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Komunikasi Antarbudaya Etnis Aceh Dan Bugis-Makassar Melalui Asimilasi Perkawinan Di Kota Makassar

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Komunikasi Antarbudaya Etnis Aceh Dan Bugis-Makassar Melalui Asimilasi Perkawinan Di Kota Makassar Jurnal Komunikasi KAREBA Vol.4 No.1 Januari – Maret 2015 KOMUNIKASI ANTARBUDAYA ETNIS ACEH DAN BUGIS-MAKASSAR MELALUI ASIMILASI PERKAWINAN DI KOTA MAKASSAR Reni Juliani1, Hafied Cangara2, Andi Alimuddin Unde2 1Jurusan Ilmu Komunikasi dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Syiah Kuala 2Ilmu Komunikasi Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar Abstract This research aimed to investigate the intercultural communication between Acehethnic group and Bugis-Makassar through marriage assimilation in Makassar city, to investigate the factors supporting and not supporting the assimilation process between the two ethnic groups (Aceh-Bugis-Makassar), and to investigate which channels they mostly used to meet and formed households as multi-culture families. The reasearch subjects consisted of 11 couples of the ethnic groups of Aceh and Bugis-Makassar in Makassar city. The data were collected through interviews with both ethnic groups of Aceh and Bugis-Makassar. Next, the data were analyzed using Miles and Huberman interactive model. The research results revealed that the intercultural communication between Aceh ethnic group and Bugis-Makassar ethnic group in Makassar city had run well. They were more easily melt each other because the had similar cultures and the same religion. Also, they did not emphasize their cultures in introducing their respective cultures to their children. The factors supporting the intercultural assimilation between Aceh and Bugis- Makassar ethnic groups were the high level of tolerance, trust and honesty, openness toward each other, and the choice to surrender in order to win. On the other hand, the factors of constraints were the ethnocentric characteristics. The communication channels they used in making them meet generally occurred in informal meeting situations, without any mediators or match makers. Keywords: Intercultural communication; Acehnese and Bugis-Makassar ethnic groups; and assimilation Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana komunikasi antarbudaya etnis Aceh dan Bugis-Makassar melalui asimilasi perkawinan di Kota Makassar, untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor apa saja yang mendukung dan yang tidak mendukung proses asimilasi kedua etnis (Aceh- Bugis-Makassar), dan untuk mengetahui saluran-saluran mana saja yang banyak mereka gunakan sehingga mereka dipertemukan kemudian membina rumah tangga sebagai keluarga multikultur. Subjek penelitian ini terdiri dari 11 pasang pasangan suami-istri etnis Aceh dengan etnis Bugis Makassar di Kota Makassar. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara dan etnis Aceh dengan etnis Bugis-Makassar, selanjutnya dianalisis dengan mengunakan teknik analisis data model interaktif Miles dan Huberman. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa komunikasi antarbudaya etnis Aceh dengan etnis Bugis-Makassar di Kota Makassar berjalan dengan baik. Mereka lebih mudah melebur satu sama lain dikarenakan mempunyai kesamaan budaya dan juga agama. Mereka tidak terlalu menitik beratkan kedua budaya mereka dalam pengenalan budaya kepada anak-anak mereka. Faktor pendukung asimilasi etnis Aceh dengan etnis Bugis-Makassar adalah toleransi yang tinggi, kepercayaan dan kejujuran, keterbukaan satu sama lain, dan memilih mengalah untuk menang. Sedangkan faktor penghambat asimilasi mereka adalah sifat etnosentrisme. Saluran-saluran komunikasi yang digunakan dalam mempertemukan mereka pada umumnya berlangsung dalam situasi pertemuan informal, tanpa pelantara atau perjodohan. Kata kunci ; Komunikasi antarbudaya; etnis Aceh dan Bugis-Makassar; dan asimilasi 70 Jurnal Komunikasi KAREBA Vol.4 No.1 Januari – Maret 2015 PENDAHULUAN semua itu terutama merupakan respons terhadap fungsi budaya kita. Komunikasi itu Makassar sebagai kota multikultur dengan terikat oleh budaya. Sebagaimana budaya penduduk yang tinggal berasal dari berbagai berbeda antara yang satu dengan yang lainnya, etnis. Bukan hanya dari etnis asli Sulawesi maka praktik dan perilaku komunikasi Selatan saja seperti Makassar, Bugis, Mandar individu-individu yang diasuh dalam budaya- dan Toraja, melainkan dari etnis dari luar budaya tersebut pun akan berbeda pula. Sulawesi Selatan seperti Papua, Maluku, Jawa, Shanon dan Weaver yang diteruskan oleh Kalimanta, Sumatra, Aceh, bahkan Tionghoa Cangara (2012: 22), bahwa komunikasi adalah juga ada. Bisa dikatakan bahwa penduduk bentuk interaksi manusia yang saling Makassar sendiri berasal dari berbagai etnis mempengaruhi satu sama lainnya, sengaja atau dari Sabang sampai Merauke. Mobilitas yang tidak sengaja. Tidak terbatas pada bentuk tinggi, keterbukaan masing-masing daerah dan komunikasi menggunakan bahasa verbal, tetapi juga penempatan perpindahan pegawai juga dalam hal ekspresi muka, lukisan, seni, merupakan faktor penting dalam lahirnya dan teknologi. perkawinan antarbudaya. Pada masa yang akan Definisi yang paling sederhana dari datang, kehidupan multikultur akan semakin komunikasi antarbudaya adalah menambahkan meningkat dengan ditandai meningkatnya kata budaya ke dalam pernyataan “komunikasi perkawinan silang antar-etnis. Dalam antara dua orang/lebih yang berbeda latar perspektif komunikasi dapat diartikan bahwa belakang kebudayaan” (Liliweri, 2003: 9). fenomena di atas akan mempengaruhi Fred E. Jandt mengartikan komunikasi bagaimana pasangan antar-etnis tersebut antarbudaya sebagai interaksi tatap muka di berkomunikasi dan berasimilasi. Tidak ada antara orang-orang yang berbeda budayanya cara yang dapat memisahkan antara Budaya (intercultural communication generally refers dan komunikasi karena seluruh perilaku to face-to face interaction among people of seseorang sangat bergantung pada budaya yang divers culture). Sedangkan Collier dan mempengaruhinya (Edward T. Hall 1959 Thomas, mendefinisikan komunikasi dalam Istiyanto, 2008), Communication is antarbudaya “as communication between culture, culture is communication (komunikasi persons ‘who identity themselves as distict adalah budaya, budaya adalah komunikasi). from’ other in a cultural sense” (Purwasito, Pernyataan tersebut menandakan bahwa 2003: 122). hubungan antara komunikasi dan budaya Dari hasil penelitian Simamora (2012), yang sangat erat. Adanya saling keterikatan antara berjudul “Komunikasi Antarbudaya dalam hubungan komunikasi dan budaya. Budaya Proses Asimilasi pada Pernikahan Campuran merupakan landasan komunikasi. Sehingga (Studi Kasus Tentang Komunikasi cara-cara komunikasi baik komunikasi verbal Antarbudaya Dalam Proses Asimilasi Pada maupun non verbal kita adalah cerminan dari Pernikahan Campuran Suku Batak Toba- budaya yang mempengaruhi kita. Semakin Tionghoa di kota Medan). Hasil dari penelitian beraneka ragam budaya, maka semakin ini menunjukkan bahwa proses komunikasi beraneka ragam pula praktik komunikasi yang antarbudaya dapat terjalin dengan baik dan akan digunakan. efektif diantara kelima pasangan pernikahan Mulyana dan Rakhmat (2005: 25), campuran. Namun terjadi proses penarikan diri menjelaskan bahwa cara-cara kita oleh beberapa informan dari sukunya berkomunikasi,keadaan-keadaan komunikasi terdahulu, kecemasan tinggi akan masa depan kita, bahasa dan gaya bahasa yang kita sukunya, rasa etnosentrisme berlebihan, dan gunakan, dan perilaku-perilaku nonverbal kita, culture shock yang sempat dialami oleh 71 Jurnal Komunikasi KAREBA Vol.4 No.1 Januari – Maret 2015 beberapa informan. Keseluruhan informan perkawinan di Makassar? berusaha untuk menghormati dan menghargai 2. Faktor-faktor apa saja yang menjadi perbedaan budaya dalam pernikahan mereka. pendukung dan penghambat dalam proses Di Makassar sendiri banyak terjadi pernikahan asimilasi antara kedua etnis (Aceh-Bugis- campuran. Etnis Aceh di Makassar sangat Makassar) dilihat dari perspektif komunikasi eksis dengan membentuk Ikatan masyarakat antarbudaya? Aceh (IMA). Hubungan baik etnis Aceh 3. Saluran-saluran mana saja yang banyak dengan Bugis-Makassar sudah terjalin sejak mereka gunakan sehingga mereka dulu. Dengan adanya pernikahan Sultan dipertemukan kemudian membina rumah Iskandar Muda dengan Putroe Suni anak dari tangga sebagai keluarga multikultur? Daeng Mansyur yang beretnis Bugis- Makassar. Fenomena perkawinan etnis Aceh KAJIAN KONSEP DAN TEORI dan Bugis-Makassar juga terjadi di Kota Makassar. Hal ini yang menarik untuk diteliti. a. Komunikasi Manusia adalah Dimana penelitian ini merupakan penelitian makhluk sosial. Untuk menjalin hubungan baru dan belum pernah diteliti sebelumnya. sosial diperlukan komunikasi. Komunikasi Perkawinan mereka memadukan budaya yang bagaikan kebutuhan primer bagi berbeda dari masing-masing pasangan. Namun, keberlangsungan kehidupan. Bisa perbedaan budaya ini yang akan memicu dikatakan tanpa komunikasi manusia tidak terjadinya miskomunikasi dan konflik. Seperti bisa hidup. Dari zaman dahulu kala, yang dijelaskan oleh Triandis dalam Lubis manusia berkomunikasi dengan (2012: 27) bahwa konflik akan lebih besar jika sesamanya dengan cara mereka sendiri. kedua budaya sangat berbeda dibandingkan Saat berburu untuk mencari makanan, jika mereka sama. Diduga bahwa perkawinan manusia menggunakan isyarat-isyarat antara etnis Aceh dengan etnis Bugis-Makassar tertentu. Isyarat itu, komunikasi. akan mengalami miskomunikasi dan konflik Sejak manusia masih dalam kandungan, karena mereka memiliki budaya yang berbeda. manusia sudah mengadakan komunikasi. Banyaknya hambatan, adanya perbedaan dan Komunikasi manusia di dalam kandungan pertentangan akan jauh lebih besar muncul dan dilakukan dengan tolongan sang Ibu, baik ditemui dalam kehidupan mereka berumah melalui musik yang didengarkan, lantunan tangga. Namun, pendapat
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