homes with a RIDS-Nepal Smokeless Metal Stove. The following Measurements and Data are Monitored and Recorded: 1. With an EPAM 5000 Particle Air Monitor • Gravimetric PM2.5 ; PM10 ; TSP (Total Suspended Particles) • Volumetric PM2.5 ; PM10 ; TSP 2. With a Draeger Gas Monitor • CO (Carbon Monoxide) in the Air • COHB (Carboxyhemoglobin) content of the blood EPAM 5000 Particle Air Monitor

CO Monitor

Indoor Air Pollution Measurements with an EPAM 5000 and a CO Monitor carried out in a Home with an Open Fire Cooking & Heating Place Indoor Air Pollution Measurements with an EPAM 5000 and a CO Monitor carried out in a Home with a RIDS-Nepal Smokeless Metal Stove for Cooking & Heating

Nutrition for Malnourished Children < 5 Years of Age Non-Formal-Education (NFE) ;'vL kl/jf/ 123 Curriculum Development of The “Sukhi Pariwhar“ (Happy Family) Course Work Books NFE coursebook: Sukhi Pariwar 1 – 3 Sukhi Pariwar 1 & 2 Topics: “Family of 4“ Pit Latrine, SMS, WLED, Water

Sukhi Pariwar 3 Topics (planed) Nutrition Health Pregnancy, Family planning

NFE Course books SP 1 & 2 are available to download at: http://www.rids-nepal.org/index.php/Non-Formal_Education/View_category.html Mahilako Kalam dlxnfsf] snd 1 (“Women‘s Pen“)

Topics: - Repetition Book for Summer Season - Village Newspaper Written by NFE Women - NFE Women‘s Own Written Life Stories and Experiences - Practical Skills (Knitting)

Reading & Writing for Information and Communication

Mahilako kalam course book is available to download at: http://www.rids-nepal.org/index.php/Non-Formal_Education/View_category.html

RIDS-Nepal’s 3 - Tier Working Model . .

1. Base-Line and Follow-Up Programs

2. “Family of 4” and “Family of 4 PLUS” Projects

3. Research & Development

. . Embedded in the Long-Term, Holistic Community Development Project Approach over 2 Generations, Allows Equally to Address All the Internationally Acclaimed SDGs in Real Life Changing Ways, Without Loosing the Focus to Meet the Local Communities’ Own Context Related Needs. Nepal – it’s People – it’s Resources – it’s Opportunities

1) Achieving Change with Understanding and Respect of the Local Culture

2) Project Oriented Approach with the “Family of 4” and the “Family of 4 PLUS” Holistic Community Development Concept

3) In Partnership with the Local People and Project Supporters through a Flat, Transparent Organisational Project Structure RET Project Process A Typical Project Cycle for a RET Project as part of a RIDS-Nepal Long Term Holistic Community Development Program includes the following Steps and Activities: • Feasibility study. Learning how and why people have thus far done things they do in a culture sensitive way • Base-line survey (56 questionnaire RIDS-Nepal base-line survey, http://www.rids- nepal.org/images/followup/Baseline%20Questionnaire.pdf ), in order to understand the present village situation in detail • Identify, in qualitative and quantitative ways, the locally available (renewable) resources, often through local data measuring and monitoring over an extended time period, as now official data are available. • Participatory Rural Appraisal = incorporation of the knowledge, skills, talents, experience and opinions of the local community (on an equal gender basis) in the planning (creating the vision), management, design, implementation, training for O&M. • Commitment to a contextualised project approach and technology design, with appropriate O&M and easy repair in mind. Include in this process the support and integration of educational/academic institutions (to participate in the development of a new contextualised RETs and to create new knowledge), the local industry (for appropriate local manufacturing, maintenance and repair), and relevant government offices (for available subsidies and wider dissemination of newly developed technologies) • Manufacturing and quality control, with an emphasis on easy maintainability, readily and affordable access to spare parts and the ability to repair a breakdown in the field by trained local users. • Appropriate, gender balanced, training of the end users for O&M and (simple) repair and communication with the technology/project designer. • Implementation of project (installation, testing, initiating O&M, hand over, celebration) • Data monitoring (log book for the local end user(s) and scientific data logging if possible, and/or R&D) • Follow-up survey and evaluation of project services and the users’ expectations on a periodical, long-term basis. (52 questionnaire RIDS-Nepal Follow-up survey, http://www.rids-nepal.org/images/followup/Follow%20up%20Questionnaire.pdf ) • Take necessary actions and adjustments based on the monitored data, follow-up evaluation and anecdotal feedback of the end user(s), and as deemed feasible and requested/agreed upon/approved by the end users and other project stakeholders. Renewable Energy (RE) Resources – The “Wealth” of the Local Community • Renewable Resources: Qualitative and Quantitative identification of the availability, scope and potential utilisation of the local RE resources through various PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) tools. • Resource mapping : Local people’s information on the local available resources such as the: sun, wind, water, biomass, geothermal, tidal pattern, wave swell pattern, annual ambient and soil temperature pattern, ocean temperatures at various depths and seasons, etc. • Agricultural calendar : When and where does the community plant which kind of food products. • Seasonal living patterns: Are summer and winter residencies in different locations? Why and When and for How long etc.? • Social/cultural/religious mapping : What is the target community’s social structure? Caste system? Different religious believes? • Economic condition of the community and individual families : How are possessions distributed? Land, houses, finances etc.? What is the ratio between the various groups of “rich” and “poor”? Quantify the Local RE Resources Quantify the various, local identified RE resources, as accurate as possible, through: • The Local community, applying PRA methods

• The Government’s Bureau of Statistics • Meteorological data measured at airports • Scientific instruments and long term local measurements • Official Internet based data banks, such as NASA’s Atmospheric Science Data Centre (http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov ) Measuring the Local RE Resources Scientifically

• Global solar radiation: calibrated reference cells / pyranometer http://www.rids- nepal.org/index.php/Solar_Photo_Voltaic.html ; http://www.kippzonen.com/?product/1371/CMP+11.aspx • Wind power: anemometer (wind speed) and wind direction http://www.vaisala.com/en/meteorology/products/weatherinstruments/windsensors/Pages/default.aspx • Water power: flow rate (seasonal!), height difference between water intake and turbine, water temperature http://www.rshydro.co.uk/flow-meters.shtml • Biomass: weight of biomass and calorific value, to determine the enthalpy (total energy contained) of combustion with a bomb calorimeter http://chemistry.umeche.maine.edu/~amar/fall2007/bomb.html • Tidal power: height difference (potential energy) of tides, water flow rate (kinetic energy), seasonal tide changes, water temperatures • Wave power: waves (swell) height, frequency of waves, wind speed, depth of water, seasonality • Geothermal (~20% from original formation of the planet and ~80% from radioactive decay of minerals, creating hot rock beds, water aquifers and temperature graduands): deep drilling with temperature gradient measurements, identifying the geology, geophysics and chemistry of the rocks and fluids, as well as replenishment factors • OTEC (utilizing the ocean temperature differences between the warm surface (~90°F/32°C) and the deep water with (~40°F/4.5°C - 60°F/15°C-) at 2,000- 3,000ft/600-900m depth) ocean water: temperature measurement with detailed temperature graduands and salinity The following slides will show some of the Main Stream Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) at a Glimpse Some Main Stream RETs at a Glimpse 1: Hydro 1) Hydro Power Hydro-power is by far the most established and widely used renewable resource for electricity generation (~ 1100 GW capacity installed end of 2016). The term hydro-power is most often used in combination with the generation of shaft power from falling or running water through a defined turbine, generating rotational, mechanical power which is most frequently used to generate electricity.

Head (H): Altitude water intake – Altitude water outlet (m) Flow (Q): Water mass per time unit (m 3/second) Gravity (g): 9.81 m/s 2 Efficiency (η): Considering all the losses in the energy conversion process and systems (unit less factor between 0-1) Main Power (P) Equation: 3 2 P (kW) = H (m) x Q (m /s) x g (m/s ) x ηtot (-)

Video clips and Web sites: - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rnPEtwQtmGQ (2:11 min) - Micro-Hydro: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=shwGBLYR2dM (6:32 min) - Pico-Hydro: https://www.rids-nepal.org/index.php/Pico-Hydro.html - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaipu_Dam - Turbine Types: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HzQPNpP55xQ (1:16 min) and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0BLOKEZ3KU (2:30 min) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CG95NnnzPYo (3:33 min) Some Main Stream RETs at a Glimpse 2: Wind 2) Wind Power Wind Turbine (WT) Generators have become part of the mainstream utility grid network electricity generation. The manufacturing of WTs is today a highly commercial business with WTs’ rated power output of up to 6 MW. With ~ 500 GW world wide installed (end of 2016) wind power capacity, it presents the second largest RET after hydro power.

Cp (-): Capacity Factor of the wind turbine (~ 0.2 - 0.4) A (m 2): Intercepted cross area of the WT’s rotor blades ρ (kg/m 3): Air Density sweeping through the WT V (m/s) 3: Wind speed of the air through the WT cubed Main Power (P) Equation: P (kW) = ½ x ρ (kg/m 3) x A (m 2) x v 3 (m/s) 3 x Cp (-)

YouTube video clips and web sites to consider: - How a WTG works: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TXHAkE6I0rE (2:10 min) - How a WTG works: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LNXTm7aHvWc (9:53 min) - How a WTG works: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSWm_nprfqE (5:28 min) - Wind – Guided Tour: https://drømstørre.dk/wp-content/wind/miller/windpower%20web/en/tour/wres/index.htm Part 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-XHfa5FI8E&feature=relmfu (6:31 min) - Part 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ID4JQjV95Oo&feature=relmfu (7:41 min) Some Main Stream RETs at a Glimpse 3.1: Solar 3.1) Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Solar PV cells produce directly DC (Direct Current) electricity from electromagnetic radiation (light). The photovoltaic effect was discovered by Becquerel in 1839, but only by 1954, Bell Laboratory (in New Jersey) produced the first PV . From ~100 $ per watt in 1970, in 2016 PV modules cost ~0.4-1 $ per watt, with 2-3 the efficiency (15-20%). By end of 2016, cumulative global installed solar PV capacity crossed 300 GW.

Volt (V): Voltage across the Minus and Plus connector Ampere (Amps): Current across the Minus and Plus connector Main DC Power (P) Equation: P (W) = V (V) x I (Amp)

YouTube video clips & web site to consider: - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0elhIcPVtKE&feature=results_main&playnext=1&list=PL429A07518A3FD7D5 (2:01 min) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K76r41jaGJg&feature=results_main&playnext=1&list=PL429A07518A3FD7D5 (1:07 min) - Selco India solar PV Home Systems: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HGTO2Nm5lng (5:05 min) - https://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom / (EXCELLENT site to learn more about solar energy and solar PV technology) Some Main Stream RETs at a Glimpse 3.2.1: Solar 3.2.1) Solar Thermal: Flat Plate Solar Water Heater (SWH) Heat transfer is a more complex subject as energy (heat) is transferred by radiation, convection and conduction, rather than by mechanical or electrical processes. There are low (solar water & air heater, refrigerator, distiller, pond) and high (solar concentrator, cooker) temperature thermal processes, for personal and industrial (incl. electricity generation) use. (~ 370 GW th capacity installed end of 2016). Flat Plate Solar Water Heater (SWH) The amount of useful heat produced by a solar thermal collector is a balance between the amount of solar energy absorbed and the amount of energy lost via heat losses. This Energy Balance can be summarized as follows Useful Heat Out = Energy Absorbed - Heat Losses The Energy Absorbed is a function of: The Heat Losses are a function of: 2 The area (A C) of absorbing surface (m ) The area of the heated surfaces The absorption (α) of absorbing surface The collector overall heat losses (insulation levels, 2 The transmittance (τ) of any cover materials use of covers, use of vacuums etc) (U L) (W/m ) 2 The incident solar radiation (I T) (W/m ) The temperature of the absorbing surface The heat removal factor (F R) The fluid inlet temperature (Ti) (°C) The reflectance of any reflecting surface The flow rate of the fluid in the collector The tracking accuracy if a tracking collector The ambient (Ta) (°C) conditions (wind speed)

QU (watt) = F R x A C [ I T x (α x τ) – UL x (Ti – Ta) ]

YouTube video clips & web site to consider: - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mmMcMsCnYk (9:59) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8xtPaC2cWaE (12:00) - https://www.rids- nepal.org/index.php/High_Altitude_Solar_Water_Heater_HASWH.html - “What is One Degree” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8VJo0c0OOJo (53:29) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NsCZD1MZPPo (1:25) Some Main Stream RETs at a Glimpse 3.2.2: Solar 3.2.2) Solar Thermal: Concentrator Systems Some processes require larger temperature, for cooking, industrial processes, as well as electricity generation (e.g. through steam turbines). A concentrating collector comprises a receiver, where the solar radiation is absorbed and converted into heat, and concentrators, the optical system, directing beam radiation onto the receiver. Continuous tracking of the concentrators is necessary. (~5 GW e capacity installed end of 2016) The overall efficiency of a solar thermal power system depends on two efficiencies: the efficiency of the solar collection processes and the efficiency of the power conversion processes. → ηoverall = ηcollection × ηpower conversion The maximum efficiency for the conversion of thermal energy to mechanical or electrical energy is governed by the Carnot efficiency formula: ηCarnot = 1 - Tout / T in -Tout (°K) temperature at which heat is rejected in the condenser -Tin (°K) temperature at which the solar system provides energy to the heat engine. BUT, in real systems the actual efficiencies achieved in the heat engine are much lower than the theoretical (Carnot) limit.

YouTube video clips & web sites: -Concentrator: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EahfGfDdgNY&feature=related (3:16) - Solar Power Tower: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0OkqJw1oTMk (3:40) - Power Tower: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fMHbqcMGDy0&feature=related (0:34) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FcWVIiDKVao (4:33) - Solar Tower: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0tWlP0knKQU (3:12) - Solar Tower: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCGVTYtJEFk (4:47) - Solar Tower: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pTkmTsKLRq0 (3:00) - Solar Cooker: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jnwzJE1MwVw (9:41) - Solar Cooker: https://www.rids-nepal.org/index.php/Solar_Cooker.html Some Main Stream RETs at a Glimpse 4: Biomass 4) Biomass The materials of and , including their wastes and residues, is called biomass. It is organic, carbon-based, material that reacts with oxygen in combustion to release heat, for domestic purposes as well as industrial, especially if >750 °F/400 °C, to generate work and electricity. The initial energy of the biomass-oxygen system is captured from solar radiation in photosynthesis. Thus, biomass, if used within the natural ecological cycle, is considered non-polluting and sustainable . (~110 GW e capacity installed end of 2016) Some Facts: • 2.4 billion people use daily biomass to cook and heat (HDR 2016) • Unstainable, high deforestation rates, mostly in developing/transition countries, such as Brazil, Indonesia, Nepal, Sudan, Zambia and Mexico. • 4.3 million people die every year due to direct impact of indoor air pollution from open fire cooking and heating (WHO 2012). • In Nepal women spend 15 to 40hrs a week firewood cutting/collection

YouTube video clips & web site to consider: - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbQ1hw7XQ0M&feature=related (0:47 - 4:14) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-QK6fSabOYs&feature=results_main&playnext=1&list=PL2E5BB025A1B14530 (1:47) - https://www.rids-nepal.org/index.php/HCD_Humla_Project_Video.html (6:23-10:28) - https://www.rids-nepal.org/index.php/Light.html / http://www.rids-nepal.org/index.php/Smokeless_Metal_Stove_SMS.html Some Main Stream RETs at a Glimpse 5: Biogas 5) Biogas Biogas is a methane/carbon dioxide (CH 4/CO 2) gaseous mix with a typical ratio of ~60/40 and small percentages of other gases. The proportion of methane depends on the feedstock and the efficiency of the process, with the range for methane content being 40% to 70%. It is generated through an anaerobic (with no oxygen) bacteria process from decaying biomass, /human waste and sewage. The process of anaerobic digestion takes place in the intestines of and animals and in a landfill site, the latter in an uncontrolled manner. Feedstock: • Source separated bio waste • Separated municipal waste • Food processing and abattoir waste • Sewage & animal sludge • Vegetable & catering waste • Energy crops – maize/grass silage, wheat, maize The energy available from the combustion of biogas is between 60% - 90% of the dry matter heat of combustion of the input material. The digested effluent forms significant less of a health hazard than the input material. Additional, nutrients such as soluble nitrogen compounds remain available in solution, providing excellent fertilizer and humus. YouTube video clips & web site to consider: - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3UafRz3QeO8 (9:52) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hz0osxV8Pjg (8:30) - http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/ae897e/ae897e00.HTM - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7O_l0d8vGms (2:45) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hCor8R0ey3M&feature=related (3:33) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D8iC_pA91I8 (32:16) Some Main Stream RETs at a Glimpse 6: Geothermal 6) Geothermal - The – A Giant Thermal Engine The Earth’s heat flow originates from the primordial heat, which is the heat generated during the Earth’s formation, and from the heat generated since the Earth’s formation by the decay of long- lived radioactive isotopes such as Uranium and Thorium. The average geothermal heat flow at the Earth’s surface is only 0.06 W/m 2, with a temperature gradient of <30 °C/km. However, in places of the earth’s tectonic plate boundaries there is often active convective thermal contact with the earth’s mantle (~1,000 °C), evidenced by seismic activity, volcanoes, fumaroles, geysers and hot springs, with increased temperature gradients up to ~100 °C/km, indicating a high geothermal energy potential. (~14 GW e capacity installed end of 2016) Three Elements of a Geothermal System: Heat Source: The natural temperature gradient or the influence of tectonic plate boundaries and nearby intrusions of magma Reservoir: A volume of hot permeable rocks from which circulating fluids extract heat, or an aquifer constrained by watertight cap rock Water: Water (generally meteoric water) which flows by convection Main Heat Flow (Q) Equation: Q (W/m 2) = k x ΔT / z k: conductivity of the rock (W/m °K) ΔT: temperature difference (°K) z: depth (m) Characteristics of a Good Geothermal Resource • A high temperature for good power plant efficiency • A large quantity of stored heat for resource longevity • Re-injection well at a lower elevation than production • Produced fluids with a near-neutral pH (low corrosion) • Adequate permeability to ensure adequate outputs YouTube video clips & web site to consider: - Int. Geothermal Assoc: https://www.geothermal-energy.org/ - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rfUQy86ZMpQ (1:47) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mCRDf7QxjDk (3:47) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dXxd-OjV26Q (2:00) Some Main Stream RETs at a Glimpse 7: Tidal 7) Tidal Power The level of water in the large oceans of the Earth rises and falls according to predictable patterns. The word "tides" is a generic term used to define the alternating rise and fall in sea level with respect to the land, produced by the gravitational attraction of the moon and the sun. The seas are liquids held on the solid surface of the rotating Earth by gravity. The gravitational attraction of the Earth and the Moon and the Sun perturbs these forces and motions so that tides are produced. Tidal power is derived from turbines set in this liquid, so harnessing the kinetic energy of the rotating Earth. (~0.55 GW e capacity installed end of 2016)

Consider water trapped at high tide in a basin with the surface A and allowed to run out through a turbine at low tide, then: Power (P) Equation: P (kW) = A x R2 x g x ρ / (2 x τ) Area (A) (m 2) Change in Tide (R) (m) Gravity (g): 9.81 m/s 2 Water Density (ρ) (kg/m 3) Tide Period (τ): 12h 25min (semidiurnal) in seconds a) Equilibrium tide with the Moon in the plane Factors Complicating the Tidal Pattern of Earth’s equator, P experiences two equal The tidal wave cannot keep up with the earth’s rotation (1,600 km/h), semidiurnal tides each day thus tide lags behind the moon’s position b) Normally the Moon is not in the Earth’s Moon not in equatorial plane of the earth equatorial plane, and so P may experiences Moon - Earth distance varies with a period of 27.55 solar days only one tide (diurnal) each day The moon’s plane of motion varies with respect to the earth-sun plane Localized effects (ocean floor near shore, sea shore, estuary etc.) YouTube video clips & web sites to consider: Tidal Power Plant in - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CTQ6ciHENgI (2:01) La Rance France, - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tSBACzRE3Gw (0:40 – 2:23) built in 1966 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rance_Tidal_Power_Station - https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&NR=1&v=kHvBUDk7kkQ (0:55) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-sFLGMSMac (5:24) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tSBACzRE3Gw (4:35) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fYfs-qYGzvs (4:57) Some Main Stream RETs at a Glimpse 8: Wave 8) Wave Power Wave energy is primarily based on the direct extraction of the kinetic energy of waves. Large energy fluxes can occur in deep water sea waves. Waves, created by wind, effectively store energy for transmission over great distances. Wave conditions are predictable over periods of days. The power in the wave is proportional to the period of the motion and to the square of the amplitude. Therefore the long period (~10s), large amplitude (~2m) waves pose considerable potential for power generation, with energy fluxes between 50 – 70 kW/m width of oncoming wave.

Water Density (ρ) (kg/m 3) Gravity (g): 9.81 m/s 2 Wave Amplitude (a) (m) Wave Period (T) (s) π (3.14) Power (P) Equation: P (kW) = ρ x g 2 x a 2 x T / (8 x π)

YouTube video clips to consider: - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F0mzrbfzUpM (0:53) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gcStpg3i5V8&feature=related (2:43) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gZFM0ghuwZs (2:34) -https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZZauaX3oXI&feature=BFa&list=PL42 B31F534DE37FD7&lf=results_video (0:18 ) -https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TTqRtwDTApU&index=3&list=PL42B3 1F534DE37FD7 (0:26) Some Main Stream RETs at a Glimpse 9: OTEC 9) OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion) Power OTEC is a means of converting into useful energy the temperature difference between the warm, solar absorbing surface water of the oceans in tropical areas, and the cold deep ocean water at a depth of ~500-1,000 meters (~1,700-3,300 ft) which comes from the polar regions. Considering the laws (Carnot efficiency for heat engines) and practicalities of thermodynamics, heat engines for an OTEC plant can operate with a thermal gradient (ΔT) of 20-25°C/°K/36-45°F, from 5-30°C / 41–86°F), and the ocean’s huge heat storage. However, while the principle of this resource is relatively simple, the low overall efficiency of a OTEC with the engineering technology available today has not yet allowed widespread use of it. Power Equation: P (kW) = ρ x Q x ΔT x c p x ηCarnot Water Density (ρ): (kg/m 3) Water Flow (Q): (m 3/s) Temperature Difference (ΔT): °K Heat Coefficient (c p): 4.186 kJ/kg°K Carnot Efficiency (-): ηCarnot = 1 - Tout / T in (in °K ) Challenges: • Subject to Carnot efficiency (max. ΔT needed) • Very high water flow rates (m 3/s) are required • Steep sloping sea floor required for max. ΔT • High project cost and project scale • Submarine cabling and maintenance YouTube video clips & web site to consider: - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x59MptHscxY (3:52) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IASV8IH-ytE (1:00) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LJV4d4XtHuo (5:12) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W9f4UlKuUPE (9:57) - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8aQXg5M5DiM&feature=related (Hawaii OTEC 7:22 part 1) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9yRWNQ4OJDo&feature=related (Hawaii OTEC 9:34 part 2) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_mGOcqofERM (Nauru OTEC 9:46 part 1, poor quality) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&NR=1&v=HWVWD80ENdM (Nauru OTEC 9:57 part 2) The total, Renewable Energy installed Capacity for Electricity Generation end of 2016, was ~ 2000 GW, which is ~ 24% of the world’s total Capacity of Electricity Generation

The total Investment in Renewable Energy Technologies to generate Electricity and Heat in 2015 amounted to ~286 billion USD Energy Storage - 1 Energy is useful only if available WHEN and WHERE it its wanted. Carrying energy to WHERE it is wanted is called DISTRIBUTION or TRANSMISSION. Keeping it available until WHEN its wanted is called STORAGE.

Renewable energy resources are usually low in energy density, widespread and intermittent available, and thus can only be converted into more useful and convenient energy services when they are accessible. Tapping into this continuing natural flow of energy causes obvious problems with matching the supply and demand at the rate energy is required.

Thus, e.g. the flow and the mass of water are often seasonal, in particular in countries with a monsoon climate. The main winds are dependent on the macroclimate which changes according to the seasonal solar radiation interception. While there are seasonal tendencies, they can change on a daily basis. The sun too has its seasonal patterns, varying sunshine hours and intensity. While forecasting for a few days ahead of time is possible, the actual differences are often significant, and thus demand additional storage capacities to store intercepted and converted renewable energy, in order to have it available at our convenience. Energy Storage - 2 There are various forms of energies which demand different energy storage facilities and technologies:

• Heat – Heat Capacity (sensible heat) in water or rocks – Latent Heat in steam, salts, aqueous and molten (solar power tower) • Mechanical – Kinetic Energy, such as in flywheels – Potential Energy, such as in pumped hydro, compressed air reservoirs, tides • Magnetic – Super Conducting Magnet at temperatures near the absolute zero where energy can be stored indefinite • Chemical – Thermochemical (biomass gasification into syngas, Ethanol) – Hydrogen (from water by electrolysis) – Electrochemical Batteries • Energy stored and delivered as electricity • Size flexibility - very small to very large Energy Storage - 3

CAES = Compressed Air Energy Storage Energy Storage Technologies: SMES = Superconductive Magnetic Energy Storage http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/fuelcells/seca/tutorial/TutorialII_files/TutorialII.pdf Some of the References used:

• Chapman, D., 2004. Sustainability and our cultural myths. Canadian Journal of Environmental Engineering , 9, 92-108. • Daly, H.E. and Cobb, J.B. (eds) (1994). For the Common Good. Beacon Press, Boston. • HDR 2011. “Sustainability and Equity: A Better Future for All”, http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2011/download/ • Kamath Haresh, Energy Storage Technologies, http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/fuelcells/seca/tutorial/TutorialII_files/TutorialII.pdf • IEAust (1994). Policy on sustainability. Institution of Engineers, Australia. Issue: 1, 8th November, 2 pages. • Palmer, J., Cooper, I. and van der Vorst, R. (1997). Mapping out fuzzy buzzwords - who sits where on sustainability and sustainable development. Sustainable Development , 5, 87-93. • RIDS-Nepal ( www.rids-nepal.org ) • Robinson, J (2004). Squaring the circle? Some thoughts on the idea of sustainable development. Ecological Economics , 48, 369-384. • Twidell J. & Weir T., Renewable Energy Resources, Taylor & Francis 2005 • UNDP, HDR 2011, Sustainability and Equity, Chapters 4 & 5, pages 67, 91 • Warwick H., 2004, Smoke – The Killer in the Kitchen, ITDG Publication • WWF (2002). Living Planet Report. World Wildlife Fund International, 36 pp. • Global Status Report 2016 (REN21 ) http://www.ren21.net/status-of-renewables/global- status-report/ Some of the References used:

• RIDS-Nepal Web Site: www.rids-nepal.org • Zahnd Alex, 2005. “A Simple, Optimised PV System for a Remote Himalayan Village”, ANZSES 2005 Conference, available at: http://www.rids-nepal.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=14&Itemid=104 • Zahnd Alex, 2005.“Renewable Energy Resources for Improved, Sustainable Livelihood A Case Study of a Holistic Community Development Project with a Remote and Poor Mountain Village in the Nepal Himalayas”, 6APRSCP Conference, available at: http://www.rids- nepal.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=7&Itemid=104 • Zahnd Alex, 2006. “Renewable Energy Village Power Systems for Remote and Impoverished Himalayan Villages in Nepal”, ICREDC06 Conference, available at: http://www.rids- nepal.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=17&Itemid=104/ • Zahnd Alex, 2006. “High Altitude Solar Water Heater Community Bathing Center for a Remote and Impoverished Himalayan Village”, ANZSES 2006 Conference available at: http://www.rids- nepal.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=11&Itemid=104 • Zahnd Alex, 2007. "High Altitude Smokeless Metal Stove A Research, Development and Implementation Project through the Kathmandu University", RETRUD Conference, available at: http://www.rids-nepal.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=24&Itemid=104 • Zahnd Alex, 2007. “Benefits from a Renewable Energy Village Electrification System", WREN Conference, available at: http://www.rids- nepal.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=53&Itemid=104 • Zahnd Alex, 2008. "Holistic Community Development and the Role of Contextualized & Renewable Energy Technologies in Improving Health Conditions in Rural Nepal ", ANZSES 2008 Conference, available at: http://www.rids- nepal.org/index.php/Download_document/93_HCD_and_the_role_of_contexualized_RE_technologies_in_improving_he alth_conditions_in_Nepal_with_PPT.html • Zahnd Alex, 2009. “The Importance of Monitoring and Performance Analysis of a Rural Solar PV Electrification Project", ANZSES 2009, available at: http://www.rids- nepal.org/index.php/Download_document/106_The_Importance_of_Monitoring_and_Performance_Analysis_of_a_Rural _Solar_PV_Electrification_Project.html • Zahnd Alex, 2011 "The Role of Renewable Energy Technology in Holistic Community Development”, SWC2011 Conference, available from our RIDS-Nepal web site at: http://www.rids- nepal.org/index.php/Download_document/131_The_Role_Of_Renewable_Energy_Technology_In_Holistic_Community_ Development.html Questions ? Questions

For more Info: Alex Zahnd Web : www.rids-nepal.org Email: [email protected]