Jean Overton Fuller on the Scott-Anrias-Krishnamurti Issue
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Jean Overton Fuller, Master Narayan and the Krishnamurti-Scott-Anrias Issue Govert Schüller Theosophical History XIV/1 & 2 (January-April 2008; Double issue):11-46 Original pagination indicated with square brackets Abstract both believe that Krishnamurti was [11] Jean Overton Fuller identified a intended to become an Avatar or World Theosophical master, known by the name Teacher, she believed that Krishnamurti Narayan, with a yogi named stayed with the program and eventually Nagaratnaswami. This identification has succeeded and I believe that Krishnamurti consequences for the establishment of abrogated the project and went his own Narayan's age and the possibility of way. We specifically differ over a) the Narayan meeting the much younger truth or falsity of the critical remarks about Theosophist David Anrias, who claimed Krishnamurti written in the early 1930s by to have received from him some critical two Theosophically-minded4 writers, Cyril remarks on Krishnamurti. I gathered Scott and David Anrias, in their respective together most known claims made about books The Initiate in the Dark Cycle and this master by Theosophists. As a result it Through the Eyes of the Masters, and b) became clear that the identification of the fictional or real status of the Masters Narayan with Nagaratnaswami did not the two writers claimed to be in contact hold and it therefore invalidates Fuller's with and from whom they claimed to have attempt to derive the age of Narayan from received these critical statements.5 Her Nagaratnaswami, which would also position was that Scott and Anrias were invalidate her skepticism about a possible expressing serious misunderstandings of Narayan-Anrias connection. Krishnamurti’s teachings and that the Mahatmic characters in their books [12] I. Introduction were fictional. My position is the opposite: In this paper I would like to turn a critical Scott and Anrias were the chosen gaze upon a subject that was addressed vehicles of the Masters to make their in two works by the late Theosophical assessment of Krishnamurti known.6 Jean scholar Jean Overton Fuller.1 The subject and I have read each other’s studies and is the Krishnamurti-Scott-Anrias issue— briefly corresponded about the issues, as I propose to name it—which she which I have posted on my web site with discusses in both her study of Cyril Scott, her kind permission.7 Clarity about such Cyril Scott and A Hidden School: metaphysical positions is important for Towards The Peeling Of An Onion, and in they obviously influence the choice of her biography of Krishnamurti’s life, subject matter and formulation of Krishnamurti and the Wind: An Integral hypotheses within the empirical realm.8 Biography.2 Obviously it is important for The better the metaphysical and the her—as it is for me—for in her empirical spheres are understood and monograph she starts and finishes with demarcated, the better our research. the subject and in the Krishnamurti My four specific aims in highlighting biography she dedicated a special the Krishnamurti-Scott-Anrias issue are a) chapter to it, titled “Scott and Anrias: to critically examine Fuller’s sources and Wood and the Blind Rishi.”3 facts, b) to analyze her overall reasoning Before outlining my specific reasons on this issue, c) to respond to a remark for this somewhat narrow focus I would made by her in her Scott study about my like to give a sketch of the context in own use of the Scott and Anrias material9 which this focus will make sense. Jean and d) to further the discussion on this Overton Fuller and I found each other on important subject. In addition to that, as opposite ends of our metaphysical an unintended bonus in the year (2007) of evaluation of Krishnamurti. Though we Olcott’s centennial, we will end with a deepened sense of the diverse claims following: “Based on a historical, about the Master with whom he comparative study of the different considered himself most deeply affiliated. Theosophical views on Krishnamurti as a preliminary and necessary work, it would Dismay. First, I would like to assuage be appropriate to develop a Fuller’s “dismay” over her perception that comprehensive Theosophical hypothesis in Krishnamurti and the World Teacher about Krishnamurti.”15 So, after having Project10 I presented Scott’s characters written the paper in as much a “Haig” and “Sir Thomas”— who made the methodologically agnostic [13] mode as I most critical statements regarding was then capable of, I did release two Krishnamurti and whom she takes to be pamphlets presenting my explicit wholly fictional11—“as though these were Theosophical and partisan views real people, of altogether superior regarding the metaphysical status of understanding.”12 Though I personally Krishnamurti and my own esoteric believe that to be the case and might interpretation of the historical context, have been influenced by that conviction, I being quite aware of the different mode of presented these characters with at least discourse employed.16 four caveats to maintain maximum Nevertheless, proper protocol in neutrality. First, in the introduction, the these cases of unverifiable question of the “ontological status and communications from meta-empirical veracity of statements” in the case of beings is still eluding me, though I am quoting “Masters” was suspended.13 With tending towards the formula this I meant that the explicit focus of my “undetermined entity X made the paper was on the Theosophical documented statement Y per historical perceptions of Krishnamurti, regardless person Z,” as I will do later in this paper whether the characters to whom these for example by reporting that views were attributed were real life “Krishnamurti had ‘cut himself adrift from persons, space brothers, Masters, the White Lodge’ as claimed by ‘Sir impostors, fictional or imagined Thomas’ per Scott.” Believers can characters, fictionalized characters a la K. interpret the preposition per as literally Paul Johnson, or delusional formations meaning ‘via’ or ‘through,’ thereby leaving out of the unconscious, and regardless intact their belief in the reality of the whether they were telling truths or entities that came ‘through.’ Skeptics can falsehoods. Secondly, it was mentioned read it as ‘according to’ and regard the that many a person considers Scott’s claim as conscious fraud or delusion. And books as fiction, but also that Scott phenomenologically-trained empiricists explicitly made the opposite claim, leaving can read it neutrally and emphatically as in the middle who might be right.14 Thirdly, a significant structural component of the I put “Sir Thomas,” within quotation marks lived, meaningful experience of the indicating that he was not to be taken as believer and author in question.17 The a straightforwardly real person. Probably latter, the phenomenological empiricists, that should have been done so with do so by exercising methodological “Haig” and “Broadbent” and all other agnosticism, i.e. a radical suspension of characters appearing in Scott’s books as judgement regarding the truth and value well. Meanwhile I did not want to load the of such communications, which is not text by overusing qualifiers like ‘alleged’ unlike—and partially inspired by—the and ‘according to’ and all their variants, Husserlian epoché.18 In that way having some confidence in the reader researchers can attain an in-depth that he or she will be able to make the understanding of the meaning, structure relevant discriminations. Lastly, to and context of another’s person’s faith indicate further awareness of the relevant without getting sidetracked into a difference, the conclusion called for the metaphysical discussion regarding its veracity and value, and hopefully being present the structure of Fuller’s argument minimally blinded by their own explicit or regarding Narayan in her Krishnamurti implicit metaphysical convictions. I think biography. In her introductory statement this formula ‘X stated Y per Z’ befits the she declares being “in doubt as to the very complex nature of such claims, relationship of Anrias with the adept.” where in most cases both believers and This opening is followed by an skeptics are not in a position to deliver amalgamation of at least two different evidence beyond a shadow of a doubt characters as the Rishi’s identity and are mostly satisfied to stay within the (Tiravala, Narayan and Nagaratnaswami), bounds of their respective metaphysical a confusion of two different geographical paradigms and accept the particular locations 200 miles apart (Tiruvallam and conclusions generated thereby. the Nilgiri Hills), then focusing on one Meanwhile, I will try not to blur the character named Nagaratnaswami—of difference between scientific, whom “the most intimate portrait” is given philosophical and metaphysical modes of by Theosophist Ernest Wood,21 and discourse and to be explicit when my own concluding that the sage had probably metaphysical convictions come into play. died of old age before Anrias came to India shortly after WWI. The clear Scott and Anrias. Now, let’s focus implication, as I understand it, is that on Fuller’s chapter on Scott and Anrias. because of the Rishi’s demise Anrias She gave her kind permission to have the could not have met him; therefore, he relevant chapter available on the Internet could not have received the Rishi’s and I am glad that she wrote it.19 I have criticisms of Krishnamurti and so had to been looking out for it since she have made them up, which would then announced in her paper on Cyril Scott to add another nail to the coffin for burying “go properly into the misunderstandings these criticisms coming from Anrias. of Krishnamurti’s teachings which they Meanwhile the argument would also take [Scott and Anrias] voice.”20 But, as her care of Scott’s “sallies against historically oriented paper was not the Krishnamurti,”22 for Fuller thinks that Scott right venue to discuss at length received those ideas from Anrias.23 My Krishnamurtian and Theosophical counter-argument here is to show two, teachings, I do not think this paper is maybe three, defective links in her chain either.