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HINDU

BY M. K. GANDID

NAVAJIVAN PUBLISHING HOUSE AHMEDABAD ONAS T IC IB •• A.~¥

Abbey of Ge t h sem ~ I Jrappist, Kentucky HINDU DHARMA

M. K. GANDHI

NAVAJIVAN PUBLISillNG HOUSE AJIMEDABAD First Edition, 5,000 Copies, August, 1950 J. Reprint, 5,000 Copies, December, 1958 Rupees Four

1 ( ( @ Copyright by the Navajivan Trust, 1950 I I 1

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MONASTIC LIBRARY Abbey of Gethseman i Trappist, Kentuck,

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'I '1 v Printed and Published by Jivanji Dahyabhai Desai, Navajivan Press, Ahmedabad-14 CONTENTS SECTION ONE : mNDUISM (GENERAL) Chapter Page PUBLISHERS' NOTE iii EDITOR'S NOTE v NON-ENGLISH WORDS WITH THEIR MEANINGS viii 1 GANDHISM 3 2 WHAT IS ? 4 3 HINDUISM ALL-INCLUSIVE 4 4 WHY I AM A HINDU 5 5 SANATANA HINDUISM 6 6 SANATANA HINDU 9 7 THE RELIGION OF SERVICE 10 8 HINDUISM NOT A MATTER OF OUTWARD OBSERVANCES 12 9 MY MISSION 13 10 ARYA SAMAJ 14 11 CONVERSION MOVEMENT IN HINDUISM 15 12 WHAT MAY DO? 16 13 ORGANIZATION FOR PROTECTING HINDUS 17 14 AND THE 18 15 HINDUISM AS EVER GROWING 19 16 THE AUTHORITY OF RELIGIOUS BOOKS 21 17 WHAT IS HINDUISM? 22 18 23 19 HINDUISM AND OBSCENITY 25 20 COMMUNICATIONS WITH SPIRITS 26 21 TRUE SHRADDHA 27 22 DIVALI HOLIDAYS 28 23 DUTY OF CEYLON HINDUS 29 24 HELPFUL SPIRITUAL PRACTICES AND READINGS 33 25 EQUALITY IN HINDUISM 35 26 THE CHIEF VALUE OF HINDUISM 35 27 THE GOLDEN KEY 36 28 THE HARIPAD SPEECH 39 29 FROM THE KOTTAYAM SPEECH 41 30 LIVING UP TO 125 43 31 OR SACRIFICE H 32 PRAYER DISCOURSES 47 33 WHAT HINDUISM HAS DONE FOR US 48 34 NATIONHOOD THROUGH HINDUISM 50 35 INDIAN CIVILIZATION 50 36 THE LOIN-CLOTH 52

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A SECTION TWO : 37 GOD 54 38 ADVAITISM AND GOD 55 39 GOD IS 57 40 TRUTH AND GOD 59 A 41 MEANING OF GOD 62 '42 FINDING GOD 63 B C SECTION THREE: TEMPLE·WORSHIP C 43 APPROACH TEMPLES IN FAITH 64 D 44 TEMPLES NECESSARY 65 D 45 IDOL-WORSHIP 65 E 46 TEMPLE-WORSHIP 66 47 GOD AND 66 E 48 "A TEMPLE TO GANDHI]I" 69 49 TREE-WORSHIP 70 F • 50 TEMPLE-WORSHIP 71 G 51 ARE TEMPLES NECESSARY? 73 52 A MODEL TEMPLE 76 f. 53 TEMPLE REFORM 79 f. 79 :B 54 TEMPLE-WORSHIP 1 55 PRIESTS AND UPANAYANAM 80 56 TRAINING SCHOOLS IN TEMPLES 82 1 57 ANIMAL SACRIFICES 82 1\ 58 TEMPLE PRIESTS AND ANIMAL SACRIFICE 84 " 59 ANIMAL SACRIFICE 85 :r- 60 AS OTHERS SEE US 86 F SECTION FOUR : FASTS AND PRAYER F 91 c 61 FASTING AND PRAYER "- 62 FASTS 92 c: 63 HIS WILL BE DONE 93 ... 64 FAST FOR PURIFICATION 94 c 65 ALL ABOUT THE FAST 96 "- c 66 WAS IT COERCIVE? 99 "-c 67 A PURIFICATORY CHAIN OF FASTS 103 >- 68 PRAYER 104 ') 69 WHAT IS PRAYER? 105 70 THE ETERNAL DUEL 107 ') 71 A DISCOURSE ON PRAYER 109 72 WHY PRAY? 112 r 73 A DIALOGUE WITH A BUDDHIST 112 J r 74 IS NOT SERVICE WORSHIP? 114 1 75 QUESTION-BOX 114 76 RAMANAMA, THE INFALLIBLE REMEDY 115 77 TOWARDS REALIZATION 116 78 IS RAMANAMA ANOTHER NAME FOR CHARMS? 118 CONTENTS xiii

79 119 54 80 WHO IS RAMA? 119 55 81 RAMA THE SON OF DASHARATHA 120 57 82 SILENCE DURING PRAYER 121 59 SECTION FIVE : BRAHMACHARYA 52 83 BRAHMACHARYA OR SELF-CONTROL 122 ;3 84 BIRTH-CONTROL 126 35 STEPS TO BRAHMACHARYA . 127 86 BRAHMACHARYA 54 128 87 WALLS OF PROTECTION 129 ;5 88 BRAHMACHARYA IN RELATION TO GOD 131 55 SECTION SIX: THE GITA ;6 ;6 89 GITA AND NON-VIOLENCE 133 ;9 90 KRISHNA AND GITA 139 '0 91 THE MESSAGE OF THE GITA 140 , 1 92 DISCOURSES ON THE G ITA 146 '3 93 GITA RECITERS 151 '6 94 THE GITA IDEAL ... 151 NOTHING WITHOUT GRACE 9 95 152 '9 96 GOD OF LOVE, NOT WAR 154 10 97 THE GITA AND NON-VIOLENCE 155 ,2 98 TEACHING OF HINDUISM 156 :2 99 THE TEACHING OF. THE GITA 158 ,4 100 CENTRAL TEACHING OF THE GITA 159 10 1 GITA JAYANTI 5 160 6 SECTION SEVEN : NON-VIOLENCE 102 THE DOCTRINE OF T HE SWORD 162 103 SOCIAL BOYCOTT .1 63 104 NON-VIOLENCE 165 2 105 HINDUISM AND NON-VIOLENCE 166 3 106 THE HIGHEST BRAVERY 168 4 107 PURITY ESSENTIAL FOR NON-VIOLENCE 168 6 103 VEGETARIANISM 169 9 109 VEGETARIANISM 170 3 11 0 IS THIS HUMANITY? 171 4 II I IS THIS HUMANITY? 174 5 112 IS THIS HUMANITY? 178 7 11 3 IS THIS HUMANITY? 180 9 11 4 IS THIS HUMANITY? 182 2 11 5 THE GREATEST GOOD OF ALL 184 2 11 6 "HAPPY DESPATCH"? 186 4 11 7 AGAIN 188 4 11 8 TORTURE OF BULLOCKS 191 5 11 9 THE FIERY ORDEAL 192 6 I WHEN KILLING MAY BE AHIMSA 192 B II WHEN KILLING IS HIMSA 192 xiv HINDU DHARMA

120 THE TANGLE OF AHIMSA 198 121 A CONUNDRUM 201 122 JAIN AHIMSA? 203 123 MORE ABOUT AHIMSA 208 124 SOME POSERS IN AHIMSA 211 125 AHIMSA AND VEGETARIANISM 214 126 EATING NON-VEGETARIAN FOOD 215 127 NON-KILLING OF ANIMALS 216 128 HOW TO SPREAD VEGETARIANISM 216 129 HINDUISM AND NON-VIOLENCE 217 130 HINDUS TO EXPIATE 218 SECTION EIGHT : ASHRAM VOWS 131 ASHRAM VOWS 220 I TRUTH 221 II AHIMSA OR LOVE 222 III BRAHMACHARYA OR CHASTITY 225 IV NON-POSSESSION OR POVERTY 227 SECTION NINE : EQUALITY OF RELIGIONS 132 "HINDU" AND "HINDUISM" 229 133 NO CONVERSION PERMISSIBLE 230 134 EQUALITY OF RELIGIONS 230 135 EQUALITY OF RELIGIONS 232 136 ATTITUDE OF CHRISTIAN MISSIONS TO HINDUISM 233 137 EQUALITY OF RELIGIONS 234 138 EQUALITY OF RELIGIONS 235 139 CRIME OF READING THE BIBLE 236 140 A CATHOLIC FATHER'S FEARS 238 141 MESSAGE TO BUDDHISTS 240 142 MUSIC BEFORE MOSQUES 243 143 PARTIALITY FOR MUSSULMANS 244- IH ATTITUDE TO OTHER RELIGIONS 244- . 145 HINDU PANI AND MUSLIM PANI 245 146 HINDUISM AND THE QURAN 246 147 HINDUS v. MUSLIMS 247 148 A TRUE HINDU 249 149 HINDUS DEMORALIZED BY AHIMSA 249 . 150 A HINDU'S DUTY TOWARDS A MUSLIM 250 151 A PLEA FOR UNDERSTANDING 251 152 SCRIPTURES AND IDOLS 251 153 ACT OF UNGODLINESS 252 SECTION TEN : RELIGIOUS EDUCATION 154 RELIGIOUS EDUCATION 25 3 155 THE PRIVILEGE OF THE 253 156 RELIGIOUS EDUCATION 255 157 HINDU STUDENTS AND THE GlTA 257 CONTENTS XV

8 158 STUDENTS AND THE GITA 258 1 159 THE GITA IN NATIONAL SCHOOLS 260 3 160 THE STATE AND RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION 261 262 8 161 IMMORTAL MALAVIYAJI 1 SECTION ELEVEN : COW PROTECTION 1- 162 SAVE THE COW 264 '} 163 COW PROTECTION 264 '} 164 WHAT COW PROTECTION INVOLVES 266 165 COW PROTECTION 266 166 COW PROTECTION 269 167 MUSLIMS AND COW PROTECTION 271 168 BEEF 273 169 THE COW MOTHER 274 170 THE BULLOCK'S FESTIVAL 275 171 HOW TO SAVE THE COW? 277 SECTION TWELVE: 172 UNTOUCHABILITY NOT A PART OF HINDUISM 279 173 CONTRARY TO SPIRIT OF HINDUISM 280 174 UNTOUCHABILITY 280 175 UNTOUCHABILITY AND THE 281 176 DR. AMBEDKAR'S INDICTMENT 282 177 FOR HINDUS ONLY 283 178 HOW TO FRATERNIZE THE HARIJANS 284 179 UNTOUCHABILITY AND INTERDINING 284 180 v. CLASS 286 181 TEMPLE-ENTRY 288 182 WHY TEMPLE-ENTRY LEGISLATION? 291 183 THE WRONG WAY 292 184 GURUVAYUR SPEECH 294 185 RIGHT OF MINORITY 296 186 TEMPLE-ENTRY 297 187 AN EXAMPLE FOR HINDU PRINCES 298 188 THE PANDALAI SPEECH 300 189 THE TEMPLE . 303 190 FROM THE V AIKOM SPEECH 304 191 A TALK TO EZHAVAS IN TRAVANCORE 305 192 THE INWARDNESS OF THE MOVEMENT 306 193 THE WIDER MESSAGE 307 194 WHY NOT SIMPLE 'HINDU'? 308 195 TRUE INWARDNESS 310 196 WHOSE IS THE HUMILIATION? 312 197 UNTOUCHABILITY AND CONVERSION 314 198 LIMITATION OF REFORMERS 315 199 ON HARIJAN RECONVERSIONS 317 200 THE SACRED THREAD 318 201 DR. AMBEDKAR AND CASTE 318 XVI HINDU DHARMA

SECTION TIDRTEEN : VARNA DHARMA 202 VARNASHRAMA 321 203 VARNA AND 323 204 THE LAW OF VARNA 325 205 VARNASHRAMA AND INTERDINING 333 1 206 VARNASHRAMA 334 207 VARNA DHARMA 336 1 208 THE LAW OF VARNA AND ASHRAMA 336 ( 209 VARNA 339 (j 210 VARNASHRAMA OR VARNASANKARA? 340 I 211 WOMEN AND VARNA 343 I 212 AN AMERICAN CLERGYMAN'S QUESTIONS 345 ] SECTION FOURTEEN : -NON-BRAHMANA Ii 213 BRAHMANA- NON-BRAHMANA 346 214 THE MUCH-MALIGNED BRAHMANA 347 Ii 215 ANTI-BRAHMANISM 349 C 216 BRAHMANA MINORITY 350 SECTION FIFTEEN : WIDOWHOOD, MARRIAGE AND WOMEN I I 217 ENFORCED WIDOWHOOD 352 1< 218 GIRL WIDOWS 353 I 219 CURSE OF CHILD MARRIAGE 354 220 DEFENDING CHILD MARRIAGE 355 I 221 TOUGH QUESTIONS 359 1\ 222 REMARRIAGE OF CHILD WIDOWS 362 " 223 CORRESPONDENCE 363 l' 224 WIDOWS AND WIDOWERS 365 F 225 BRAHMANISM OR ANIMALISM 366 F 226 "AN INDIGNANT PROTEST" 368 S 227 A YOUNG MAN'S DILEMMA 370 228 SIMPLIFYING MARRIAGE 371 229 INTER-COMMUNAL MARRIAGES 373 230 INVIDIOUS AND UNFAIR 373 231 THE HINDU WIFE 374 232 TEAR DOWN THE PURDAH 377 233 DEVADASIS 379 234 THE DEVADASI 380 235 POSITION OF WOMEN 381 236 WOMAN IN THE 383 237 ABDUCTED WOMEN 384 INDEX 385