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Content Analysis with Stata Content Analysis with Stata M. Escobar([email protected]) y J.L. Alonso Berrocal([email protected]) Universidad de Salamanca 8th Spanish Stata Users Group meeting Madrid, 22th October-2015 Modesto Escobar & J.L. A. Berrocal (USAL) Content Analysis 22th October 2015 1 / 54 Table of Contents Overview Background Content analysis Social network analysis Coincidence analysis Stata users-written commands The command precoin Multiple variables Thesaurus strings Words The command coin Next steps Modesto Escobar & J.L. A. Berrocal (USAL) Content Analysis 22th October 2015 2 / 54 Background Content Analysis Content Analysis Definitions Content analysis is a technique used in the social sciences for the systematic study of the contents of the communication. \A systematic, replicable technique for compressing many words of text into fewer content categories based on explicit rules of coding" [Berelson, 1952]. \Any technique for making inferences by objectively and systematically identifying specified characteristics of messages" [Holsti, 1969]. \Content analysis is a research technique for making replicable and valid inferences from data to their context" [Krippendorff, 1980]. Modesto Escobar & J.L. A. Berrocal (USAL) Content Analysis 22th October 2015 3 / 54 Background Programs for content analysis Software for content analysis Programs Qualitative analyzers Nvivo Atlas-ti QDA miner Statistical analyzers WordStat TextAnalyst LIWC Modesto Escobar & J.L. A. Berrocal (USAL) Content Analysis 22th October 2015 4 / 54 Background Qualitative analysis programs Qualitative analysis programs Nvivo Modesto Escobar & J.L. A. Berrocal (USAL) Content Analysis 22th October 2015 5 / 54 Background Qualitative analysis programs Qualitative analysis programs Atlas-ti Modesto Escobar & J.L. A. Berrocal (USAL) Content Analysis 22th October 2015 6 / 54 Background Statistical analyzers Statistical analysts WordStat for QDA (and for Stata) Modesto Escobar & J.L. A. Berrocal (USAL) Content Analysis 22th October 2015 7 / 54 Background Social network analysis Social network analysis Stata programs Although there are no tools for SNA in Stata, some advanced users have begun to write some routines. I wish to highlight the following works from which I have obtained insights: Corten [2011] wrote a routine to visualize social networks [netplot] Miura [2012] created routines (SGL) to calculate networks centrality measures, including two Stata commands [netsis and netsummarize] White presented a suite of Stata programs for network meta-analysis which includes the network graphs of Anna Chaimani in the 2013 UK users group meeting. Cerulli and Zinilii presented a procedure [datanet] to prepare a dataset for analysis purposes in the 2014 Italian Stata Users Group meeting. Grund [2014] have created a collection of programs to plot and analyze social networks in the Nordic and Baltic Stata Users Group [nwcommands]. Modesto Escobar & J.L. A. Berrocal (USAL) Content Analysis 22th October 2015 8 / 54 Background Coincidence analysis Coincidence analysis Definition Coincidence analysis is a set of techniques whose object is to detect which people, subjects, objects, attributes or events tend to appear at the same time in different delimited spaces. These delimited spaces are called scenarios (n), and are considered as units of analysis (i). In each scenario a number of J events Xj may occur (1) or may not (0) occur. The starting point is an incidence matrix (X) an n × J matrix composed by 0 and 1, according to the incidence or not of every event Xj . Modesto Escobar & J.L. A. Berrocal (USAL) Content Analysis 22th October 2015 9 / 54 Background Old example Pictures analysis 4 pictures (scenarios) & 8 different people (events) Modesto Escobar & J.L. A. Berrocal (USAL) Content Analysis 22th October 2015 10 / 54 Background Albums Analysis Example with names Father, mother, grandmother and 5 children Modesto Escobar & J.L. A. Berrocal (USAL) Content Analysis 22th October 2015 11 / 54 Background Albums Analysis Example with codes Turina, Garz´on,Joaqu´ın,Mar´ıa,Concha, Jos´eLuis, Obdulia, Valle Modesto Escobar & J.L. A. Berrocal (USAL) Content Analysis 22th October 2015 12 / 54 Background Albums Analysis Coincidences graphs MDS-Biplot-CA-PCA Turina (MDS) Turina (Biplot) Obdulia Garzón Joaquín Turina Joaquín Josefa Valle Concha María Joaquín JosefaJosefa Valle Garzón José Luis Obdulia Garzón Josefa Garzón Obdulia Obdulia María José Luis Concha Joaquín Turina MDS coordinates BIPLOT coordinates Turina (CA) Turina (PCA) Josefa Garzón Josefa Valle Joaquín María Obdulia Garzón Concha Josefa Garzón JoséObdulia Luis Obdulia Garzón Josefa Valle Joaquín Turina JoaquínMaría JoséConchaObdulia Luis Joaquín Turina CA coordinates PCA coordinates Modesto Escobar & J.L. A. Berrocal (USAL) Content Analysis 22th October 2015 13 / 54 Background Other analysis Other uses of coincidence analysis From survey analysis to cultural trends Coincidence analysis has many applications. Among others: Survey analysis Unemployment Social problems Mass media audience Data Mining Samples (Composition of genes) Corruption (Black cards) Cultural trends Composers Painters Creators Content analysis Modesto Escobar & J.L. A. Berrocal (USAL) Content Analysis 22th October 2015 14 / 54 Background Survey analysis Survey analysis Ways of looking for jobs (EPA-2014) Others: others Age: adult Age: young Contacts: employers Self: loan Others: interviewsAds: placing Waiting: offers Others: exams Waiting: results Self: employment Agency: private Contacts: informal Ads: looking at Age: older Agency: public MDS coordinates Agencies/Search Contacts/Search Competition/Search Self-emp./Search Ads/Search Others/Search Age/Age Modesto Escobar & J.L. A. Berrocal (USAL) Content Analysis 22th October 2015 15 / 54 Background Survey analysis Survey analysis Social problems in Spain (2014) CIS-3045 ESTUDIOS==Secundaria 1ª etapa Edad==Maduro Problemas económicos El paro La corrupción y el fraude ESTUDIOS==Superiores ESTUDIOS==Sin estudios ESTUDIOS==Secundaria 2ª etapa Edad==Mayor Edad==Adulto Los problemas de índole social Otras respuestas P26==Hombre P26==Mujer ESTUDIOS==Primaria ESTUDIOS==F.P. La educación Edad==Joven La sanidad Los/as políticos/as en general MDS coordinates Económico/Problema Social/Problema Políticos/Problema Otros/Problema Género/Género Edad/Edad Estudios/Estudios Modesto Escobar & J.L. A. Berrocal (USAL) Content Analysis 22th October 2015 16 / 54 Background Survey analysis Survey analysis Mass media audience (EGM-2013) NO newspaper INDPE CDIAL NO cadena NOVA PRONTO TELECINCO HOLA QUE ME DICES CANAL SUR DIVINITY MI BEBE Y YO AR ANTENA3 NO magazine LABORES DEL HOGAR SABER VIVIR NITRO SEMANA SER PADRES TELVA MÍA LA SEXTA3 CUORE FACTORIA DE FICCION (FDF) COSAS DE CASA COCINA FÁCIL DIEZ MINUTOS TVE1 LECTURAS ESPECIAL COCINA CLARA ELLE LECTURAS C40 TVE2 CUATRO EL MUEBLE CASA DIEZ VOGUE C100 XPLORA DISCOVERY MAX VIAJES NATIONALGEOGRAPHIC COSMOPOLITAN NEOX EUROPA COPE MICASA GLAMOUR JARA Y SEDAL LA SEXTA QUO HISTORIA NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MUY INTERESANTE INTERVIU MARCA MOTOR KISSFM NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC PELO PICO PATA NO channel OCR RNE1 24 HORAS TVE FOTOGRAMAS OTRAS REVISTAS TIEMPO EL JUEVES AS MARCA LA VOZ DE GALICIA RACC CLUB AUTOPISTA ABC SER SOLO MOTO ACTUAL TV3 LA VANGUARDIA EL MUNDO CAT_RA EL PAÍS LA RAZÓN EL PERIÓDICO 20 MINUTOS EL MUNDO DEPORTIVO SPORT EXPANSIÓN RAC1 Modesto Escobar & J.L. A. Berrocal (USAL) Content Analysis 22th October 2015 17 / 54 Background Data mining Data mining Genes composition of samples. Fuente: http://www.1000genomes.org/data TSI PUR ASWCHB YRI IBS Has Omni Genotypes GIH MXL CHS ACB PEL LWK Has Exome/LOF GenotypesJPT Has Axiom GenotypesCLM CDX FIN GBR BEB KHV CEU ITU PJL Has Affy 6.0 Genotypes MSL GWD ESN STU Fruchterman-Reingold coordinates Africa/Sample America/Sample Asia/Sample Europe/Sample Omni/Genotype Axiom/Genotype Affy/Genotype Exome/Genotype Modesto Escobar & J.L. A. Berrocal (USAL) Content Analysis 22th October 2015 18 / 54 Background Data mining Data mining Mean expenses per person with Bankia black cards (2003-2011) Joyas Gasolineras Derecha Hoteles Metro Gasto compras Social-democracia Flores Clubes Restaurantes lujo Restaurante normal Taxis Cultura Cajeros automáticos Izquierda Modesto Escobar & J.L. A. Berrocal (USAL) Content Analysis 22th October 2015 19 / 54 Background Cultural trends Cultural trends Bachtack concerts reviewed (2009-2015) Beethoven Handel Bach Mozart Haydn Bartok Bruckner Schubert Liszt Mendelssohn Chopin Brahms Schumann Vivaldi Stravinsky Mahler Debussy Ravel StraussR Prokofiev Wagner Rachmaninov Berlioz Dvorak Elgar Tchaikovsky Sibelius Shostakovich Britten MDS coordinates Barroco Clásico Romántico Siglo XX Modesto Escobar & J.L. A. Berrocal (USAL) Content Analysis 22th October 2015 20 / 54 Background Cultural trends Cultural trends Creators in Juan March exhibitions (1975-2015) Bonnard, Pierre Redon, Odilon Dix, Otto Buren, Daniel Torres-García, Joaquín Kosuth, Joseph de Kooning, Willem Magritte, René Moore, Henry Penn, Irving Sisley, Alfred Francis, Sam Schuitema, Paul Uecker, Günther Miralda, Antoní Broodthaers, Marcel Johns, Jasper Zush, Alberto Carlu, Jean Dexel, Walter Razulevich, Mijaíl Baselitz, Georg Serrano, Pablo Schmidt-Rottluff, Karl Giacometti, Alberto Dubuffet, Jean Heckel, Erich Albers, Josef David Friedrich, Caspar J. Schoonhoven, Jan Kandinsky, Wassily Newman, Barnett Trump, Georg Dibbets, Jan Klee, Paul Lechuga, David Bayer, Herbert Senkin, Serguéi Lissitzky, El Mueller, Otto Moholy-Nagy, László de Goya, Francisco Gauguin, Paul Stenberg, Gueórgui
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