AP Human Geography Exam Unit 2: Population Population density - arithmetic, physiologic Vocabulary Items Distribution The following vocabulary items can be found in your Dot map review book and class handouts. These Major population concentrations - East Asia, South identifications and concepts do not necessarily Asia, Europe, North America, Nile Valley,... constitute all that will be covered on the exam. Population growth - world , linear, exponential Doubling time (70 / rate of increase) Unit 1: Nature and Perspectives Population explosion Pattison's Four Traditions - locational, culture- Population structure (composition) - age-sex environment, area-analysis, earth-science pyramids Five Themes - location, human/environmental Demography interaction, , place, movement Natural increase Absolute/relative location Crude birth/death rate Region - formal, functional, perceptual (vernacular) Total fertility rate Mental map Infant mortality Environmental perception Demographic Transition Model - High Stationary, Components of culture - trait, complex, system, Early Expanding, Late Expanding, Low Stationary region, realm Stationary Population Level (SPL) Culture hearth Population theorists - Malthus, Boserup, Marx (as Cultural landscape well as the Cornucopian theory) Sequent occupance Absolute/relative distance Cultural diffusion Immigration/emigration Independent invention Ernst Ravenstein - "laws" of migration, gravity Expansion diffusion - contagious, hierarchical, model stimulus Push/pull factors - catalysts of migration Relocation diffusion - migrant Distance decay Acculturation Step migration Transculturation Chain migration Assimilation Intervening opportunities Environmental determinism Voluntary/forced migration Possibilism Counter migration Cultural ecology Three types of movement - cyclic (activity (action) Holocene epoch (how it transformed the Earth) space, commuting, seasonal, nomadism), periodic Interglaciation (e.g. military service, migrant workers, First Agricultural Revolution transhumance, college dorms), migratory Plant domestication International/intranational refugees Animal domestication Temporary/permanent refugees Social stratification United Nations Culture hearths - Fertile Crescent, Indus Valley, Population policies - expansive, eugenic, restrictive Chang & Yellow River Valley (China), Nile River (case studies-, China, Japan) Valley and Delta, Meso-America One-child policy

Unit 3: Cultural Geography Cultural linkage Preliterate societies Cultural landscape Standard language Ethnic conflict Dialect Forced vs. affinity segregation, ethnic claims Isoloss to , ethnic cleansing (e.g., Yugoslavia, Language - families (e.g., Indo-European), Sudan) subfamilies, groups Gender gap - effects of modernizaztion Sound shift Longevity gap - habits, stress, AIDS Deep reconstruction Quality of life Proto-Indo-European Maternal mortality rate Language divergence, convergence, replacement Infanticide Conquest/agriculture theory Dowry deaths Nostratic Language diffusion (and hearths) Unit 4: Political Geography Modern linguistic mosaic - literacy, technology, Nation political organization State Hispanicization Nation-state Esperanto European Model (sovereignty & Lingua franca nationalism, colonialism) Pidgin Territorial Morphology Creole (and creolization) Compact, elongated, fragmented, Monolingual/multilingual states perforated, prorupt (protruded) Official language Microstates Toponymy Exclave & Enclave Language case studies (Quebec, Belgium, Nigeria,...) Boundaries Universalizing religions - Christianity, Islam, Evolution: definition, delimitation, Buddhism demarcation Ethnic religions - Judaism, Hinduism, Sikhism, Types: geometric, physical (natural)- Shintoism, Taoism (& Feng Shui),... political, cultural political Religious origins and routes of diffusion Genesis: antecedent, subsequent, Syncretic religion superimposed, relict Secularism Disputes: definitional, locational, Monotheistic/polytheistic religions operational, allocational Animist religions Frontier Hinduism - karma, Brahman, reincarnation, caste World-Systems Analysis (Wallerstein's system, untouchables, polytheistic, temples/shrines core-periphery model) Buddhism -Prince Siddhartha, Buddha, Bodhi tree, Geopolitics (Ratzel's organic theory) Dukkha, Nirvana, pagodas/shrines Heartland Theory (Mackinder) Christianity - Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Protestant Rimland Theory (Spykman) (its rise also correlates with the rise in secularism), Core Areas (and multicore states) Jesus Christ, Bible, cemeteries, largest bureaucracy, Capital (and forward capitals) cathedrals/churches Primate City Islam - Sunni, Shiah (Shiite), Muhammad, Allah, Unitary vs. federal states Qu'ran, Imam, sharia laws, Five Pillars, mosques, Gerrymandering fastest growing & youngest world religion Centripetal vs. centrifugal forces Religious regions in U.S. (pg. 174) Supranationalism Interfaith boundary case studies - Nigeria, Sudan, League of Nations & United Nations Kashmir, Armenia/Azerbaijan (and enclave/exclave), UNPO Yugoslavia (and ethnic cleansing) Law of the sea Intrafaith boundary case studies - , Territorial sea, Truman Proclamation, EEZ Switzerland (), median-line principle Fundamentalism Multinational unions (Benelux, EU, NAFTA) Ayatollah (Iran) New World Order Folk vs. Popular culture Devolution Mass/elite culture Ethnonationalism Globalization Gateway states Colonization, commodification, distance Near Abroad (former Soviet sphere) decay, homozenation, global-local continuum Globalization Race vs. ethnicity Notions of democracy, commercialism, Skin color - melanin religious fundamentalism Ethnic island (enclave/neighborhood) Acculturation Cultural revival Unit 5: Economic Geography Unit 6: Agricultural & Rural Geography Location theory Economic Activities Industrial revolution Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, Primary & secondary industries quinary Ullman's conceptual frame Rise of Agriculture Complementarily, intervening opportunity, Hunting & gathering, metallurgy, plant & transferability animal domestication (First Agricultural Hotelling's model (locational Revolution) interdependence) Subsistence farming Weber's Least cost theory (weight-losing & Shifting cultivation weight-gaining cases) Second Agricultural Revolution Lösch's model (zone of profitability) Von Thünen Model (The Isolated State) Substitution principle Dispersed vs. nucleated settlements Factors of industrial location (e.g. labor) Functional differentiation Primary industrial regions Rural Dwellings (unchanged-traditional, Eastern North America, Western & Central modified-traditional, modernized-traditional, Europe, Russia & Ukraine, Eastern Asia modern) Secondary industrial regions Building materials (wood, brick, stone, wattle, Mexico, Brazil, South Africa, Egypt, India, grass & brush) Australia,... Folk-housing (e.g. New , Mid Atlantic) First-round industrialization (up to WWI) Maladaptive diffusion Comparative advantage, break-of-bulk, forms (linear, cluster, round, walled, European dominance grid pattern) Mid-twentieth century industrialization Patterns of Rural Settlement Oil & natural gas, rise of U.S., NAMB (North Primogeniture, cadastral system, rectangular Am. manufacturing belt), Europe, former survey system (-and-range) U.S.S.R., Eastern Asia Commercial agriculture Late twentieth century industrialization & beyond Plantation agriculture "Four Asian Tigers" (South Korea, Taiwan, Location of world crops Hong Kong, Singapore), Japan's rise & Rice, corn, dairy, wheat, livestock, decline, SEZs (Special Economic Zones; e.g. Mediterranean, luxury crops, illegal drugs Shanghai, China), India, maquiladoras, Third Agricultural Revolution (e.g. India) NAFTA Commodity chains (e.g. agribusiness) Industrial development - GNP, alternatives to GNP Nutrition & Diet World Systems Analysis Caloric intake, dietary balance, hidden GNI PPP hunger Liberal Models - Rostow's Modernization Model Reducing global hunger Structuralist Models - Dependency Theory Life expectancy (infant & child mortality rate) Neo-colonialism Diseases Tourism Infectious, chronic (degenerative), genetic New international division of labor, offshoring (inherited), epidemic, pandemic, agent, Foreign direct investment reservoir, vector, vehicle, vectored (e.g. Deindustrialization malaria) vs. non-vectored (e.g. cholera) GATT, WTO, NAFTA, OECD Specialized Economic Zones (SEZs) World (Friedman) Time-space compression & time-space convergence

Unit 7: Urban Geography Unit 8: Environmental Geography Early urbanization Little Ice Age – in Europe & Asia; led to 2nd Egalitarian vs. stratified societies, formative Agricultural Rev., good example of environmental era, urban elite, theocratic centers, determinism Mesopotamia, Greece, Rome Industrial Optimum Medieval Optimum (warmer climate) vs. Little Water – renewable resource, hydrologic cycle, most Ice Age (12th - 13th c.) lost through runoff & evaporation, aquifers, most Societal Classification - Sjoberg water used in farming, disasters (i.e., Aral Sea) Folk-preliterate, feudal, preindustrial, Atmosphere – renewable, global warming, urban-industrial greenhouse gases (e.g., CO2, methane, nitrous Primate city oxides,…), acid rain - burning of fossil fuels (coal, Urban banana (crescent-shaped zone) oil, natural gas); emitted by cars, industries,…; Mercantile-manufacturing-modern cities caustic enough to do damage over time; (e.g. Postmodernism acidification of lakes, stunting of forests, loss of Urban hierarchy crops & fish,…), CFCs (from refrigerants, some Hamlet, village, , city, metropolis, aerosol cans & fire extinguishers) – deplete ozone megalopolis (e.g. Bosnywash) layer (which protects us from ultraviolet rays), Hinterland smog (ozone (O3) in troposphere (mostly from Megacity factories or car emissions) = smog) Site & situation Land – soil is renewable, desertification, Urban components deforestation (forest help oxygen cycle – convert CBD (central business ), central city, CO2 to oxygen), soil erosion (population pressure), inner city, suburb solid waste (U.S. = #1, core exports some waste to Central place theory (Christaller) periphery), landfills (core – sanitary w/ lining; Central goods & services, range of sale, periphery – seepage can pollute groundwater) threshold, complementary region, hexagons Hazardous Materials (“HazMats”) – toxic waste, Urban models radioactive waste (low & high level) Borchert's four-stage theory of American Biodiversity – movement affects species (i.e., urbanization (epochs: Sail-Wagon, Iron Columbian Exchange), extinctions – Dodo bird, Horse, Steel-Rail, Auto-Air-Amenity, "High passenger pigeon,… Technology"), Concentric zone (Burgess), Trends in Consumption – greater demand for meat sector (Hoyt), multiple nuclei (Harris & (can lead cutting of rainforests for grazing land), Ullman), urban realms more technology = more environmental stress, Edge cities pollution,…, Rank-size rule Environmental Policies – NGOs (i.e., GEF – Economic base (basic vs. nonbasic sectors, biodiversity, ozone, climate, international waters), a.k.a. employment structure) UN Environment Programme (1993 – biodiversity, Multiplier effect (1:2 for most large cities) Montreal Protocol (1987 – CFCs), Kyoto Protocol Functional specialization (1997 – greenhouse gases), U.S. didn’t adopt Kyoto Modern city models (foreign) (would restrict U.S. growth, but not “developing Latin-American, Southeast Asian, ” such as India or China) Sub-Saharan African Sociocultural influences Redlining, blockbusting, racial steering Agglomeration (nucleation) & deglomeration Zoning laws Immigration Asylum seeker Informal economy Remittances, "under-the-table", black market, illegal drug trade Urban America Inner city, deglomeration, gentrification, commercialization, suburbanization Canadian city European city (& greenbelts) World city (e.g. NYC, London, Tokyo,...) Eastern European city (& microdistricsts) Concerns of urbanization