DOCSLIB.ORG

Ligusticum Canbyi Coult. &A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ligusticum Canbyi Coult. &A The Novel Use of Metabolomics as a Hypothesis Generating Technique for Analysis of Medicinal Plants: Ligusticum canbyi Coult. & Rose and Artemisia tridentata Nutt. by Christina Turi M.Sc., University of Kent, Canterbury, UK 2009 B.Sc., University of British Columbia 2007 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE COLLEGE OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Biology) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Okanagan) June 2014 © Christina Turi, 2014 Abstract In response to the environment, plants produce a phytochemical arsenal to communicate and to withstand abiotic and biotic pressures. The average plant tissue contains upwards of 30,000 phytochemicals. The vast majority of approaches used to study plant chemistry are reductionist and only target specific classes of compounds which can be easily isolated or detected. Metabolomics is the qualitative and quantitative analysis of all metabolites present in a biological sample. By providing researchers with a phytochemical snapshot of all existing metabolites present in a sample, metabolomics has allowed researchers to study plant primary and secondary metabolism in ways that were never done before. The first objective of this thesis is to identify candidate species for studying plant neurochemicals. Statistical analysis using residual, bayesian and binomial analysis was applied to the University of Michigan’s Native American Ethnobotany Database and revealed that the genera Artemisa and Ligusticum are used most frequently during ceremony and ritual. Plant melatonin, serotonin, γ-aminobutyric acid, and acetylcholine were quantified in Artemisia tridentata Nutt. and Ligusticum canbyi Coult. & Rose. Significant variability was observed between tissue types, germplasm line and species. Manipulation of cholinergic signalling in A. tridentata led to changes in auxin, melatonin and serotonin levels, and suggests cross-talk between cholinergic and indoleamine pathways could be occurring in plants. The second objective of this thesis is to develop novel statistical and biochemical tools for analyzing metabolomic datasets and hypothesis generation. Datasets were generated using ultra performance reverse phase chromatography with time of flight mass spectrometry detection. Between 16,000 and 40, 000 metabolites were detected in L. canbyi and A. tridentata root and leaf tissues respectively. Principal component analysis, synthetic biotransformation, significant ion generation, putative identification and logical algorithms were applied in order to develop hypotheses and research approaches for pthalide biosynthesis, plant responses to stress, and the biological activity of smoke. Metabolomics, as a field of study, is still in its infancy. Thus approaches to effectively mine datasets are still ii needed, and provide researchers with new ways to examine the processes which regulate the production of primary and secondary metabolites in vivo. iii Preface A version of Chapter 1 has been published in the following manuscripts: Turi, C.E, Murch, S.J., 2011. The genus Ligusticum in North America: An ethnobotanical review with special emphasis upon species commercially known as ‘Osha’. HerbalGram 89, 40-51. I conducted the literature review and wrote most of the manuscript. Turi, C.E., Shipley, P.R., Murch, S.J., 2014a. North American Artemisia species from the subgenus Tridentatae (Sagebrush): A phytochemical, botanical and pharmacological review. Phytochemistry. I conducted the literature review and wrote most of the manuscript. The section on phytochemistry was revised by Dr. Paul Shipley, all structures were drawn by him. A version of chapter 2 has been published. Turi, C.E., Murch, S.J., 2013b. Spiritual and ceremonial plants in North America: An assessment of Moerman's Ethnobotanical Database comparing residual, binomial, bayesian and imprecise dirichlet model (IDM) analysis. J. Ethnopharmacol. 148, 386-394. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.03.029. I accessed Moerman’s database and conducted all the reported statistical analysis. A majority of the manuscript was written by me. A version of chapter 3 has been published. Turi, C.E., Murch, S.J., 2013a. Targeted and untargeted phytochemistry of Ligusticum canbyi: Indoleamines, phthalides, antioxidant potential, and use of metabolomics as a hypothesis-generating technique for compound discovery. Planta Med. 79, 1370-1379. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1350618. I conducted targeted, untargeted and antioxidant analysis and wrote the majority of the manuscript. A version of chapter 4 has been published. Turi, C.E., Axwik, K.E., Murch, S.J., 2014b. In vitro conservation, phytochemistry, and medicinal activity of Artemisia tridentata Nutt.: metabolomics as a hypothesis-generating tool for plant tissue culture. Plant Growth Regulation. Doi: 10.1007/s10725-014-9915-y. I wrote the majority of this manuscript and conducted both untargeted and anti-AchE analysis. Germplasm lines were established with assistance from Katie Axwik. A version of chapter 5 has been published. Turi, C.E., Axwik, K.E., Smith, A., Jones, M.P., Saxena, P.K., Murch, S.J., 2014c. Doi: 10.4161/psb.28645. Galanthamine an anticholinesterase drug effects plant growth and development in Artemisia tridentata Nutt. through modulation of auxin and neutrotransmitter signaling. Plant Signaling and Behavior. I performed all targeted and untargeted analysis. Katie Axwik helped to keep the germplasm lines viable for the duration of the experiment, while Anderson Smith provided technical assistance for the instruments. Dr. A.M.P Jones kindly ran the standard auxin bioassay at the University of Guleph. iv Chapter 6 is based on work I conducted in Dr. Susan Murch’s lab at UBC Okanagan. All experimental work and data analysis was performed by me. v Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. ii Preface ................................................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables......................................................................................................................................... xi List of Figures ......................................................................................................................................xiii List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... xvii Glossary ............................................................................................................................................. xviii Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................. xix Chapter 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Phytochemistry ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Ethnobotany, Ethnopharmacology and Drug Discovery .............................................................. 2 1.2.1 Traditional Approaches for the Study of Medicinal Plants ................................................... 2 1.2.2 Plant Collection and Extraction ............................................................................................. 1 1.2.3 Bioassay ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2.4 Chromatography and Elucidation of Structures .................................................................... 2 1.3 North American Biodiversity as a Source for Drugs ................................................................... 2 1.3.1 Spiritual and Ceremonial Plants as a Source for Drugs ........................................................ 3 1.3.2 Ceremonial Smokes as a Source for Drugs ........................................................................... 4 1.4 Model Species 1: Ligusticum ....................................................................................................... 4 1.4.1 Botany and Taxonomy .......................................................................................................... 9 1.4.2 Ethnobotany ........................................................................................................................ 11 1.4.3 Medicinal Chemistry ........................................................................................................... 13 1.4.4 Bioassay .............................................................................................................................. 15 1.5 Model Species II: Artemisia ....................................................................................................... 16 1.5.1 Evolution, Botany and Taxonomy ...................................................................................... 23 1.5.2 Phytochemistry .................................................................................................................... 24 1.5.3 Bioassay .............................................................................................................................. 34 1.6 Metabolomics, Metabonomics, and the Plant Metabolome ....................................................... 36 1.6.1 Targeted vs Untargeted
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tree of Life Marula Oil in Africa
    HerbalGram 79 • August – October 2008 HerbalGram 79 • August Herbs and Thyroid Disease • Rosehips for Osteoarthritis • Pelargonium for Bronchitis • Herbs of the Painted Desert The Journal of the American Botanical Council Number 79 | August – October 2008 Herbs and Thyroid Disease • Rosehips for Osteoarthritis • Pelargonium for Bronchitis • Herbs of the Painted Desert • Herbs of the Painted Bronchitis for Osteoarthritis Disease • Rosehips for • Pelargonium Thyroid Herbs and www.herbalgram.org www.herbalgram.org US/CAN $6.95 Tree of Life Marula Oil in Africa www.herbalgram.org Herb Pharm’s Botanical Education Garden PRESERVING THE FULL-SPECTRUM OF NATURE'S CHEMISTRY The Art & Science of Herbal Extraction At Herb Pharm we continue to revere and follow the centuries-old, time- proven wisdom of traditional herbal medicine, but we integrate that wisdom with the herbal sciences and technology of the 21st Century. We produce our herbal extracts in our new, FDA-audited, GMP- compliant herb processing facility which is located just two miles from our certified-organic herb farm. This assures prompt delivery of freshly-harvested herbs directly from the fields, or recently HPLC chromatograph showing dried herbs directly from the farm’s drying loft. Here we also biochemical consistency of 6 receive other organic and wildcrafted herbs from various parts of batches of St. John’s Wort extracts the USA and world. In producing our herbal extracts we use precision scientific instru- ments to analyze each herb’s many chemical compounds. However, You’ll find Herb Pharm we do not focus entirely on the herb’s so-called “active compound(s)” at fine natural products and, instead, treat each herb and its chemical compounds as an integrated whole.
    [Show full text]
  • Flowering Plants Eudicots Apiales, Gentianales (Except Rubiaceae)
    Edited by K. Kubitzki Volume XV Flowering Plants Eudicots Apiales, Gentianales (except Rubiaceae) Joachim W. Kadereit · Volker Bittrich (Eds.) THE FAMILIES AND GENERA OF VASCULAR PLANTS Edited by K. Kubitzki For further volumes see list at the end of the book and: http://www.springer.com/series/1306 The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants Edited by K. Kubitzki Flowering Plants Á Eudicots XV Apiales, Gentianales (except Rubiaceae) Volume Editors: Joachim W. Kadereit • Volker Bittrich With 85 Figures Editors Joachim W. Kadereit Volker Bittrich Johannes Gutenberg Campinas Universita¨t Mainz Brazil Mainz Germany Series Editor Prof. Dr. Klaus Kubitzki Universita¨t Hamburg Biozentrum Klein-Flottbek und Botanischer Garten 22609 Hamburg Germany The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants ISBN 978-3-319-93604-8 ISBN 978-3-319-93605-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93605-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018961008 # Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
    [Show full text]
  • Outline of Angiosperm Phylogeny
    Outline of angiosperm phylogeny: orders, families, and representative genera with emphasis on Oregon native plants Priscilla Spears December 2013 The following listing gives an introduction to the phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants that has emerged in recent decades, and which is based on nucleic acid sequences as well as morphological and developmental data. This listing emphasizes temperate families of the Northern Hemisphere and is meant as an overview with examples of Oregon native plants. It includes many exotic genera that are grown in Oregon as ornamentals plus other plants of interest worldwide. The genera that are Oregon natives are printed in a blue font. Genera that are exotics are shown in black, however genera in blue may also contain non-native species. Names separated by a slash are alternatives or else the nomenclature is in flux. When several genera have the same common name, the names are separated by commas. The order of the family names is from the linear listing of families in the APG III report. For further information, see the references on the last page. Basal Angiosperms (ANITA grade) Amborellales Amborellaceae, sole family, the earliest branch of flowering plants, a shrub native to New Caledonia – Amborella Nymphaeales Hydatellaceae – aquatics from Australasia, previously classified as a grass Cabombaceae (water shield – Brasenia, fanwort – Cabomba) Nymphaeaceae (water lilies – Nymphaea; pond lilies – Nuphar) Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae (wild sarsaparilla, star vine – Schisandra; Japanese
    [Show full text]
  • Washington Plant List Douglas County by Scientific Name
    The NatureMapping Program Washington Plant List Revised: 9/15/2011 Douglas County by Scientific Name (1) Non- native, (2) ID Scientific Name Common Name Plant Family Invasive √ 763 Acer glabrum Douglas maple Aceraceae 800 Alisma graminium Narrowleaf waterplantain Alismataceae 19 Alisma plantago-aquatica American waterplantain Alismataceae 1087 Rhus glabra Sumac Anacardiaceae 650 Rhus radicans Poison ivy Anacardiaceae 29 Angelica arguta Sharp-tooth angelica Apiaceae 809 Angelica canbyi Canby's angelica Apiaceae 915 Cymopteris terebinthinus Turpentine spring-parsley Apiaceae 167 Heracleum lanatum Cow parsnip Apiaceae 991 Ligusticum grayi Gray's lovage Apiaceae 709 Lomatium ambiguum Swale desert-parsley Apiaceae 997 Lomatium canbyi Canby's desert-parsley Apiaceae 573 Lomatium dissectum Fern-leaf biscuit-root Apiaceae 582 Lomatium geyeri Geyer's desert-parsley Apiaceae 586 Lomatium gormanii Gorman's desert-parsley Apiaceae 998 Lomatium grayi Gray's desert-parsley Apiaceae 999 Lomatium hambleniae Hamblen's desert-parsley Apiaceae 609 Lomatium macrocarpum Large-fruited lomatium Apiaceae 1000 Lomatium nudicaule Pestle parsnip Apiaceae 634 Lomatium triternatum Nine-leaf lomatium Apiaceae 474 Osmorhiza chilensis Sweet-cicely Apiaceae 264 Osmorhiza occidentalis Western sweet-cicely Apiaceae 1044 Osmorhiza purpurea Purple sweet-cicely Apiaceae 492 Sanicula graveolens Northern Sierra) sanicle Apiaceae 699 Apocynum androsaemifolium Spreading dogbane Apocynaceae 813 Apocynum cannabinum Hemp dogbane Apocynaceae 681 Asclepias speciosa Showy milkweed Asclepiadaceae
    [Show full text]
  • Okanogan County Plant List by Scientific Name
    The NatureMapping Program Washington Plant List Revised: 9/15/2011 Okanogan County by Scientific Name (1) Non- native, (2) ID Scientific Name Common Name Plant Family Invasive √ 763 Acer glabrum Douglas maple Aceraceae 3 Acer macrophyllum Big-leaf maple Aceraceae 800 Alisma graminium Narrowleaf waterplantain Alismataceae 19 Alisma plantago-aquatica American waterplantain Alismataceae 1155 Amaranthus blitoides Prostrate pigweed Amaranthaceae 1087 Rhus glabra Sumac Anacardiaceae 650 Rhus radicans Poison ivy Anacardiaceae 1230 Berula erecta Cutleaf water-parsnip Apiaceae 774 Cicuta douglasii Water-hemlock Apiaceae 915 Cymopteris terebinthinus Turpentine spring-parsley Apiaceae 167 Heracleum lanatum Cow parsnip Apiaceae 1471 Ligusticum canbyi Canby's lovage Apiaceae 991 Ligusticum grayi Gray's lovage Apiaceae 709 Lomatium ambiguum Swale desert-parsley Apiaceae 1475 Lomatium brandegei Brandegee's lomatium Apiaceae 573 Lomatium dissectum Fern-leaf biscuit-root Apiaceae Coeur d'Alene desert- Lomatium farinosum Apiaceae 548 parsley 582 Lomatium geyeri Geyer's desert-parsley Apiaceae 586 Lomatium gormanii Gorman's desert-parsley Apiaceae 998 Lomatium grayi Gray's desert-parsley Apiaceae 999 Lomatium hambleniae Hamblen's desert-parsley Apiaceae 609 Lomatium macrocarpum Large-fruited lomatium Apiaceae 1476 Lomatium martindalei Few-flowered lomatium Apiaceae 1000 Lomatium nudicaule Pestle parsnip Apiaceae 1477 Lomatium piperi Piper's bisciut-root Apiaceae 634 Lomatium triternatum Nine-leaf lomatium Apiaceae 1528 Osmorhiza berteroi Berter's sweet-cicely
    [Show full text]
  • National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands 1996
    National List of Vascular Plant Species that Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary Indicator by Region and Subregion Scientific Name/ North North Central South Inter- National Subregion Northeast Southeast Central Plains Plains Plains Southwest mountain Northwest California Alaska Caribbean Hawaii Indicator Range Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes FACU FACU UPL UPL,FACU Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill. FAC FACW FAC,FACW Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr. NI NI NI NI NI UPL UPL Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. FACU FACU FACU Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl. FACU-* NI FACU-* Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. NI NI FACU+ FACU- FACU FAC UPL UPL,FAC Abies magnifica A. Murr. NI UPL NI FACU UPL,FACU Abildgaardia ovata (Burm. f.) Kral FACW+ FAC+ FAC+,FACW+ Abutilon theophrasti Medik. UPL FACU- FACU- UPL UPL UPL UPL UPL NI NI UPL,FACU- Acacia choriophylla Benth. FAC* FAC* Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. FACU NI NI* NI NI FACU Acacia greggii Gray UPL UPL FACU FACU UPL,FACU Acacia macracantha Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. NI FAC FAC Acacia minuta ssp. minuta (M.E. Jones) Beauchamp FACU FACU Acaena exigua Gray OBL OBL Acalypha bisetosa Bertol. ex Spreng. FACW FACW Acalypha virginica L. FACU- FACU- FAC- FACU- FACU- FACU* FACU-,FAC- Acalypha virginica var. rhomboidea (Raf.) Cooperrider FACU- FAC- FACU FACU- FACU- FACU* FACU-,FAC- Acanthocereus tetragonus (L.) Humm. FAC* NI NI FAC* Acanthomintha ilicifolia (Gray) Gray FAC* FAC* Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl OBL OBL Acer circinatum Pursh FAC- FAC NI FAC-,FAC Acer glabrum Torr. FAC FAC FAC FACU FACU* FAC FACU FACU*,FAC Acer grandidentatum Nutt.
    [Show full text]
  • DICOTS Aceraceae Maple Family Anacardiaceae Sumac Family
    FLOWERINGPLANTS Lamiaceae Mint family (ANGIOSPERMS) Brassicaceae Mustard family Prunella vulgaris - Self Heal Cardamine nutallii - Spring Beauty Satureja douglasii – Yerba Buena Rubiaceae Madder family DICOTS Galium aparine- Cleavers Boraginaceae Borage family Malvaceae Mallow family Galium trifidum – Small Bedstraw Aceraceae Maple family Cynoglossum grande – Houndstongue Sidalcea virgata – Rose Checker Mallow Acer macrophyllum – Big leaf Maple Oleaceae Olive family MONOCOTS Anacardiaceae Sumac family Fraxinus latifolia - Oregon Ash Toxicodendron diversilobum – Poison Oak Cyperaceae Sedge family Plantaginaceae Plantain family Carex densa Apiaceae Carrot family Plantago lanceolata – Plantain Anthriscus caucalis- Bur Chervil Iridaceae Iris family Daucus carota – Wild Carrot Portulacaceae Purslane family Iris tenax – Oregon Iris Ligusticum apiifolium – Parsley-leaved Claytonia siberica – Candy Flower Lovage Claytonia perforliata – Miner’s Lettuce Juncaceae Rush family Osmorhiza berteroi–Sweet Cicely Juncus tenuis – Slender Rush Sanicula graveolens – Sierra Sanicle Cynoglossum Photo by C.Gautier Ranunculaceae Buttercup family Delphinium menziesii – Larkspur Liliaceae Lily family Asteraceae Sunflower family Caryophyllaceae Pink family Ranunculus occidentalis – Western Buttercup Allium acuminatum – Hooker’s Onion Achillea millefolium – Yarrow Stellaria media- Chickweed Ranunculus uncinatus – Small-flowered Calochortus tolmiei – Tolmie’s Mariposa Lily Adendocaulon bicolor – Pathfinder Buttercup Camassia quamash - Camas Bellis perennis – English
    [Show full text]
  • Ligusticum Canbyi Coult. &A
    The Novel Use of Metabolomics as a Hypothesis Generating Technique for Analysis of Medicinal Plants: Ligusticum canbyi Coult. & Rose and Artemisia tridentata Nutt. by Christina Turi M.Sc., University of Kent, Canterbury, UK 2009 B.Sc., University of British Columbia 2007 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE COLLEGE OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Biology) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Okanagan) June 2014 © Christina Turi, 2014 Abstract In response to the environment, plants produce a phytochemical arsenal to communicate and to withstand abiotic and biotic pressures. The average plant tissue contains upwards of 30,000 phytochemicals. The vast majority of approaches used to study plant chemistry are reductionist and only target specific classes of compounds which can be easily isolated or detected. Metabolomics is the qualitative and quantitative analysis of all metabolites present in a biological sample. By providing researchers with a phytochemical snapshot of all existing metabolites present in a sample, metabolomics has allowed researchers to study plant primary and secondary metabolism in ways that were never done before. The first objective of this thesis is to identify candidate species for studying plant neurochemicals. Statistical analysis using residual, bayesian and binomial analysis was applied to the University of Michigan’s Native American Ethnobotany Database and revealed that the genera Artemisa and Ligusticum are used most frequently during ceremony and ritual. Plant melatonin, serotonin, γ-aminobutyric acid, and acetylcholine were quantified in Artemisia tridentata Nutt. and Ligusticum canbyi Coult. & Rose. Significant variability was observed between tissue types, germplasm line and species.
    [Show full text]
  • Washington Flora Checklist a Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Washington State Hosted by the University of Washington Herbarium
    Washington Flora Checklist A checklist of the Vascular Plants of Washington State Hosted by the University of Washington Herbarium The Washington Flora Checklist aims to be a complete list of the native and naturalized vascular plants of Washington State, with current classifications, nomenclature and synonymy. The checklist currently contains 3,929 terminal taxa (species, subspecies, and varieties). Taxa included in the checklist: * Native taxa whether extant, extirpated, or extinct. * Exotic taxa that are naturalized, escaped from cultivation, or persisting wild. * Waifs (e.g., ballast plants, escaped crop plants) and other scarcely collected exotics. * Interspecific hybrids that are frequent or self-maintaining. * Some unnamed taxa in the process of being described. Family classifications follow APG IV for angiosperms, PPG I (J. Syst. Evol. 54:563?603. 2016.) for pteridophytes, and Christenhusz et al. (Phytotaxa 19:55?70. 2011.) for gymnosperms, with a few exceptions. Nomenclature and synonymy at the rank of genus and below follows the 2nd Edition of the Flora of the Pacific Northwest except where superceded by new information. Accepted names are indicated with blue font; synonyms with black font. Native species and infraspecies are marked with boldface font. Please note: This is a working checklist, continuously updated. Use it at your discretion. Created from the Washington Flora Checklist Database on September 17th, 2018 at 9:47pm PST. Available online at http://biology.burke.washington.edu/waflora/checklist.php Comments and questions should be addressed to the checklist administrators: David Giblin ([email protected]) Peter Zika ([email protected]) Suggested citation: Weinmann, F., P.F. Zika, D.E. Giblin, B.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 6 Biological Report (PDF)
    Biological Constraints Analysis Tahoe Donner 5-Year Trail Implementation Plan Truckee, Nevada County, CA Nevada County File Number ___ Prepared for: Tahoe Donner Association Forrest Huisman, Director of Capital Projects 11509 Northwoods Boulevard Truckee, California 96161 530-587-9487 Prepared by: Micki Kelly Kelly Biological Consulting PO Box 1625 Truckee, CA 96160 530-582-9713 June 2015, Revised December 2015 Biological Constraints Report, Tahoe Donner Trails 5-Year Implementation Plan December 2015 Table of Contents 1.0 INFORMATION SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 PROJECT AND PROPERTY DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................. 4 2.1 SITE OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 2.2 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................................................................. 4 2.2.1 Special-Status Species ...................................................................................................................................... 5 2.2.2 Wetlands and Waters of the U.S. ..................................................................................................................... 6 2.2.3 Waters of the State .........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Apiaceae, Apioideae) and Its Taxonomic Implications in Korea
    Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 25(2): 175-186, 2018 (December) © 2018 Bangladesh Association of Plant Taxonomists MERICARP MORPHOLOGY OF THE TRIBE SELINEAE (APIACEAE, APIOIDEAE) AND ITS TAXONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN KOREA 1 2 2 CHANGYOUNG LEE , JINKI KIM, ASHWINI M. DARSHETKAR , RITESH KUMAR CHOUDHARY , 3 4 5 SANG-HONG PARK , JOONGKU LEE AND SANGHO CHOI International Biological Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea Keywords: Mericarp surface characters; SEM; NMDS; UPGMA. Abstract Mericarp morphology of 24 taxa belonging to nine genera of the tribe Selineae (Family: Apiaceae) in Korea was studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy. UPGMA and NMDS analyses were performed based on 12 morphological characters. The mericarp surface characters like mericarp shape, rib number and shape, surface pattern, surface appendages and mericarp symmetry proved useful in distinguishing the genera of the tribe Selineae. Introduction The family Apiaceae comprises about 455 genera and is widely distributed across temperate regions of the world (Pimenov and Leonov, 1993). Many members of Apiaceae can be easily distinguished by umbellate inflorescence, fruits consisting of two one-seeded mericarps suspended from a split central column or carpophore and numerous minute epigynous flowers (Downie et al., 1998). Fruits of Apiaceae are known as cremocarps which in the dry state split into two mericarps. Each mericarp has a flat commissural and convex dorsal surface. Drude (1898) proposed a sound system of classification of Apiaceae with three subfamilies Hydrocotiloideae, Saniculoideae and Apioideae and 12 tribes. Apioideae is the largest subfamily consisting of 404 genera and about 2,935 species (Pimenov and Leonov, 1993) and can be distinguished from the other two subfamilies by the synapomorphies like the presence of compound umbels, well-developed vittae (secretory canals) and free carpophores.
    [Show full text]
  • Species by Use and Function
    Woodbine Ecology Center Species by Use and Function SPECIES BY USE AND FUNCTION EDIBLE FRUIT Actinidia kolomitka Arctic Kiwifruit Amelanchier alnifolia Saskatoon, Serviceberry Amelancier utahensis Utah Serviceberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Kinnickinik Celtis laevigata Netleaf Hackberry Celtis occidentalis Hackberry Cornus canadensis Bunchberry Crataegus spp. Native Hawthorn Diospyros virginiana American Persimmon Eleagnus commutata Silverberry Fragaria virginiana Wild Strawberry Fragaria x ananassa Strawberry Lycium barbarum Goji Berry Mahonia repens Creeping Oregon Grape Malus domesitca Apple Malus ioensis Prarie Crabapple Morus spp. Mulberry Opuntia engelmannii Cactus Apple Opuntia humifusa Devil's Tongue Cactus Opuntia macrorhiza Beavertail Cactus www.woodbinecenter.org/efg 1 April 2011 Woodbine Ecology Center Species by Use and Function Opuntia polyacantha Plains Prickly Pear Physalis heterophylla Perennial Ground Cherry Physalis longifolia Perennial Ground Cherry Physalis pruinosa Annual Groundcherry Prunus americana American Plum Prunus besseyi Sand Cherry Prunus cerasus Sour Cherry Prunus persica Peach Prunus tomentosa Nanking Cherry Prunus virginiana Chokecherry Pyrus domestica European Pear Pyrus spp. Asian Pear Ribes americanum Native Black Currant Ribes aureum Golden Currant Ribes cereum Wax Currant Ribes odoratum Clove Currant Ribes rubrum Red & White Currant Ribes uva-crispa Gooseberry Ribes x culverwellii Jostaberry Rosa spp. Wild Rose Rubus deliciosus Boulder Raspberry Rubus fruticosus Blackberry Rubus idaeus Native Red Raspberry
    [Show full text]