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In the Appeals Chamber Judgement Tribunal Pénal International pour le Rwanda International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES IN THE APPEALS CHAMBER Before: Judge Theodor Meron, Presiding Judge Fausto Pocar Judge Arlette Ramaroson Judge Bakhtiyar Tuzmukhamedov Judge Koffi Kumelio A. Afan|e Registrar: Mr. Bongani Majola Judgement of: 29 September 2014 ÉDOUARD KAREMERA MATTHIEU NGIRUMPATSE v. THE PROSECUTOR Case No. ICTR-98-44-A ________________________________________________________________________________ JUDGEMENT ________________________________________________________________________________ Counsel for Édouard Karemera Office of the Prosecutor Dior Diagne Hassan Bubacar Jallow Moussa Félix Sow James J. Arguin George W. Mugwanya Counsel for Matthieu Ngirumpatse Abubacarr Tambadou Frédéric Weyl Evelyn Kamau Takeh Sendze Aisha Kagabo William Mubiru Sunkarie Ballah-Conteh Ndéye Marie Ka Mihary Andrianaivo CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 A. BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................................. 1 B. THE APPEALS ............................................................................................................................... 4 II. STANDARDS OF APPELLATE REVIEW ............................................................................... 5 III. APPEALS OF ÉDOUARD KAREMERA AND MATTHIEU NGIRUMPATSE ................ 8 A. FAIRNESS OF THE PROCEEDINGS (KAREMERA GROUNDS 23 AND 28, IN PART; NGIRUMPATSE GROUNDS 1-5, 7, 8, AND 10-12) ................................................................................................. 8 1. Trial Chamber’s Conduct of the Proceedings .......................................................................... 8 2. Trial Chamber’s Approach Towards the Evidence ................................................................ 12 (a) Intimidation of Witnesses ....................................................................................................... 12 (b) Oral Evidence ......................................................................................................................... 13 (c) Documentary Evidence .......................................................................................................... 16 3. Right to Equality Before the Tribunal ................................................................................... 17 4. Arrest and Interrogation without Charges .............................................................................. 20 5. Right to be Tried Without Undue Delay ................................................................................ 22 6. Alleged Conflict of Interest ................................................................................................... 26 7. Rules 66 and 68 Violations .................................................................................................... 28 8. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 31 B. NOTICE (KAREMERA GROUNDS 1, 2-4, IN PART, 5-10; NGIRUMPATSE GROUND 6) .................... 32 1. Pre-8 April 1994 Allegations and Terminology .................................................................... 32 2. Joint Criminal Enterprise ....................................................................................................... 35 3. Superior Responsibility .......................................................................................................... 39 4. Cumulative Effect of Curing .................................................................................................. 42 5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 45 C. JOINT CRIMINAL ENTERPRISE (KAREMERA GROUND 35; NGIRUMPATSE GROUND 42, IN PART) 46 D. SUPERIOR RESPONSIBILITY (KAREMERA GROUNDS 15, IN PART, 30, 31, IN PART, 32, 33, AND 38, IN PART; NGIRUMPATSE GROUNDS 13-20, 39, IN PART, 40, 44, AND 47, IN PART) .............. 53 1. Superior Position and Effective Control ................................................................................ 54 (a) The Kigali and Gisenyi Interahamwe .................................................................................... 54 (i) Confusion of Influence with De Facto Authority and Effective Control ........................... 55 (ii) Establishment of the Interahamwe along MRND Structures ............................................ 57 (iii) Ngirumpatse’s Role in the Formation and Expansion of the Interahamwe ...................... 63 (iv) Karemera’s and Ngirumpatse’s Positions in the MRND Executive Bureau .................... 66 (v) Jean-Pierre Turatsinze ........................................................................................................ 71 (vi) Activities Demonstrating De Facto Authority Before 6 April 1994 ................................ 74 (vii) Activities Demonstrating De Facto Authority After 6 April 1994 .................................. 81 (viii) Ability to Prevent Crimes or Punish Subordinates ......................................................... 83 (ix) Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 92 (b) Civilians in the Civil Defence Programme and Local Authorities of the Territorial Administration ...................................................................................................................... 92 (c) Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 94 2. Criminal Conduct of Subordinates ......................................................................................... 94 (a) Crimes Committed by the Kigali and Gisenyi Interahamwe ................................................. 96 (i) Killings in Kigali by 12 April 1994 .................................................................................... 96 (ii) Killings in Gitarama After the 18 April 1994 Meeting at the Murambi Training School . 98 (iii) Killings in Bisesero Following the “Mopping-Up” Operation in June 1994 ................... 99 (iv) Rapes and Sexual Assaults Throughout Rwanda from April to June 1994 .................... 100 i Case No. ICTR-98-44-A 29 September 2014 (b) Crimes Committed by Civilians in the Civil Defence Programme and Local Authorities of the Territorial Administration ............................................................................................. 101 (c) Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 104 3. Knowledge ........................................................................................................................... 104 (a) Mens Rea of Karemera’s Subordinates and Karemera’s Knowledge Thereof ..................... 107 (b) Ngirumpatse’s Knowledge of Subordinates’ Crimes ........................................................... 108 (c) Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 110 4. Failure to Prevent and Punish .............................................................................................. 110 5. Cumulative Convictions under Articles 6(1) and 6(3) of the Statute .................................. 116 6. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 118 E. PRE-8 APRIL 1994 MEETINGS (NGIRUMPATSE GROUNDS 21 AND 22) ...................................... 119 F. DISTRIBUTION OF WEAPONS AND KILLINGS IN KIGALI ON 11 AND 12 APRIL 1994 (KAREMERA GROUNDS 12, 13, 23, IN PART, 27, AND 31, IN PART; NGIRUMPATSE GROUNDS 23, 24, 37, 38, 42, IN PART, AND 47, IN PART) ............................................................................................... 120 1. Roadblocks Established or Operated by the Interahamwe .................................................. 121 2. Pacification Tour of Roadblocks ......................................................................................... 124 3. Meeting and Distribution of Weapons ................................................................................. 125 (a) Notice ................................................................................................................................... 126 (b) Ngirumpatse’s Role in the Distribution of Weapons ........................................................... 131 4. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 134 G. KILLINGS FOLLOWING PRESIDENT THÉODORE SINDIKUBWABO’S SPEECH AT SYLVAIN NSABIMANA’S INSTALLATION CEREMONY (KAREMERA GROUNDS 15, IN PART, AND 29; NGIRUMPATSE GROUNDS 25 AND 27) .................................................................................... 136 1. Notice ................................................................................................................................... 137 2. Replacement of Jean-Baptiste Habyalimana as Prefect of Butare Prefecture ..................... 139 3. President Théodore Sindikubwabo’s Speech on 19 April 1994 in Butare Prefecture ........
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