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ICTR ~CRIMlNAL REGISTRY RECEIVED

I' Jqqa NOV -3 A IQ: S1 I INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL PENAL INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA POUR LE RWANDA

Case No. ICTR-96-13-I N de dossier:ICTR-96-13-I

THE PROSECUTOR LE PROCUREUR DU TRIBUNAL

AGAINST CONTRE

ALFRED MUSEMA ALFRED MUSEMA

AMENDED ACTE D' ACCUSATION INDICTMENT AMENDE

The Prosecutor of the International Le Procureur du Tribunal Penal Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, pursuant to International pour Ie Rwanda, en vertu des the authority stipulated in Article 17 of the pouvoirs que lui confere l'article 17 du Statute of the International Criminal Statut du Tribunal Penal International pour Tribunal for Rwanda ('the Statute of the Ie Rwanda ("Ie Statut du Tribunal") accuse: Tribunal') charges:

ALFRED MUSEMA ALFRED MUSEMA

with CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT d'ENTENTE EN VUE DE COMMETTRE GENOCIDE, GENOCIDE , LE GENOCIDE, de GENOCIDE de COMPLICITE DE GENOCIDE, de COMPLICITY IN GENOCIDE , CRIMES CONTRE L'HUMANITE, et de CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY, and VIOLATIONS DE L'ARTICLE 3 VIOLATIONS OF ARTICLE 3 COMMUN AUX CONVENTIONS DE COMMON TO THE GENEVA GENEVE ET DU PROTO COLE CONVENTIONS AND ADDITIONAL ADDITIONNEL II, crimes prevus aux PROTOCOL II, offences stipulated in articles 2, 3 et 4 du Statut du Tribunal. Articles 2, 3 and 4 of the Statute of the Tribunal.

PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/04a687/ I. CONTEXTE HISTORIQUE

1. HISTORICAL CONTEXT 1. CONTEXTE HISTORIQUE

1.1 The revolution of 1959 marked the 1.1 La revolution de 1959 marque Ie beginning of a period of ethnic clashes debut d'une periode d'affrontements between the Hutu and the Tutsi in Rwanda, ethniques entre les Hutu et les Tutsi au causing hundreds of Tutsi to die and Rwanda, provoquant au cours des annees thousands more to flee the country in the qui ont immediatement sui vi, des centaines years immediately following. The revolution de morts chez les Tutsi et I' exode de milliers resulted in the abolition of the Tutsi d'entre eux. Cette revolution entraine monarchy and the proclamation ofthe First I' abolition de la monarchie Tutsi et la Republic in early 1961, confirmed in a proclamation de la Premiere Republique au referendum held in the same year. debut de I' annee 1961, confirmee par Legislative elections held in September 1961 referendum au cours de la meme annee. Les confirmed the dominant position of the elections legislatives de septembre 1961 MDR-P ARMEHUTU (Mouvement confirme la domination du MDR­ Democratique Republicain- Parti du P ARMEHUTU (Mouvement Democratique Mouvement d'Emancipation Hutu), led by Republicain-Parti du Mouvement Gregoire Kayibanda, who was subsequently d'Emancipation Hutu) de Gregoire elected President of the Republic by the Kayibanda, qui est elu President de la Legislative Assembly on 26 October 1961. Republique par I' assemblee legislative Ie 26 octobre 1961.

1.2 The early years of the First Republic, 1.2 Les premieres annees d'existence de which was under the domination of the Hutu cette republique, dominee par les Hutu du of central and southern Rwanda, were again centre et du sud du Rwanda, sont de marked by ethnic violence. The victims were nouveau marquees par la violence ethnique. predominantly Tutsi, the former ruling elite Les victimes furent principalement des and those related to them, who were killed, Tutsi, I' ancienne elite dirigeante, et leurs driven to other regions of Rwanda or forced allies; ceux-ci furent tues, chasses vers to flee the country. The gradual elimination d'autres regions du Rwanda ou forces de of the opposition parties in those early years s'enfuir du pays. L'elimination progressive confirmed the MDR-PARMEHUTU as the des partis d'opposition durant ces premieres single party, the only party to present annees confirme Ie MDR-PARMEHUTU candidates in the elections of 1965. comme parti unique, qui est Ie seul it presenter des candidats aux elections de 1965. 1.3 The early part of 1973 in Rwanda was again marked by ethnic confrontations 1.3 Le debut de I' annee 1973 au Rwanda between the Hutu and Tutsi, prompting est de nouveau marque par des another exodus of the Tutsi minority from affrontements ethniques entre Hutu et Tutsi the country, as had occurred between 1959 qui provoquent, apres ceux de 1959 it 1963, and 1963. This new outburst of ethnic and un nouvel exode de la minorite Tutsi. Cette political tension between the North and recrudescence des tensions ethniques et South resulted in a military coup by General politiques (entre Ie Nord et Ie Sud) aboutit,

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Juvenal Habyarimana on 5 July 1973, Ie 5 juillet 1973, a un coup d'Etat militaire shifting power from civilian to military mene par Ie General Juvenal Habyarimana. hands and from Hutu of central Rwanda to Le cout d'Etat entraine un renversement du Hutu of the northern prefectures of Gisenyi pouvoir, qui passe des mains des civils a (Habyarimana's native region) and celles des militaires et de celles des Hutu du Ruhengeri. centre du Rwanda a celles des Hutu des prefectures de Gisenyi et Ruhengeri au nord du pays (region natale du President Habyarimana). 1.4 In 1975, President Habyarimana founded the Mouvement Revolutionnaire 1.4 En 1975, Ie president Habyarimana National pour le Developpement (MRND) a fonde Ie Mouvement Revolutionnaire single party and assumed the position of National pour Ie Developpement (MRND), party Chairman. The administrative and parti unique, dont il assume la presidence. party hierarchies were indistinguishable in La structure administrative et la hierarchie this single party state from the level of the du MRND se confondent en un veritable Prefet to the Bourgmestres, and down to parti-Etat a tous les niveaux de that of the conseillers de secteurs and I' administration territoriale, du Prefet aux responsables de cellule. Bourgmestres, jusqu' aux conseillers de secteurs et responsables de cellule. 1.5 From 1973 to 1994, the government of President Habyarimana used a system of 1.5 De 1973 a 1994, Ie gouvernement du ethnic and regional quotas which was President Habyarimana applique un systeme supposed to provide educational and de quotas base sur I' origine ethnique et employment opportunities for all but which regionale qui etait cense offrir des chances was used increasingly to discriminate egales a tous en matiere d' education et against both Tutsi and Hutu from regions d' emploi, mais qui fut utilise outside the northwest. progressivement de maniere discriminatoire al'encontre des Tutsi et des Hutu originaires In fact, by the late 1980's, persons d' autres regions que Ie nord-ouest. from Gisenyi and Ruhengeri occupied many De fait, a la fin des annees 1980, of the most important positions in the plusieurs des postes les plus importants military, political, economic and dans les secteurs militaires, politiques, administrative sectors of Rwandan society. economiques et administratifs de la societe Among the privileged elite, an inner circle rwandaise etaient occupes par des personnes of relatives and close associates of President originaires de Gisenyi et Ruhengeri. Parmi Habyarimana and his wife, Agathe Kanziga, I' elite privilegiee, un noyau, connu sous known as the Akazu, enjoyed great power. l'appellation Akazu, compose de membres This select group, almost exclusively Hutu, de la famille et d'intimes du President was supplemented by individuals who Habyarimana et de son epouse, Agathe shared its extremist Hutu ideology, and who Kanziga, jouit d'un grand pouvoir. Aux came mainly from the native region of the membres de ce groupe, presque President and his wife. exclusivement Hutu, se joignent des personnes qui en partagent l'ideologie Hutu extremiste et qui sont principalement originaires de la region natale du President

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1.6 In 1990, the President of the et de son epouse. Republic, Juvenal Habyarimana, and his single party, the MRND, were facing 1.6 Au cours de I'annee 1990, Ie mounting opposition including from other President de la Repubique, Juvenal Hutu. Habyarimana, et son parti unique, Ie MRND, font face it une opposition grandissante, notamment de la part d'autres Hutu. 1.7 On 1 October 1990, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), made up mainly of 1.7 Le ler octobre 1990, Ie Front Tutsi refugees, attacked Rwanda. Within Patriotique Rwandais (FPR), compose days the government began arresting majoritairement de refugies Tutsi, attaque Ie thousands of people, presumed to be Rwanda. Dans les jours qui suivent, Ie opponents of Habyarimana and suspected of gouvernement procede it I' arrestation de being RPF accomplices. Although the Tutsi milliers de personnes presumees etre des were the main target, Hutu political adversaires d'Habyarimana et soups;onnees opponents were also arrested. de complicite avec Ie FPR. Parmi les personnes arretees, majoritairement d' origine Tutsi, il y a egalement des opposants politiques Hutu. 1.8 Following pressure from the internal opposition and the international community, 1.8 Suite aux differentes pressions de and the RPF attack of October 1990, I' opposition interne et de la communaute President Habyarimana permitted the internationale, et it I' attaque du FPR introduction of mUltiple political parties and d'octobre 1990, Ie President Habyarimana the adoption of a new constitution on 10 autorise l'introduction du multipartisme et June 1991. The Mouvement Revolutionnaire l'adoption d'une nouvelle constitution Ie 10 National pour le Developpement (MRND) juin 1991. Le Mouvement Revolutionnaire was renamed Mouvement Republicain National pour le Developpement (MRND) National pour la Democratie et le est alors rebaptise Mouvement Republicain Developpement (MRND). The first National pour la Democratie et le transitional government was made up almost Developpement (MRND). Le premier exclusively of MRND members, following Gouvernement de transition est compose the refusal of the main opposition parties to presque exclusivement de membres du take part. With the second transitional MRND, suite au refus des principaux partis government in April 1992, the MRND d'opposition d'en faire partie. Avec la mise became a minority party for the first time in en place du second Gouvernement de its history, with nine ministerial portfolios transition en avril 1992, Ie MRND se out of 19. On the other hand, the MRND retrouve minoritaire pour la premiere fois de retained its domination over the local son histoire, avec neuf portefeuilles administration. ministeriels sur 19. Par contre, Ie MRND demeure fortement dominant au niveau de I' administration territoriale. 1.9 The new government then entered negotiations with the RPF, which resulted in 1.9 Le nouveau Gouvernement entame the signing of the Arusha Accords on 4 alors des negociations avec Ie FPR qui August 1993. The Accords provided for a aboutissent Ie 4 aout 1993 it la signature des

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PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/04a687/ 1. HISTORICAL CONTEXT new system of sharing military and civilian Accords d' Arusha. Ces Accords prevoient power between the RPF, the opposition un nouveau partage des pouvoirs militaires parties and the MRND. et civils entre Ie FPR, les partis d' opposition 1.10 By the terms of the Arusha Accords, etIe MRND. which provided for the integration of both sides' armed forces, the new national army 1.10 Aux termes des Accords d'Arusha was to be limited to 13,000 men, 60% FAR qui prevoient l'integration des forces armees (Forces Armees Rwandaises) and 40% RPF. des deux parties, I' effectif de la nouvelle The posts of command were to be shared armee nationale est limite a 13 000 hommes equally (50%-50%) between the two sides, dont 60% proviennent des FAR (Forces with the post of Chief of Staff of the Army Armees Rwandaises) et 40% du FPR. Quant assigned to the FAR. aux postes de commandement, ils sont attribues a parts egales (50%-50%) aux deux The Gendarmerie was to be limited parties, Ie poste de Chef d'Etat Major de to 6,000 men, 60% FAR and 40% RPF, with l' armee revenant aux FAR. the posts of command shared equally (50%- L' effectif de la Gendarmerie est 50%) between the two sides and the post of limite a 6 000 hommes, compose de 60% Chief of Staff of the Gendarmerie assigned des FAR et 40% du FPR, avec les postes de to theRPF. commandement repartis equitablement (50%-50%) entre les deux parties, Ie poste de Chef d'Etat Major de la Gendarmerie 1.11 As regards representation within the revenant au FPR. government, the Arusha Accords limited the number of ministerial portfolios to be held 1.11 Au niveau de la representation au by the MRND to five, plus the Presidency. sein du gouvemement, les Accords d' Arusha The other portfolios were to be shared as limitent a cinq Ie nombre de portefeuilles follows: RPF, five; MDR (Mouvement ministeriels du MRND en plus de la democratique republicain), four (including Presidence de la Republique. Les autres the post of Prime Minister); PSD (Parti portefeuilles se repartissent ainsi: cinq pour social-democrate), three; PL (Parti liberal), Ie FPR, quatre pour Ie MDR (Mouvement three; and the PDC (Parti democrate­ democratique republicain) dont Ie poste de chretien), one. premier Ministre, trois pour Ie PSD (Parti social-democrate), trois pour Ie PL (Parti liberal) et un pour Ie PDC (Parti 1.12 For the men and women close to democrate-chretien). President Habyarimana, including the members of the Akazu, who held positions 1.12 Pour les hommes et les femmes of prominence in the various sectors of proches du President Habyarimana, parmi Rwandan society, this new power sharing lesquels les membres de I 'Akazu, qui plan, as demanded by the political occupaient des fonctions importantes au sein opposition and as stipulated in the Arusha des divers secteurs de la societe rwandaise, Accords, meant a relinquishment of power ce nouveau partage du pouvoir, tel qU'exige and the loss of numerous privileges and par les opposants politiques et stipule par les benefits. With political changes following Accords d' Arusha, signifie I'abandon du the establishment of the multi -party pouvoir et la perte de nombreux privileges et government of April 1992, several important d'importants benefices. Les changements

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PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/04a687/ 1. CONTEXTE HISTORIQUE military officers from the north had been politiques consecutifs it I' etablissement d'un forced to retire. At the same time, many of regime mUltipartite en avril 1992 obligent the military were facing massive plusieurs officiers militaires importants, demobilisation with the implementation of originaires du Nord, it prendre leur retraite. the Arusha Accords. En meme temps, l'application des Accords d' Arusha confronte plusieurs militaires it 1.13 From 1990, Habyarimana and une demobilisation massive. several of his close associates devised the strategy of inciting hatred and fear of the 1.13 A partir de 1990, Habyarimana et Tutsi minority as a way of rebuilding plusieurs de ses plus proches collaborateurs solidarity among Hutu and keeping conyoivent une strategie d' incitation it la themselves in power. They strongly opposed haine et it la peur face it la minorite Tutsi, any form of power sharing, including the afin de retablir la solidarite parmi les Hutu et one envisaged by the Arusha Accords. de se maintenir au pouvoir. Ils s' opposent fortement it toute forme de partage du pouvoir et particulierement au partage prevu 1.14 Determined to avoid the par les Accords d' Arusha. powersharing prescribed by the Arusha Accords, several prominent civilian and 1.14 Determinees it eviter Ie partage des military figures pursued their strategy of pouvoirs prevu par les Accords d' Arusha, ethnic division and incitement to violence. plusieurs personnalites civiles et militaires They targeted and labelled as RPF en vue poursuivent leur strategie de conf1it accomplices the entire Tutsi population, and ethnique et d'incitation it la violence. Elles also Hutu opposed to their domination, visent la population Tutsi tout entiere, qui particularly those from regions other than est qualifiee de complice du FPR, de meme northwestern Rwanda. At the same time, que les Hutu opposes it leur domination, they sought to divide Hutu opposition particulierement ceux qui sont originaires parties, attracting some of their members d'autres regions que Ie nord-ouest du back to the support of Habyarimana. These Rwanda. Parallelement, elles tentent de efforts to divide the Hutu opposition were diviser les partis d' opposition Hutu, en favored by the assassination of Melchior ramenant certains de leurs membres dans Ie Ndandaye, a democratically elected Hutu camp d'Habyarimana. Les efforts destines it President in neighboring Burundi by Tutsi diviser I' opposition Hutu sont favorises par soldiers of the Burundi army. By late 1993, l'assassinat, par des soldats Tutsi de l'armee two of the three major parties opposed to the burundaise, de Melchior Ndandaye, MRND had each split into two factions. The president Hutu democratiquement elu dans faction of each known as the "Power" Ie Burundi voisin. A la fin de 1993, deux des faction aligned itself with the MRND. trois principaux partis opposes au MRND s'etaient divises en deux factions chacun. Les factions connues sous Ie nom de 1.15 The strategy adopted in the early "Power" s' allient au MRND. 1990s, which culminated in the widespread massacres of April 1994, comprised several 1.15 La strategie adoptee au debut des components, which were carefully worked annees 90, qui va connaitre son apogee avec out by the various prominent figures who les massacres generalises d'avril 1994,

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PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/04a687/ 1. HISTORICAL CONTEXT shared the extremist Hutu ideology, comporte plusieurs elements qui sont including the members ofthe Akazu. soigneusement elabores par les differentes personnalites qui partagent cette ideologie In addition to the incitement to extremiste, dont les membres de l'Akazu. ethnic violence and the extermination of the Tutsi and their "accomplices", was the A !'incitation it la violence ethnique organization and military training of the et it I' extermination des Tutsi et de leurs youth wings of the political parties, notably "complices", s'ajoutent l'organisation et the Interahamwe (youth wing of the I'entrainement militaire des jeunesses MRND), the preparation oflists of people to politiques, notamment les Interahamwe be eliminated, the distribution of weapons to Geunesses du MRND), la preparation de civilians, the assassination of certain listes de personnes it eliminer, la distribution political opponents and the massacre of d'armes it des civils, l'assassinat de certains many Tutsi in various parts of Rwanda opposants politiques et Ie massacre de between October 1990 and April 1994. nombreux Tutsi dans diverses regions du Rwanda entre octobre 1990 et avril 1994. 1.16 The incitement to ethnic hatred took the form of public speeches by people sharing the extremist ideology. These 1.16 L' incitation it la haine ethnique prend political and military figures publicly la forme de discours publics prononces par appealed to hatred and fear of the Tutsi and des personnalites partageant cette ideologie urged the Hutu majority to "finish off the extremiste. Ces personnalites politiques et enemy and its accomplices". A perfect militaires appellent publiquement it la haine illustration is the speech made in November et it la peur des Tutsi et exhortent la majorite 1992 by Leon Mugesera, vice-chairman of Hutu "it en finir avec l' ennemi et ses the MRND for Gisenyi prefecture, who at complices". Le discours prononce en the time was already inciting the public to novembre 1992 par Leon Mugesera, vice­ exterminate the Tutsi and their president du MRND pour la prefecture de "accomplices" . Gisenyi, qui des cette epoque incitait publiquement it I' extermination des Tutsi et With the intention of ensuring leurs "complices", en est la parfaite widespread dissemination of the calls to illustration. ethnic violence, prominent figures from the Dans Ie but d' assurer une large President's circle set up true hate media. diffusion de ces appels it la violence Thus the creation of Radio Television Libre ethnique, des personnalites de I' entourage des Mille Collines (RTLM) and of the du President mettent sur pied de veritables newspaper Kangura was a part of the media de la haine. La creation de la Radio strategy and pursued the same logic. Television Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM) et du journal Kangura participe de cette 1.17 The creation of the youth wings of strategie et s'inscrit dans cette logique. the political parties, originally established to encourage or even force adherence to one or 1.17 La creation des ailes jeunesses des another party in the newly-established multi­ partis politiques, qui avait it I' origine pour party system, provided Habyarimana's circle objectif d'encourager ou meme de forcer with a large, devoted and effective l' adhesion it l'un ou I' autre des partis du

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PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/04a687/ I. CONTEXTE HISTORIQUE workforce to implement the adopted nouveau regime multipartite, va foumir a strategy. These youth organizations, which l' entourage d'Habyarimana une main were affiliated to the political parties, were d'oeuvre devouee, nombreuse et efficace soon manipulated as part of the anti-Tutsi pour mettre en oeuvre la strategie adoptee. campaign. Some of the members of these Ces organisations de jeunesse affiliees aux organizations, notably the Interahamwe partis politiques sont tres vite manipulees (MRND), were organized into militia dans Ie cadre de la campagne anti-Tutsi. Des groups, which were financed, trained and led membres de ces organisations, by prominent civilians and military figures particulierement les Interahamwe-MRND, from the President of the Republic's sont organises en milices, financees, entourage. They were issued weapons, with entrainees et dirigees par des personnalites the complicity of certain military and civiles et militaires de l'entourage du civilian authorities. The militia groups were President de la Republique. Des armes leur transported to training sites, including sont distribuees avec la complicite de certain military camps, III public certaines autorites militaires et civiles. Leur administration vehicles or vehicles transport vers les sites d' entrainement, dont belonging to companies controlled by the certains camps militaires, est assure par des President's circle. vehicules de l'administration publique ou appartenant a des societes controlees par 1.18 During the mass arrests of October l' entourage du President. 1990, the civilian and military authorities followed lists that had been drawn up in 1.18 Lors des arrestations massives order to identify and locate the presumed d'octobre 1990, les autorites civiles et accomplices of the RPF, the majority of militaires se referent a des listes etablies whom were Tutsi. Later, Army, pour identifier et localiser les presumes Gendarmerie, local authorities and complices du FPR, en majorite Tutsi. Par la Interahamwe were given orders to prepare suite, l' Armee, la Gendarmerie, les autorites new lists or update the existing ones, which locales et les Interahamwe reyoivent des were subsequently used during the directives pour preparer de nouvelles listes massacres of 1994. In March 1993, such a ou tenir ajour les listes existantes, qui vont list was found in the vehicle of the Army servir lors des massacres de 1994. En mars Chief of Staff. 1993, une telle liste est retrouvee dans Ie vehicule du Chef d'Etat Major de l' Armee. 1.19 Towards the end of 1991, certain Rwandan authorities distributed weapons to certain civilians in the north-eastern region 1.19 Vers la fin de 1991 , certaines of the country as part of a civil self-defence autorites rwandaises distribuent des armes a campaign, in reaction to the RPF attack of certains membres de la population civile du October 1990. Later, some authorities nord-est du pays dans Ie cadre de la distributed weapons nationwide, notably to campagne d'auto-defense civile en reaction the Interahamwe and carefully selected a l'attaque du FPR d'octobre 1990. Plus individuals, even in regions distant from the tard, en dehors du cadre de l'auto-defense war zone. Towards the end of 1993, the civile, des armes sont distribuees dans tout Bishop ofNyundo criticized the distribution Ie pays par des autorites, notamment aux of weapons in a public letter and questioned Interahamwe et a des personnes

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PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/04a687/ 1. HISTORICAL CONTEXT its purpose. soigneusement choisies, meme dans des regions eloignees de la zone de guerre. Vers la fin de 1993, I'Eveque de Nyundo critique dans une lettre publique cette distribution 1.20 The pursuit of the strategy thus d'armes, s'interrogeant sur sa finalite. described played a catalytic role in the political and ethnic violence of the time, 1.20 La mise en place de la strategie ainsi which climaxed in the April 1994 decrite joue un role de catalyseur dans la massacres. The early part of the 90s was violence politique et ethnique de cette marked by numerous political assassinations epoque qui atteint son paroxysme avec les and large massacres of the Tutsi minority, massacres d' avril 1994. Le debut des annees including the one in Kibilira (1990), that of 90 est marque par de nombreux assassinats the Bagogwe (1991) and the one in Bugesera politiques et d'importants massacres de la (1992). The massacres were instigated and minorite Tutsi, dont celui de Kibilira (1990), organized by local authorities with the ceux des Bagogwe (1991) et celui du complicity of certain prominent persons Bugesera (1992). Ces massacres sont from the President's circle. Therein can be suscites et organises par des auto rites locales found the components ofthe strategy which avec la complicite de certaines personnalites culminated in the genocide of 1994. de I'entourage du President Habyarimana. On y retrouve tous les eJements de la strategie qui va aboutir au genocide de 1.21 In early 1994, certain prominent 1994. people from Habyarimana's circle instigated violent demonstrations in Kigali aimed at 1.21 Au debut de 1994, des preventing the implementation ofthe Arusha manifestations violentes visant it empecher Accords. Soldiers in civilian clothes and la mise en place des Accords d' Arusha se militiamen took part, seeking to provoke deroulent it Kigali it I' instigation de certaines confrontations with the Belgian UNAMIR personnalites de I'entourage d'Habyarimana. soldiers. These incidents were partially the On y retrouve des militaires en civil aux cause of the postponement of the cotes des miliciens qui cherchent it establishment of the institutions foreseen by provoquer des affrontements avec les soldats the Arusha Accords. belges de la MINUAR. Ces incidents sont en partie it I' origine du report de la mise en place des institutions prevues dans les 1.22 On 6 April 1994, the plane carrying, Accords d'Arusha. among other passengers, the President of the Republic of Rwanda, Juvenal Habyarimana, 1.22 Le 6 avril 1994, I' avion transportant, was shot down on its approach to Kigali entre autres passagers, Ie President de la airport. Republique du Rwanda, Juvenal Habyarimana, est abattu peu avant son 1.23 In the hours which followed the atterrissage it I'aeroport de Kigali. crash of the President's plane, the senior officers of the FAR convened to assess the 1.23 Dans les heures qui suivent la chute situation. Those who shared the extremist de I' avion presidentiel, les principaux Hutu ideology, generally from the North, officiers des FAR se reunissent pour evaluer

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PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/04a687/ 1. CONTEXTE HISTORIQUE proposed an Army take-over. During a la situation. Ceux qui partagent 1'ideologie second meeting which took place on the extremiste Hutu, generalement les militaires morning of 7 April, that option was rejected du nord du pays, proposent la prise du in favour of setting up an interim pouvoir par l' Armee. Le 7 avril au matin, Government. lors d'une deuxieme reunion, cette option est rejetee au profit de la mise sur pied d'un 1.24 Already on the morning of 7 April gouvernement interimaire. and while these discussions were taking place, groups of military, lists in hand, 1.24 Des Ie 7 avril au matin, proceeded to arrest, confine and carry out parallelement a ces discussions, des groupes systematic assassinations of a large number de militaires, listes en main, procedent a of political opponents, both Hutu and l' arrestation, a la sequestration et a Tutsi, including the Prime Minister, some of l'assassinat de nombreux opposants the Ministers in her Government and the politiques, Hutu et Tutsi, parmi lesquels Ie President of the Constitutional Court. At the Premier Ministre, certains des ministres de same time, however, the military were son gouvernement et Ie President de la Cour evacuating prominent members of the dead Constitutionnelle. Par contre, au meme President's circle, including the MRND moment, des militaires evacuent dans des Ministers, to safe locations. endroits sUrs des personnalites de The Belgian UNAMIR soldiers sent l' entourage du defunt President, y compris to protect the Prime Minister were disarmed, les ministres du MRND. arrested and taken to Kigali military camp, Les militaires belges de la MINUAR where they were massacred, prompting the envoyes pour proteger Ie Premier Ministre withdrawal of the Belgian contingent in the sont desarmes, arretes et conduits au camp days that followed. After the withdrawal of militaire de Kigali OU ils sont massacres. Cet the Belgian troops, the UN Security Council incident precipite Ie retrait du contingent drastically reduced the number ofUNAMIR beIge dans les jours qui suivent. Apres Ie personnel in Rwanda. retrait des troupes belges, Ie Conseil de securite des Nations-Unies reduit de fayon draconienne Ie nombre de personnel de la 1.25 The leaders of various political MINUAR au Rwanda. parties not targeted in the assassinations assembled at the request of military officers. 1.25 Les dirigeants des divers partis Other than members of the MRND, most politiques non vises par les assassinats se participants were members of the "Power" reunissent a la demande d'officiers wings of their respective parties. Given the militaires. En dehors des membres du political and constitutional void created by MRND, la plupart des participants sont the deaths of most national political membres des ailes "Power" de leurs partis authorities, they set up a government based respectifs. Etant donne Ie vide politique et on the 1991 constitution. Composed solely constitutionnel cree par la mort de la plupart of Hutu, the government was was sworn in des personnalites politiques nationales, ils on 9 April 1994. The MRND held nine mettent sur pied un gouvernement fonde sur ministerial posts, plus the Presidency of the la constitution de 1991. Le gouvernement, Republic, while the remaining 11 positions, exclusivement compose de personnalites including that of Prime Minister, went to the Hutu, prete serment Ie 9 avril 1994. Neuf

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PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/04a687/ ).I?-

1. HISTORICAL CONTEXT

"Power" factions of the other parties. postes ministeriels sont attribues au MRND, en plus de la presidence de la Republique, et les onze postes restants, incluant celui de premier ministre, reviennent aux factions 1.26 In the honrs that following the crash "Power" des autres partis. of President Habyarimana's plane, military and militiamen set up roadblocks and began 1.26 Dans les henres qui suivent la chute slaughtering Tutsi and members of the Hutu de I' avion du President Habyarimana, les opposition in Kigali and in other parts of militaires et les miliciens erigent des Rwanda. At the road blocks, they checked barrages et commencent it massacrer les the identity cards of passers-by and killed Tutsi et les membres de I' opposition Hutu it those or most of those who were identified Kigali et dans d'autres regions du Rwanda. as Tutsi. Military patrols, often involving Aux barrages, ils procedent it la verification militiamen, sconred the city, lists in hand, to des cartes d'identite de tous les passants et execute the Tutsi and certain political executent toutes les personnes, ou la plupart opponents. des personnes, identifiees comme etant Tutsi. Des patrouilles de militaires, souvent accompagnes de miliciens sillonnent la ville, listes en main, ponr executer les Tutsi et 1.27 Dnring the entire period of the certains opposants politiques. genocide, FAR military, particularly units of the Presidential Guard, the Para-Commando 1.27 Dnrant toute la peri ode du genocide, Batallion, Reconnaissance Battalion and the des militaires des FAR, particulierement des Gendarmerie, in complicity with militiamen, unites de la Garde Presidentielle, du actively participated in the massacres ofthe Bataillon Para-Commando, du Bataillon Tutsi throughout Rwanda. reconnaissance et de la Gendarmerie, avec la complicite de miliciens, participent activement aux massacres de Tutsi sur toute 1.28 As soon as it was formed, the Interim l'etendue du Rwanda. Govermnent espoused the plan for extermination put in place. Throughout the 1.28 Des sa formation, Ie Gouvernement period of the massacres, the Govermnent Interimaire fait sien Ie plan d' extermination made decisions and issued directives to aid mis en place. Dnrant toute la periode des and abet in the extermination of the Tutsi massacres, Ie Gouvernement prend des population and the elimination of the Hutu decisions et donne des directives dans Ie but political opponents. Members of the d' aider et enconrager I' extermination de la Govermnent incited the population to population Tutsi et I' elimination des eliminate the enemy and its "accomplices", opposants politiques Hutu. Des membres de some of them participating directly in the ce gouvernement incitent la population it massacres. eliminer I'ennemi et ses "complices", certains d' entre eux prennent part 1.29 Local authorities, including prlifets, directement aux massacres. bourgmestres, conseillers and responsables de cellule applied the Government-issued 1.29 Des autorites locales, telles que les directives in execution of the plan for the Prefets, les Bonrgmestres, les conseillers de extermination of the Tutsi population. They sectenr et les responsables de cellule,

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PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/04a687/ 1. CONTEXTE HISTORIQUE incited and ordered their subordinates to appliquent les directives du Gouvemement perpetrate the massacres and took a direct visant it executer Ie plan d' extermination de part in them. la population Tutsi. Ils incitent et ordonnent it leurs subordonnes de se livrer aux massacres et y prennent eux-memes part 1.30 Having been psychologically and directement. militarily prepared for several months, the groups of militiamen spearheaded the 1.30 Les groupes de miliciens, execution of the extermination plan and psychologiquement et militairement were directly involved in the massacres of prepares depuis plusieurs mois, constituent the civilian Tutsi population and of Ie fer de lance dans I' execution du plan moderate Hutus, thus causing the deaths of d' extermination et sont directement hundreds of thousands of people in less than impliques dans les massacres de la 100 days. population civile Tutsi et des Hutu moderes, causant ainsi la mort de centaines de milliers de personnes en moins de 100 jours.

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PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/04a687/ 2. COMPETENCES TERRITORIALE. TEMPORELLE ET MATERIELLE

2. TERRITORIAL, TEMPORAL AND 2. COMPETENCES TERRITORIALE, MATERIAL JURISDICTION TEMPORELLE ET MATERIELLE

2.1 The crimes referred to in this 2.1 Les crimes vises par Ie present acte indictment took place in Rwanda between I d'accusation ont ete commis au Rwanda January and 31 December 1994. entre Ie ler janvier 1994 et Ie 31 decembre 1994.

2.2 During the events referred to in this 2.2 Lors des evenements auxquels se indictment, Rwanda was divided into II refere Ie present acte d' accusation, Ie prefectures: Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Rwanda etait divise en II prefectures: Gikongoro, Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo, Butare, Byurnba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro, Kibuye, Kigali-Ville, Kigali-Rural and Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo, Kibuye, Ruhengeri. Each prefecture was subdivided Kigali-ville, Kigali-rural et Ruhengeri. into communes and secteurs. Chaque prefecture est subdivisee en communes et en secteurs.

2.3 During the events referred to in this 2.3 Lors des evenements auxquels se indictment, the Tutsi, the Hutu and the Twa refere Ie present acte d'accusation, les Tutsi, were identified as racial or ethnic groups. les Hutu et les Twa etaient identifies comme des groupes ethniques ou raciaux.

2.4 During the events referred to in this 2.4 Lors des evenements auxquels se indictment, there were throughout Rwanda refere Ie present acte d' accusation, il y a eu widespread or systematic attacks directed sur tout Ie territoire du Rwanda des attaques against a civilian population on political, systematiques ou generalisees contre une ethnic or racial grounds. population civile, en raison de son appartenance politique, ethnique ou raciale.

2.5 During the events referred to in this 2.5 Lors des evenements auxquels se indictment, a state of non-international refere Ie present acte d' accusation, il y avait armed conflict existed in Rwanda. The un conflit arme non international sur Ie victims referred to in this indictment were territoire du Rwanda. Les victimes protected persons, according to the auxquelles se refere Ie present acte provisions of Article 3 common to the d' accusation etaient des personnes Geneva Conventions and of Additional protegees, au sens de I' article 3 commun aux Protocol II. Conventions de Geneve et du Protocole additionnel II.

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PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/04a687/ 3. POWER STRUCTURE

3. THE POWER STRUCTURE 3. STRUCTURE DU POUVOIR

The Government Le Gouvernement

3.1 According to the Constitution of 10 3.1 Selon la Constitution du 10 juin June 1991, executive power is exercised by 1991, Ie pouvoir executif est exerce par Ie the President of the Republic, assisted by the President de la Republique, assiste du Government, composed of the Prime gouvernement compose du Premier Ministre Minister and the ministers. The members of et des ministres. Les membres du the Government are appointed by the gouvemement sont nommes par Ie President President of the Republic upon the proposal de la Republique sur proposition du Premier of the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister Ministre. Le Premier Ministre est charge de directs the Government's program. The diriger ]' action du gouvernement. Le Government determines and applies national gouvernement determine et conduit la policy. To that effect, it controls the civil politique de la nation et dispose, it cet effet, service and the armed forces. The Prime de I' administration publique et de la force Minister decides the functions of the armee. Le Premier Ministre determine les ministers and officials under the Prime attributions des ministres et des agents Minister's authority. The resignation or places sous son autorite. La demission ou la termination of tenure of the Prime Minister, cessation des fonctions du Premier Ministre, for whatever reason, causes the Government pour quelque cause que ce soit, entraine la to resign. demission du gouvernement.

3.2 The Ministers implement the 3.2 Les ministres executent la politi que Government's policy, as defined by the du Gouvernement definie par Ie Premier Prime Minister. They are answerable to the Ministre. lis repondent devant Ie Chef du Head of the Government for doing so. In Gouvernement de cette execution. Dans carrying out their duties, they have at their ]' exercice de leurs fonctions ils disposent de disposal the civil service and local ]' administration publique et territoriale administration corresponding to their correspondante it leurs attributions. functions.

The Local Public Administration l'administration territoriale

3.3 The Prefet represents executive 3.3 Le prefet est Ie representant du power at prefectural level. The Prefet is pouvoir executif au niveau de la prefecture. appointed by the President of the Republic II est nomme sur proposition du ministre de on the recommendation of the Minister of l'Interieur par Ie President de la Republique the Interior and carries out his duties under et exerce ses fonctions sous I'autorite that Minister's hierarchical authority. The hierarchique du ministre de I' Interieur. Prefet's authority covers the entire L'autorite du prefet s'etend sur l'ensemble de

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PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/04a687/ 3. STRUCTURE DU POUVOIR prefecture. la prefecture.

3.4 In his capacity as administrator of the 3.4 En sa qualite d' administrateur de la prefecture, the Prefet is responsible for prefecture, Ie prefet est charge d'assurer la ensuring peace, public order and the safety tranquillite, I'ordre public et la securite des of people and property. The Prefet, in the personnes et des biens. Dans l'exercice de discharge of his policing duties, maintaining ses attributions de police, soit Ie maintien de peace and public order, may request the I' ordre et de la paix publique, Ie prefet peut intervention of the army and of the requerir l'intervention de l'armee et de la Gendarmerie Nationale. The Prefet has Gendarmerie Nationale. Le prefet exerce son hierarchical authority over all civil servants autorite hierarchique sur tous les agents de and all persons holding public office within I' administration publique et toutes les the boundaries of the prefecture, including personnes detentrices de la puissance the bourgmestres and conseillers de secteur. publique officiant dans la prefecture, parmi lesquels les Bourgmestres et les Conseillers de secteur

3.5 Similarly to the Prefet, the 3.5 A l'instar du prefet, Ie bourgmestre Bourgmestre represents executive power at est Ie representant du pouvoir executif au the commune level. He is appointed by the niveau de la commune. II est nomme par Ie President of the Republic on the President de la Republique sur proposition recommendation of the Minister of the du ministre de I'Interieur. II est place sous Interior. He is under the hierarchical I'autorite hierarchique du prefet. II a autorite authority of the Prefet. He has authority sur les agents de I'administration officiant over the civil servants posted in his dans sa commune. II a par ailleurs des commune. Moreover, he has policing duties attributions de police dans Ie cadre du in regard to maintaining order and law maintien de I' ordre et de I' execution des enforcement. lois.

The Forces Armies Rwandaises Les Forces Armees Rwandaises

3.6 The Forces Armees Rwandaises 3.6 Les Forces Armees Rwandaises (FAR) were composed of the Armee (FAR) etaient composees de I' Armee Rwandaise (AR) and the Gendarmerie Rwandaise (AR) et de la Gendarmerie Nationale (GN). The Forces Armees Nationale (GN). Les Forces Armees Rwandaises did not have a unified command Rwandaises ne disposaient pas d'un Etat­ and came directly under the Minister of Major unifie et relevaient directement du Defence. The Commander-in-Chief of the ministre de la Defense. Le chef supreme des Forces Armees Rwandaises was the Forces Armees Rwandaises etait Ie President President of the Republic. de la Republique.

3.7 The Gendarmerie Nationale was 3.7 La Gendarmerie Nationale etait responsible for maintaining public order and chargee du maintien de l'ordre et de la paix peace and the observance of the laws in publique et de l'execution des lois en

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PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/04a687/ effect in the country. vigueur dans Ie pays.

3.8 The Gendarmerie Nationale was 3.8 La Gendarmerie Nationale relevait under the Minister of Defence but could du ministre de la Defense, mais pouvait carry out its duties of ensuring public order exercer ses attributions de maintien de and peace at the request of the local l'ordre et de la paix publique it la requete de government authority having jurisdiction, I' autorite administrative territoriale namely the Prefet. In cases of emergency, competente, en la personne du prefet. En cas this request could be made verbally, notably d'urgence, cette requisition pouvait etre faite by telephone. Such requests had to be verbalement, notarnment par telephone. carried out immediately. In addition, the Cette requisition devait etre executee sans Gendarmerie Nationale was obliged to delai. En outre, la Gendarmerie Nationale transmit to the Prefet all information relating devait porter it la connaissance du prefet tout to public order. It had the duty to assist renseignement concernant l'ordre public. anyone in danger. Elle devait assistance it toute personne en danger.

The Political Parties and The Militia Les Partis Politiques et les Milices

3.9 During the events referred to in this 3.9 Lors des evenements vises dans Ie indictment, the main political parties in present acte d'accusation, les principaux Rwanda were the MRND (Mouvement partis politiques au Rwanda etaient: Ie Republicain National pour la Democratie et MRND (Mouvement Republicain National le Developpement), the CDR (Coalition pour la Democratie et Ie Developpement), la pour la Defense de la Repub/ique), the MDR CDR (Coalition pour la Defense de la (Mouvement Democratique Republicain), Republique), Ie MDR (Mouvement the PSD (Parti Social-Democrate) and the Democratique Republicain), Ie PSD (Parti PL (Parti Liberal). The RPF (Rwandan Social-Democrate) et Ie PL (Parti Liberal). Patriotic Front) was a politico-military Le FPR (Front Patriotique R wandais) etait opposition organization. une organisation politico-militaire d' opposition.

3.10 Most of the political parties had 3.10 La plupart des partis politiques created a youth wing. The members of the avaient cree une aile jeunesse en leur sein. MRND's youth wing members were known Celie du MRND etait connue sous as the "Interahamwe" and those of the CDR I' appellation "Interahamwe" et celie de la were known as the "Impuzamugambi". CDR sous Ie nom de "Impuzamugambi". Par Numerous MRND youth wing members la suite, plusieurs membres de I' aile subsequently received military training and jeunesse du MRND ont re9u un were thus tranformed from youth entrainement militaire; ce qui a transforme movements into militias. ces mouvements de jeunesse en milices.

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PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/04a687/ 4. LES ACCUSES

4. THE ACCUSED 4. LESACCUSES

Alfred Musema Alfred Musema

4.1 Alfred Musema-Uwimana was 4.1 Alfred Musema-Uwimana est ne Ie born on 22 August 1949, in Rutare 22 aout 1949, dans la commune de Rutare, commune, Byumba prefecture, Rwanda. prefecture de Byumba, au Rwanda.

4.2 Alfred Musema an Agronomist by 4.2 Alfred Musema qui est agronome profession, was educated at St Andre de profession, a etudie au college Saint college, Kigali and the University of Andre it Kigali et it I'Universite de Belgique, Belgium, where in 1973, he obtained a ou il a obtenu, en 1973, une licence Bachelor's Degree in Agriculture. He d' agriculture. II est rentre au Rwanda en returned to Rwanda in 1974 1974.

4.3 Alfred Musema was an active 4.3 Alfred Musema etait un membre member of the Mouvement repub/icain actif du Mouvement nipublicain national national pour la democratie et Ie pour la democratie et Ie developpement developpement (MRND) (MRND)

4.4 Alfred Musema was the Director of 4.4 Alfred Musema etait Ie directeur de the Gisovu Tea Factory, a nationalised l'usine de the de Gisovu, une industrie industry based in Kibuye Prefecture. He nationalisee situee dans la prefecture de held this office until 24 July 1994. Kibuye. II a occupe ce poste jusqu'au 24 juillet 1994. 4.5 As Director, of the Gisovu Tea Factory Alferd Musema exercised authority 4.5 En qualite de directeur de l'usine de and control over all employees and the de Gisovu, Alfred Musema exer9ait property, and in particular, over vehicles I' autorite et Ie controle sur I' ensemble des owned by the factory. employes et des biens, et en particulier, sur les vehicules de l'usine.

4.6 The overall management of the 4.6 La direction generale de l'usine de Gisovu Tea Factory was under the the de Gisovu etait supervisee par I' Office supervision of the Office of Commerce and des cultures industrielles du Rwanda - Industry for Tea [OCIR-TEA], a branch of charge du the [OCIR-THE], une division du the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. ministere du Commerce et de I'Industrie.

4.7 As a supervisory and regulatory unit 4.7 En tant que section chargee de la within the said Ministry, OCIR-TEA was a supervision et de la regulation au sein dudit charged with regulating and supervising the ministere, I'OCIR-THE accomplissait production and export of tea from Rwanda. effectivement ces taches pour la production et I' exportation du the it partir du Rwanda.

4.8 The Director of OCIR-TEA, was a 4.8 Le directeur de I'OCIR-THE etait un

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PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/04a687/ 4. LES ACCUSES civil servant who reported directly to the fonctionnaire qui operait sous la supervision Minister of Commence and Industry. directe du Ministre du Commerce et de l'Industrie.

4.9 In 1993 Alfred Musema was 4.9 En 1993, Alfred Musema a ete appointed acting Director of OCIR-TEA by nomme directeur par interim de I'OCIR­ the Minister of Commence and Industry in THE par Ie ministre du Commerce et de addition to his position at the Gisovu Tea l'Industrie, en plus des fonctions qu'il Factory. occupait deja a I'usine de the de Gisovu.

4.10 As Acting Director of OCIR-TEA, 4.10 En qualite de directeur par interim de Alferd Musema was under the direct I'OCIR-THE, Alfred Musema travaillait supervision of the Minister of Commence sous la supervision directe du ministre du and Industry. Commerce et de I'Industrie.

4.11 In his capacity as acting Director of 4.11 En qualite de directeur par interim de OCIR-TEA Alfred Musema exercised I'OCIR-THE, Alfred Musema exeryait un control over the production and export of contr61e sur la production et I' exportation du tea from Rwanda. the au Rwanda.

4.12 Despite not holding any visible 4.12 Bien qu'i! n'ait pas occupe de political office, Alfred Musema's fonctions politiques officielles, les background and membership of both antecedents d' Alfred Musema et son political parties afforded him considerable appartenance a deux partis politiques lui influence within the central power structure donnaient une influence considerable au sein in Rwanda. du pouvoir central au Rwanda.

4.13 Alfred Musema often participated 4.13 Alfred Musema a souvent e16 in an official capacity, in high level membre, a titre officiel, de delegations Government delegations to foreign countries gouvemementales de haut niveau en visite a and displayed considerable influence at both I'etranger, et a exerce une influence central Government and prefectural levels. considerable tant au mveau du Such influence afforded him the ability to gouvemement central qu'au mveau exercise and authority over the composition prefectoral. and training of the militia in Gisovu Vne telle influence lui a permis d' exercer Ie commune, Kibuye. contr61e et I' autorite sur la composition et I' entrainement des milices dans la commune de Gisovu, a Kibuye.

4.14 Alfred Musema was a man of 4.14 Alfred Musema etait un homme means who like many others used their disposant de gros moyens financiers, qui, privileged standing in Rwandan society to comme de nombreux autres, utilisait son provoke and actively promote violence statut privilegie dans la societe rwandaise against Tutsis in Kibuye. Alfred Musema pour provoquer et promouvoir activement la contributed to achieving this goal by violence a I' encontre des Tutsi a Kibuye.

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PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/04a687/ 4. LES ACCUSES providing logistical and financial support Alfred Musema a contribue a atteindre cet for the training of the militia in Gisovu objectif en fournissant un soutien logistique commune, and their transportation to the et financier aI' entrainement des milices training camps and subsequently to various dans la commune de Gisovu, et a leur massacre sites within the Prefecture of transport jusqu'aux camps d'entrainement, Kibuye. puis jusqu'aux divers lieux de massacre situes dans la prefecture de Kibuye.

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PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/04a687/ 5. CONCISE STATEMENT OF THE 5. EXPOSE SUCCINT DES FAITS: FACTS: PREPARATION PREPARATION

5.1 Following the military incursion by 5.1 Suite a I'invasion militaire du the RPF into Rwanda in October 1990 and Rwanda par Ie FPR en octobre 1990 et aux the political changes that followed, namely; changements politiques subsequents, a the establishment of a multi-party savoir: dans un premier temps, la mise en government in April 1992 resulting in the place d'un gouvemement pluripartite en long ruling MRND party becoming one of avril 1992 qui a fait perdre au MRND, five main political parties in national I' ancien parti reste si longtemps au pouvoir, government and thus losing its strong son reseau d'influence politique et en a fait political powerbase; the implementation of simplement I'un des cinq principaux partis the Arusha Peace Accords, resulting in a politiques du gouvemement, power sharing arrangement, the MRND dans un deuxieme temps, la mise en place party strongly opposed to these des accords de paix d' Arusha, qui a conduit developments moved to strengthen and a un partage du pouvoir; consolidate its fast dwindling position in the Ie MRND qui etait farouchement oppose a national government. ces changements s' est attache a renforcer et a consolider sa position qui se fragilisait rapidement au sein du gouvemement.

5.2 To this end of consolidation, 5.2 Afin de proceder a cette members of the MRND in government consolidation, les membres du MRND qui furthered a campaign of incitement of ethnic etaient dans Ie gouvemement ont favorise hatred and violence, targeted at the une campagne d'incitation a la haine et a la elimination of Tutsis and moderate Hutus. violence ethniques, visant a I' elimination In the first instance, the campaign was des Tutsi et des Hutu moderes. Au depart, furthered at the prefectural and communal cette campagne a ete menee aux niveaux levels where the MRND retained strong prefectoraux et communaux OU Ie MRND political influence. In April 1994, following conservait une grande influence politique. the formation of the interim government, En avril 1994, suite a la constitution du the scope of the said campaign was extended gouvemement interimaire, la portee de ladite throughout Rwanda. campagne a ete elargie a I' ensemble du Rwanda.

5.3 A large number of local youth 5.3 Un grand nombre de jeunes partisans supporters, the Interahamwe, originally locaux, les Interahamwe, initialement recruited by MRND to reinforce their recrutes par Ie MRND pour consolider sa political position in the various localities, position politique dans les diverses localites, were systematically recurited, trained and ont ete systematiquement recrutes, entraines transformed into militiamen. Together with et transformes en miliciens. Avec d'autres other local civilians such as factory civils locaux, tels que des employes d'usine, employees, they received between January ils ontreyu, entre janvier 1993 etavril1994, 1993 and April 1994, secret military training un entrainement militaire confidentiel

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PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/04a687/ 5. EPOSE SUCCINT DES FAITS: PREPARATION at various prefectures in Rwanda, including dispense dans diverses prefectures du Kibuye. The military training was organized Rwanda, dont celie de Kibuye. Les and supervised by MRND party members in entrainements militaires etaient organises et positions of authority and influence within supervises par des membres du parti local government. These public officers, MRND, qui occupaient des postes leur including Alfred Musema, and Aloy conferant de l'autorite et de I'influence sur Ndimbati were also responsible for the Ie gouvernement local. Ces fonctionnaires, procurement, storage, and distribution of dont Alfred Musema et Aloys Ndimbati, weapons utilised by locally stationed etaient egalement responsables de military officers in the training of the said I' acquisition, du stockage et de la militiamen in Giosvu commune, Kibuye. distribution des armes utilisees par les militaires en poste sur les lieux pour I' entrainement desdits miliciens dans la commune de Gisovu, a Kibuye.

5.4 These preparatory acts, between 5.4 Ces actes preparatoires, accomplis 1990 and 1994 laid down the necessary entre 1990 et 1994, ont apprete Ie cadre et Ie ground and framework for the subsequent terrain necessaires pour Ie massacre de Tutsi massacres of Tutsis and moderate Hutus in et de Hutu moderes qui a suivi entre avril et Rwanda between April and July 1994. juillet 1994.

The Militia Groups Les groupes de milices

5.5 The creation of the youth wings 5.5 La creation d' organisations de jeunes satisfied two of the political parties' repondait a deux preoccupations des partis concerns: to mobilize young people and to politiques : mobiliser les jeunes et les sensitize them to politics. The MRND and sensibiliser a la politique. Le MRND et la CDR followed the example of the MDR and CDR ont suivi I'exemple du MDR et du RPF, which had already institutionalized FPR, qui avaient deja institutionnalise leurs their youth movements. Political rivalries mouvements de jeunes. Les rivalites during the multi-party period exacerbated politiques survenues au cours de la periode tensions. The "Interahamwe" began to be du multipartisme ont exacerbe les tensions. drawn astray from the time they were used Les "Interahamwe" ont commence a etre to oppose with violence the political detoumes de leur role initial a partir du demonstrations organized by parties of the moment ou on s'en est servi pour s'opposer opposition. avec violence aux manifestations organisees par les partis d' opposition.

5.6 For the militia to be represented 5.6 Pour que la milice soit representee au nationally,!nterahamwe-MRND committees niveau national, des comites MRND­ were created at prefectural level. This Interahamwe ont ete crees au niveau decision of the central committee of the prefectoral. Cette decision du comite central MRND taken in June 1993 was canied out du MRND, prise enjuin 1993, a ete mise en in their localities by political figures, application dans leurs regions par des including in Kibuye, among others, Alfred personnalites politiques, comprenant

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Musema, Clement Kayishema, Obed notamment, it Kibuye, Alfred Musema, Ruzindana, Eliezer Niyitigeka, Aloys Clement Kayishema, Obed Ruzindana, Ndimbati, Mika Muhimana, and Ignace Eliezer Niyitigeka, Aloys Ndimbati, Mika Bagilishema. Muhimana et Ignace Bagilishema.

5.7 In order to ensure that, when the time 5.7 Afin, de s'assurer, qu'au moment came, the extermination of the enemy and its opportun, I' extermination de I' ennemi et de "accomplices" would be carried out swiftly "ses complices", serait effectuee rapidement and effectively, it was necessary to create a et efficacement, il etait necessaire de creer militia that was structured, armed and une milice structuree, armee et complementary to the Armed Forces. complementaire des forces armees.

5.8 From about January 1993, the 5.8 A partir de janvier 1993 environ, les leaders of the MRND, in collaboration with dirigeants du MRND, en collaboration avec officers of the FAR, decided to provide les officiers des FAR, ont decide de military training to those members most proceder it I'entrainement militaire des devoted to their extremist cause and to other membres les plus devoues it leur cause idle youths. Furthermore, weapons were extremiste et d'autres jeunes desoeuvres. En distributed to them. Alfred Musema outre, des armes leurs ont ete distribuees. between January 1993 and June 1994 was Entre janvier 1993 et juin 1994, Alfred instrumental in the supply, storage and Musema a participe it la fourniture, au distribution of weapons to facilitate the stockage et it la distribution d'armes, afin de training of militiamen in Kibuye. faciliter I' entrainement des miliciens it Kibuye.

Training ofthe Militia Groups Entrafnement des groupes de milices

5.9 On 10 January 1994, a leader of the 5.9 Le 10 janvier 1994, un responsable Interahamwe militia informed UNAMIR de la milice Interahamwe a informe la that 1,700 militiamen had undergone MINUAR du fait que 1700 miliciens avaient training and that they could eliminate 1,000 suivi un entrainement et pouvaient eliminer Tutsis every twenty minutes. 1000 Tutsi toutes les vingt minutes.

5.10 The secret training of the militiamen 5.10 Les entrainements secrets des became widespread. Between January 1993 miliciens se sont generalises. Entre janvier and June 1994, they could, on several 1993 et juin 1994, on pouvait les voir, it occasions, be seen training in public places plusieurs reprises, s' entrainer dans des lieux or on their way to the training sites, chanting publics, ou s' acheminer vers leurs lieux slogans and inciting the extermination of d' entrainement, en chantant des slogans et the enemy. en incitant it I'extermination de I'ennemi.

5.11 The training of Interahamwe-militia 5.11 L'entrainement de la milice was supervised by civilian and military Interahamwe etait supervise par des authorities. Training was conducted autorites civiles et militaires. Les simultaneously in several prefectures around entrainements se deroulaient simultanement the country: In Kibuye prefecture, the dans diverses prefectures du pays. Dans la training of militiamen between January 1993 prefecture de Kibuye, entre janvier 1993 et

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5. EPOSE SUCCINT DES FAITS: PREPARATION and June 1994, took place in coffee Jum 1994, les entrainements avaient lieu plantations as well as around Nyungwe dans les plantations de cafe ainsi qu' aux forest. These training sessions where environs de la foret de Nyungwe. Ces organised and supervised by Mika seances d' entrainement etaient organisees et Muhimana, Alfred Musema and Aloys supervisees par Mika Muhimana, Alfred Ndimbati, Ignace Bagilishema, Charles Musema, Aloys Ndimbati, Ignace Sikubwabo and funded by Alfred Musema Bagilishema et Charles Sikubwabo et and Obed Ruzindana. financees par Alfred Musema et Obed Ruzindana.

5.12 In particular, the training of the 5.12 En particulier, I'entrainement de la militia in Gisovu commune, Kibuye, milice dans la commune de Gisovu, a between January 1993 and June 1994 were Kibuye, entre janvier 1993 et juin 1994, a carried out by military officers Cpl Gd ete effectue par des officiers militaires, a Dismas Hategeka, and Cpl Gd Ndindabahizi savoir Ie caporal de gendarmerie Dismas and supervised by Alfred Musema . Hategeka et Ie caporal de gendarmerie Ndindabahizi, sous la supervision d' Alfred Musema.

5.13 Alfred Musema between January 5.13 Entre janvier et julliet 1994, Alfred and July 1994 encouraged employees under Musema a encourage les employes de his control at the Gisovu Tea Factory to I'usine de the de Gisovu qui etaient sous son make contributions to a specially designated contr61e a verser une contribution dans un 'Civil Defence -Kibuye' account opened by compte bancaire special, denomme "defense local authorities at the Commercial Bank of civile-Kibuye", ouvert par les autorites Kibuye. The funds deposited into the said locales a la banque commerciale de Kibuye. bank account between January and July Les fonds deposes dans ledit compte 1994 were subsequently utilised in bancaire entre janvier et julliet 1994 ont Me providing, amongst others things, logistical ensuite utilises pour fournir, entre autres, un support to the training of militiamen in soutien logistique a I' entrainement des Gisovu commune. miliciens de la commune de Gisovu.

Distribution of Weapons to the Militia Distribution d'armes aux groupes de milices Groups

5.14 In order to implement the plan for 5.14 Afm de mettre en place Ie plan visant the extermination of the enemy and its a l'extermination de I'ennemi et de ses "accomplices", the militiamen were to "complices", les miliciens ont reyu des receive weapons, in addition to military armes, en plus de leur entrainement training. Hence, the military and civilian militaire. Les autorites militaires et civiles authorities distributed weapons to the ont donc distribue des armes aux miliciens militiamen and certain carefully selected et a certains civils soigneusement members of the civilian population m seiectionnes dans diverses prefectures du various prefectures of the country. pays.

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PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/04a687/ 5.15 Between January 1993 and June 5.15 Entre janvier 1993 et juin 1994, 1994 Alfred Musema, received from Alfred Musema a re9u du bourgmestre Bourgmestre Aloys Ndimbati and the Aloys Ndimbati et du brigadier de Gisovu, Brigadier of Gisovu, weapons and des armes et des munitions qui ont ete ammunition which were with his consent stockees, avec son accord et Ii sa and knowledge stored at the Gisovu Tea connaissance, dans I 'usine de the de Gisovu. Factory. Further, between March and April En outre, entre mars et avril 1994, Alfred 1994, Alfred Musema facilitated the Musema a facilite Ie transport d' armes de transportation of weapons from Kigali to Kigali Ii la commune de Rutare, dans des Rutare commune in vehicles belonging to vehicules appartenant Ii l'usine de the. the tea factory. The said weapons were Lesdites armes ont ete entreposees Ii Rutare, stored at the Rutare residence of Alfred au domicile du beau-frere d' Alfred Musema, Musema's brother-in-law, Charles Charles Murazimana, d' 01'1 elles ont ensuite Murazimana, from where they were ete distribuees Ii des civils de Rutare Ie 10 subsequently distributed to members of the avril 1994. civilian population in Rutare on 10 April 1994.

5.16 Alfred Musema utilising the 5.16 Entre janvier 1993 et juin 1994, weapons stored at the Gisovu tea factory, Alfred Musema a fourni des armes aux between January 1993 and June 1994 capo raux de gendarmerie Dismas Hategeka provided officers Cpl Gd Dismas Hategeka, et Ndindabahizi, afin de promouvoir and Cpl Gd Ndindabahizi weapons to I' entrainement des miliciens dans Ie enhance the training of militiamen in Gisovu commune de Gisovu, en utilisant, pour ce commune. faire, les armes stockees Ii l'usine de the de Gisovu.

5.17 Between January 1993 and June 5.17 Entre janvier 1993 et juin 1994, 1994, Alfred Musema recruited employees Alfred Musema, a recrute des employes de under is control at the Gisovu Tea factory to l'usine de the de Gisovu sous son controle, train as militiamen and within the same pour suivre un entrainement de miliciens, et, period, permitted the premises of the tea au cours de la meme peri ode, il a autorise les factory to be utilised by Cpl Gd Dismas capo raux de gendarmerie Dismas Hategeka Hategeka, and Cpl Gd Ndindabahizi as a et Ndindabahizi Ii utiliser les locaux de training ground for the said purpose. By so I'usine de the comme terrain pour ledit doing, Alfred Musema knew or had reason entrainement. Ce faisant, Alfred Musema to know that those employees were being savait ou avait des raisons de savoir que ces trained as militiamen to facilitate the employes suivaient un entrainement de massacres of the civilian population in miliciens afin de faciliter les massacres de la Kibuye Prefecture. population civile dans la prefecture de Kibuye.

5.18 Between January 1993 and June 5.18 Entre janvier 1993 et Jum 1994, 1994, Alfred Musema, Aloys Ndimbati, Alfred Musema, Aloys Ndimbati, Obed Obed Ruzindana and others, distributed Ruzindana et des tiers, ont distribue des weapons to the militiamen and certain armes aux miliciens et Ii certains civils carefully selected members of the civilian soigneusement selectionnes, y compris Ii des

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PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/04a687/ 5. EPOSE SUCCINT DES FAITS: PREPARATION population, including employees of the employes de l'usine de the de Gisovu, dans Gisovu Tea Factory, with the intent that l'intention de faire utiliser ces armes pour these weapons will be used to facilitate the faciliter Ie massacre de Tutsi et de Hutu massacres of Tutsis and moderate Hutus moderes qui devait s'ensuivre afin that was to follow in order to achieve the d' accomplir I' extermination de la population extermination the Tutsi population and its tutsie et de ses "complices" a Kibuye. "accomplices" in Kibuye.

Modus Operandi Modus operandi

5.19 As of 7 April 1994, throughout 5.19 A partir du 7 avril 1994, sur Rwanda, Tutsis and certain moderate Hutus, I' ensemble du territoire rwandais, les Tutsi began to flee their homes to escape the et certains Hutu moderes ont commence a violence to which they were victims. They fuir leurs domiciles pour echapper a la fled to hills and sought refuge in places violence dont ils etaient victimes. Ils ont fui where they had traditionally felt safe, vers les collines et ont cherche refuge dans notably churches, hospitals and other public des lieux ou ils s' etaient traditionnellement buildings such as communal and prefectural sentis en securite, notamment des eglises, offices. On several occasions, they gathered des h6pitaux et d' autres bil.timents publics in places indicated to them by local tels que les bureaux communaux et authority officials, who promised them safe prefectoraux. A plusieurs occasions, ils se refuge. Initially these refugees were sont rassembles dans des lieux qui leur protected by a few gendarmes and avaient ete designes par des responsables communal police at various locations, but locaux, qui leur avaient promis un refuge they were subsequently, attacked and sUr. Au depart, ces refugies ont ete proteges massacred by militiamen, often assisted by par quelques gendarmes et policiers the same authorities who had promised them communaux dans ces divers lieux, mais ils safe refuge. During the numerous attacks on ont ensuite eM attaques et massacres par des refugees throughout the country, personnel miliciens souvent aides par ces memes of the FAR, military or gendarmes, who responsables qui leur avaient promis un were entrusted with the protection of refuge sUr. Au cours de ces nombreuses citizens, prevented Tutsis from escaping attaques perpetrees contre les refugies dans and facilitated their massacre by the I' ensemble du pays, des membres des FAR, Interahamwe. On several occasions, these des militaires ou des gendarmes, qui avaient FAR personnel participated directly in the pour responsabilite la protection des massacres. citoyens, ont empeche les Tutsi de s'enfuir, et ont facilite leur massacre par les Interahamwe. A plusieurs occasions, ces membres des FAR ont directement participe aux massacres.

PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/04a687/ 6: CONCISE STATEMENT OF THE FACTS: OTHER VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW

6. CONCISE STATEMENT OF 6. EXPOSE SUCCINCT DES THE FACTS: OTHER FAITS: AUTRES VIOLATIONS VIOLATIONS OF DU DROIT HUMANITAIRE INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL. HUMANITARIAN LAW.

6.1 From 7 April to 30 June 1994, 6.1 Du 7 avril au 30 juin 1994, des massacres of Tutsis and moderate Hutus massacres de Tutsi et de Hutu moderes ainsi together with the murder of numerous que I' assassinat de nombreux opposants political opponents were perpetrated in politiques ont ete perpetres dans diverses various prefectures throughout the territory prefectures, sur I'ensemble du territoire du of Rwanda including Kibuye. The Rwanda, y compris a Kibuye. Ces crimes, commiSSIOn of these crimes, was qui etaient premedites, ont ete executes par premeditated, and subsequently executed by des miliciens, des gendarmes et d'autres militiamen, gendarmes, and other civilians civils sur les ordres et les directives de on the orders and directives of local responsables locaux et d' autres citoyens authorities and other influential civilians influents, dont Alfred Musema. including Alfred Musema.

6.2 Following several cabinet meetings 6.2 Suite a diverses reunions du conseil between April and June 1994, the interim des ministres tenues entre avril et juin 1994, government issued directives to Prefets and Ie gouvernement interimaire a emis, a Bourgmestres which were designed to aid I'intention des prefets et des bourgmestres, the preparation of the massacres that were to des directives con9ues pour faciliter la follow in the various Prefectures. preparation des massacres qui ont suivi dans les diverses prefectures.

6.3 One of such directives was for the 6.3 L'une de ces directives VISrut a adoption of a "civil self-defence" I' adoption dans toutes les prefectures du programme in all Prefectures in Rwanda, Rwanda, d'un programme "d'auto-defense the primary purpose of which was to raise civile" dont I' objet principal etait de funds for the purchase of the necessary recueillir des fonds pour I'achat des armes weapons to fight the "enemy". The necessaires pour combattre "I'ennemi". Ce programme was also aimed at legitimising programme visait egalement a legitimer la the distribution of such weapons to distribution de telles armes aux miliciens et militiamen and to sanction the subsequent a approuver I 'utilisation de ces armes pour use of the said weapons in the massacres of les massacres de la population civile qui ont the civilian population that was to follow. suivi.

6.4 As part of the civil self-defence 6.4 Dans Ie cadre du programme d'auto­ programme, the Interim Government, defense civile, Ie gouvernement interimaire appointed several military officers to lead a nomme divers officiers militaires pour the 'self defence committees' established in diriger les "comites d'auto-defense" mis en each prefecture. Some of these officers place dans chaque prefecture. Certains de

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6: EXPOSE SUCCINCT DES FAITS: AUTRES VIOLATIONS DU DROIT INTERNATIONAL HUMANITAIRE later took an active part in the massacres that ces officiers ont, plus tard, pris une part followed. Prefet Clement Kayishema and active aux massacres qui ont suivi. Le prefet Bourgmestres, Ignace Bagilishema, Aloys Clement Kayishema et les bourgmestres Ndimbati were very active III the Ignace Bagilishema et Aloys Ndimbati ont establishment of the civil defence ete tres actifs dans la mise en place du programme in, the Prefecture ofKibuye. programme de defense civile dans la prefecture de Kibuye.

6.5 Alfred Musema Between April and 6.5 Entre avril et juilliet 1994, Alfred July 1994, encouraged employees of the Musema a encourage des employes de Gisovu Tea Factory, where he was Director, I'usine de the de Gisovu, dont il etait Ie to contribute money to help defeat the directeur, it contribuer financierement pour "Inkotanyi", by depositing their aider it vaincre les "Inkotanyi", en deposant contributions into specially designated leurs contributions sur un compte special 'Civil Defence-Kibuye' account opened by denomme "Defense civile-Kibuye", ouvert Prefet Clement Kayishema at the par Ie prefet Clement Kayishema it la Commercial Bank of Kibuye. In doing so Banque commerciale de Kibuye. Ce faisant, Alfred Musema knew or had reason to Alfred Musema savait ou avait des raisons know, that the proceeds of the account was de savoir que les sommes placees sur ce to be utilised in providing logistical support compte serviraient it fournir un appui to facilitate the massacres that were to logistique pour faciliter les massacres qui follow and which resulted in the death of ont suivi et qui ont abouti it la mort de thousands ofTutsis and moderate Hutus. milliers de Tutsi et de Hutu moderes.

6.6 In the course of the massacres, 6.6 Pendant les massacres, perpetres between April and July 1994 Alfred entre avril et juillet 1994, Alfred Musema a Musema authorized the use of vehicles autorise I 'utilisation de vehicules belonging to the Gisovu Tea Factory. By so appartenant it l'usine de the de Gisovu. Ce doing, Alfred Musema knew or had reason faisant, Alfred Musema savait ou avait des to know that he was facilitating the raisons de savoir qu'il facilitait Ie transport transportation of militiamen including de miliciens composes en partie d'employes employees of the Gisovu Tea Factory, de I'usine de the de Gisovu, d'armes et de weapons and ammunition to massacre sites munitions qu' on emmenait sur les lieux de within Kibuye prefecture, and in particular massacres situes dans la prefecture de the area of Bisesero to further the Kibuye, et en particulier dans la region de extermination of the Tutsi population and Bisesero, pour optimiser l' extermination de which resulted in the death of Thousands of la population tutsie, qui s' est soldee par la Tutsis and moderate Hutus between April mort de milliers de Tutsi et de Hutu moderes and June 1994. entre avril et juin 1994.

6.7 Terrified by the escalating violence 6.7 Terrifies par I' escalade de la violence in neighbouring communes , local people enregistree dans les communes voisines, les scrambled to the summits of the many hills habitants locaux se sont rues sur les ofBisesero. By 9 April 1994 there were sommets des nombreuses collines de

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PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/04a687/ 6: CONCISE STATEMENT OF TIlE FACTS: OTHER VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW already thousands of refugees on the hills. Bisesero. Des Ie 9 avril 1994, des miUiers de Some had come with their families and refugies se trouvaient deja sur ces coUines. livestock, others alone, their families already Certains etaient venus avec leur famille et killed and homes destroyed in the immediate leur betail, d'autres etaient seuls, leur violence which signaled the beginning of the famille ayant ete tuee et leur domicile detruit massacres. des les premieres violences qui ont marque Ie debut des massacres.

6.8 Some of the earliest refugees were 6.8 Certains des premiers refugies survivors of the 15 April massacre at the etaient des rescapes du massacre perpetre Ie Catholic parish ofMubuga . They were soon 15 avril a la paroisse catholique de Mubuga. joined by other survivors of the huge Us ont rapidement ete rejoints par les massacres which took place on 16 April at rescapes des gigantesques massacres qui ont the Seventh-Day Adventist Parish and eu lieu Ie 16 avril a la paroisse des Hospital in Mugonero; on 17 April at the adventistes du septieme jour et a l'h6pital de Catholic Parish of Kibuye and the nearby Mugonero, Ie 17 avril a la paroisse Home St. Jean; on 18 April at the stadium of catholique de Kibuye et au Home Saint Jean Gitesi. Among then were the sick, the voisin et Ie 18 avril au stade de Gitesi. Us wounded and those distraught by grief. comptaient dans leurs rangs des malades, Bisesero was clearly the last outpost of hope des blesses, et des persounes submergees par in Kibuye, the prefecture with the largest Ie chagrin. Bisesero constituait c1airement Ie Tutsi population in Rwanda. dernier bastion de l' esperance a Kibuye, la prefecture qui comptait la plus importante population tutsie du Rwanda.

6.9 This hilly area of Bisesero spanned 6.9 La region montagneuse de Bisesero the communes of Gishyita and Gisovu in s' etend sur les communes de Gishyita et de Kibuye Prefecture. The refugees were Gisovu, dans la prefecture de Kibuye. Les mostly centered in and around the following refugies etaient principalement regroupes hills: Muyira, Gitwe, Bisesero and Muranbi. sur les coUines de Muyira, Gitwe, Bisesero Up to 28,000 Tutsis sought refuge in and et Muranbi et leurs environs. Entre Ie 9 avril around the Bisesero hills, between 9 April et Ie 30 juin 1994, pres de 28000 Tutsi ont and 30 June 1994. cherche refuge dans les collines de Bisesero et leurs environs.

6.10 Several small scale attacks were 6.10 Plusieurs attaques de petite launched in and around the Bisesero area envergure ont ete lancees quotidiennement, everyday between 8 a.m and 6 p.m entre 8 heures et 18 heures, sur la region de throughout the period between 9 April and Bisesero et ses environs, pendant toute la 30 June 1994, when the French soldiers peri ode du 9 avril au 30 juin 1994, date de arrived in the area. On or about 20 April l' arrivee des troupes fran9aises dans la 1994, Gitwa Hill, Bisesero was invaded by region. Le ou vers Ie 20 avril 1994, la colline a combined force of attackers from both de Gitwa, a Bisesero a ete envahie par une Ngoma sector in Gishyita Commune and force mixte composee d' assaillants

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Gisovu Commune. The attackers from provenant tant du secteur de Ngoma dans la Gisovu Commune were transported to Gitwa commune de Gishyita que de la commune de Hill in cars and trucks belonging to the Gisovu. Les assaillants provenant de Gisovu Gisovu Tea Factory. Alfred Musema, the ont ete transportes it la colline de Gitwa dans Director of this company, was present and des voitures et des camions appartenant it participated in the attacks on Tutsis' l'usine de the de Gisovu. Alfred Musema, together with Aloys Ndimbati, Obed Ie directeur de cette entreprise, etait present Ruzindana, Dr Gerald Ntakirutimana and et a participe it l'attaque des Tutsi, en Pastor Elizaphan Ntakirutimana. Alfred compagnie d' Aloys Ndimbati, d'Obed Musema also offered rewards for the heads Ruzindana, du Docteur Gerard of prominent individuals in Kibuye. By so Ntakirutimana et du Pasteur Elizaphan acting, Alfred Musema knew or had reason Ntakirutimana. Alfred Musema a to know, that members of the Tutsi egalement offert des recompenses pour "la population in the Prefecture of Kibuye had tete" d'individus influents it Kibuye. Ce gathered and sought refuge in and around faisant, Afred Musema savait ou avait des the hills of Bisesero and that this conduct raisons de savoir que les membres de la would result in the death of a substantial population tutsie de la prefecture de Kibuye number of Tutsis and moderate Hutus in the s' etaient rassembJes et refugies sur les Bisesero area. By so acting, Alfred collines de Bisesero et dans leurs environs, Musema knew or had reason to know, that et que sa conduite aboutirait it la mort d'un his subordinates were preparing to commit nombre important de Tutsi et de Hutu these crimes, and failed to prevent the moderes dans la region de Bisesero.Ce crimes from being committed or to punish faisant, Afred Musema savait ou avait des the perpetrators thereof. raisons de savoir que ses subordonnes s' appretaient it commettre ces crimes, et il n' a pas pris les mesures necessaires pour en empecher la commission ou en punir les auteurs.

6.11 Friday 13 May 1994 marked the 6.11 Le vendredi 13 mai 1994 a marqueJe beginning of the end for the refugees in commencement de la fin pour les refugies de Bisesero. A combined assault lunched at Bisesero. Un assaut lance simultanement sur Muyira Hill and its environs revealed the la colline de Muyira et ses environs a revele massive resources available to the attackers l'importance des ressources dont disposaient and their resolve to eliminate every Tutsi in les assaillants et leur determination it the region. A combined force of armed eliminer tous les Tutsi de cette region. Une civilians, Interahamwe militia, Gendarmerie force mixte composee de civils armes, de came from Bugarama under the control of milices Interahamwe et de gendarmes est John Yusufu Munyakazi. Others came from venue de Bugarama sous Ie contr6le de John Gisenyi Ruhengeri and Gikongoro. Clement Yusufu Munyakazi. D'autres assaillants sont Kayishema and Gerard Ntakuritimana, venus de Gisenyi, de Ruhengeri et de joined forces with local attackers from Gikongoro. Clement Kayishema et Gerard Gisovu and Gishyita communes, including Ntakirutimana se sont joints aux assaillants Obed Ruzindana and Alfred Musema. locaux provenant des communes de Gisovu

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et de Gishyita, et comprenant Obed Ruzindana et Alfred Musema.

6.12 The attackers from Gisovu, 6.12 Les assaillants en provenance de comprising of employees of the Gisovu Tea Gisovu et comprenant les employes de Factory and the interahamwe militia were I'usine de the de Gisovu, et la milice led by Alfred Musema, Director of Gisovu Interahamwe etaient menes par Alfred Tea Factory, and Aloys Ndimbati, Musema, Ie directeur de cette usine de the, Bourgmestre of Gisovu. Those from et par Aloys Ndimbati, Ie bourgmestre de Gishyita were led by Businessman Obed Gisovu. Ceux qui venaient de Gishyita Ruzindana, together with Bourgmestre etaient diriges conjointement par l'homme Charles Sikubwabo, Conseiller Vincent d' affaires Obed Ruzindana, Ie bourgmestre Rutaganira, Counselor Mika Muhimuna, Charles Sikubwabo, Ie conseiller Vincent Ryandikayo, Minister Eliezer Niyitegeka. Rutaganira, Ie conseiller Mika Muhimuna, All these leaders were armed with guns and Ryandikayo et Ie ministre Eliezier actively participated in the attacks on the Niyitegeka. Tous ces dirigeants etaient Tutsi population that followed. By his munis d'armes it feu et ont activement actions Alfred Musema knew or had reason participe aux attaques menees to know that his actions will result in the subsequemment contre la population tutsie. death of a substantial number Tutsis and Par ses actions, Alfred Musema savait, ou moderate Hutus gathered in and around the avait des raisons de savoir, que ses actions area of Bisesero in Prefecture of Kibuye. provoqueraient la mort d'un nombre Further, Alfred Musema knew or had important de Tutsi et de Hutu moderes reason to know, that his subordinates were rassembles dans la region de Bisesero et ses committing these crimes, and failed to environs, dans la prefecture de Kibuye. En prevent these crimes from being committed outre, Alfred Musema savait ou avait des or to punish the perpetrators thereof. raisons de savoir que ses subordonnes commettaient ces crimes, et il n' a pas pris les mesures necessaires pour en empecher la commission ou en punir les auteurs.

6.13 Some of the attackers arrived in 6.13 Certains des assaillants sont arrives buses, vans lorries and cars; others came on dans des bus, des camionnettes, des camions foot, singing; and chanting war songs. The et des voitures; d'autres sont arrives it pied attackers from Gisovu were transported to en chantant des chants de gueITe. Les Muyira Hill in buses and trucks belonging assaillants en provenance de Gisovu ont ete to the Gisovu Tea Factory. Alfred Musema transportes sur la colline de Muyira par des was the Director of this factory. Those from bus et des camions appartenant it l'usine de Gishyita came to Muyira Hill in the "Green the de Gisovu, dont Alfred Musema etait Ie city buses" belonging to The National directeur. Ceux qui venaient de Gishyita Transportation Company and clearly marked sont arrives it la colline de Muyira it bord ONATRACOM, The Ministry of Works and "des bus verts de la ville" appartenant it la clearly marked MINITRAPE, community societe nationale de transport et au ministere cars of the Bourgmestre and cars belonging du travail, et sur lesquels figuraient

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PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/04a687/ 6: EXPOSE SUCCINCT DES FAITS: AUTRES VIOLATIONS DU DROIT INTERNATIONAL HUMANITAIRE to and hired by Obed Ruzindana. Alfred clairement les inscriptions Musema as Director of the Gisovu Tea "ONATRACOM", et "MINITRAPE", ainsi factory knew, or had reason to know that by qu'a bord de voitures communautaires du authorising vehicles belonging to the tea bourgmestre et de voitures appartenant a, ou factory to be used in transporting louees par, Obed Ruzindana. En qualite de militiamen to Bisesero on 13 May 1994, he directeur de l'usine de the de Gisovu, Alfred was facilitating the massacres of the Tutsi Musema savait ou avait des raisons de population gathered in and around the hills savoir qu'en autorisant I'utilisation de ofBisesero in the Prefecture ofKibuye. vehicules appartenant a I'usine de the de Gisovu pour Ie transport de miliciens a Bisesero Ie 13 mai 1994, il facilitait les massacres de la popUlation tutsie rassemblee sur les collines de Bisesero et leurs environs, dans la prefecture de Kibuye.

6.14 Alfred Musema was present during 6.14 Alfred Musema etait present lors de the killing of Annunciata, wife of the factory l'assassinat d' Annunciata, I'epouse du chef­ chief accountant, and her child, Blaise, comptable de I'usine, et de son enfant which occurred within the premises of the Blaise, qui a eu lieu dans les locaux de tea factory between 13-16 April 1994. By so I'usine de the entre Ie 13 et Ie 16 avril 1994. doing, Alfred Musema knew or had reason Ce faisant, Alfred Musema savait ou avait to know that his subordinates had committed des raisons de savoir que ses subordonnes or were committing these crimes, and failed avaient commis, ou commettaient ces to prevent these crimes or punish the crimes, et il n' a pas pris les mesures perpetrators thereof. necessaires pour en empecher la commission ou en punir les auteurs.

6.15 On 13 May 1994 at Bisesero, 6.15 Le 13 mai 1994, a Bisesero, dans la Gishyita Commune, in the Prefecture of commune de Gishyita, prefecture de Kibuye, Kibuye Alfred Musema, killed Goretie Alfred Musema a tue Goretie Mukangoga, Mukangoga a pregnant Tutsi female. une femme tutsie enceinte.

6.16 The attacks perpetrated in the 6.16 Les attaques perpetrees dans la Bisesero area from about 09 April 1994 region de Bisesero entre Ie 9 avril 1994, through about 30 June 1994 resulted in environ, et Ie 30 juin 1994, se sont soldees thousands of deaths and numerous injuries par des milliers de morts et de nombreux to the Tutsi men, women and children blesses parmi les hommes, les femmes et les seeking refuge. By his actions Alfred enfants tutsis qui y avaient cherche refuge. Musema, individually committed and Par ses actions, Alfred Musema a instigated the Interahamwe militia, individueilement commis et incite la milice gendarmes and armed civilians including Interahamwe, les gendarmes et des civils employees of the Gisovu Tea Factory to armes, parmi lesquels figuraient des commit, and assist in commission and employes de I'usine de the de Gisovu, a perpetration of massacres of the Tutsi and commettre et a aider a commettre des

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PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/04a687/ 6: CONCISE STATEMENT OF THE FACTS: OTHER VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW moderate Hutu population in Kibuye. As a massacres de la population tutsie et hutue public servant, Alfred Musema in so moderee de Kibuye. En qualite de doing, knew or had reason to know that his fonctionnaire et d'auteur des actes subordinates had committed or were susmentionnes Alfred Musema savait ou prepaIing to commit these crimes, and failed avait des raisons de savoir que ses to prevent these crimes from being subordonnes avaient commis, ou committed or to punish the perpetrators s' appretaient a commettre ces crimes, et il thereof. n' a rien fait pour en empecher la commission ou en punir les auteurs.

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7. CHARGES

7. CHARGES 7. LES CHEFS D'ACCUSATION

COUNT 1: PREMIER CHEF D'ACCUSATION

By the acts or omiSSIOns described in Par les actes on omissions Mcrits aux paragraphs 5.1 to 6.16 and more specifically paragraphes 5.1 a 6.16 et plus in the paragraphs referred to below: particulierement aux paragraphes vises ci­ dessous;

Alfred Musema: Alfred Musema:

-pursuant to Article 6(1), according to -conforrnement a l' article 6(1), selon les paragraphs paragraphes:

5.3; 5.6; 5.8; 5.11; 5.12; 5.13; 5.15; 5.16; 5.3; 5.6; 5.8; 5.11; 5.12; 5.13; 5.15; 5.16; 5.17; 5.18; 6.1; 6.5; 6.6; 6.10; 6.11; 6.12; 5.17; 5.18; 6.1; 6.5; 6.6; 6.10; 6.11; 6.12; 6.13; 6.16 6.13; 6.16

-pursuant to Article 6(3), according to -conforrnement a 1'article 6(3), selon les paragraphs: paragraphes:

5.12; 5.13; 5.15; 5.16; 5.17; 5.18; 6.10; 5.12; 5.13; 5.15; 5.16; 5.17; 5.18; 6.10; 6.11; 6.12; 6.13; 6.14; 6.16 6.11; 6.12; 6.13; 6.14; 6.16 conspired with Obed Ruzindana, Aloys s'est entendu avec Obed Ruzindana, Aloys Ndimbati, Clement Kayishema, Eliezer Ndimbati, Clement Kayishema, Eliezer Niyitigeka, Elizaphan Ntakirutimana, Gerard Niyitigeka, Elizaphan Ntakirutimana, Gerard Ntakirutimana, Charles Sikubwabo, Ignace Ntakirutimana, Charles Sikubwabo, Ignace Bagilishema and others to kill and cause Bagilishema et d'autres pour tuer et porter serious bodily or mental harm to members of des atteintes graves a l'integrite physique ou the Tutsi population with the intent to mentale de membres de la population tutsie destroy, in whole or in part, a racial or ethnic dans 1'intention de detruire en tout ou en group, and thereby committed partie ce groupe ethnique ou racial, et a, de CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT ce fait commis Ie crime D'ENTENTE EN GENCODE, a crime stipulated in Article VUE DE COMMETTRE LE 2(3)(b) of the Statute of the Tribunal, for GENOCIDE tel que prevu a l'article which he is individually responsible 2(3 )(b) du Statut du Tribunal pour lequel il pursuant to Article 6 and which is est individuellement responsable en vertu de punishable in reference to Articles 22 and 23 I' article 6 et punissable en vertu des articles of the Statute. 22 et 23 du Statut.

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7. CHEFSD'ACCUSATION

COUNT 2: DEUXIEME CHEF D' ACCUSATION

By the acts or omissions described in Par les actes ou omissions decrits aux paragraphs 5.1 to 6.16 and more specifically paragraphes 5.1 it 6.16 et plus in the paragraphs referred to below: particulierement aux paragraphes vises ci­ dessous;

Alfred Musema: Alfred Musema:

-pursuant to Article 6(1), according to -conformement it l'article 6(1), selon les paragraphs: paragraphes:

5.3; 5.6; 5.8; 5.11; 5.12; 5.13; 5.15; 5.16; 5.3; 5.6; 5.8; 5.11; 5.12; 5.13; 5.15; 5.16; 5.17; 5.18; 6.1; 6.5; 6.6; 6.10; 6.11; 6.12; 5.17; 5.18; 6.1; 6.5; 6.6; 6.10; 6.11; 6.12; 6.13; 6.14; 6.15; 6.16 6.13; 6.14; 6.15; 6.16

-pursuant to Article 6(3), according to -conformement it I'article 6(3), selon les paragraphs: paragraphes:

5.12; 5.13; 5.15; 5.16; 5.17; 5.18; 6.10; 5.12; 5.13; 5.15; 5.16; 5.17; 5.18; 6.10; 6.11; 6.12; 6.13; 6.14; 6.16 6.11; 6.12; 6.13; 6.14; 6.16 is responsible for killing and causing serious est responsable de meurtres et d'atteintes bodily or mental harm to members of the graves it I'integrite physique on mentale de Tutsi population with the intent to destroy, membres de la population tutsie dans in whole or in part, a racial or ethnic group, I'intention de detruire en tout ou en partie ce and thereby committed GENOCIDE, a groupe ethnique ou racial et a, de ce fait, crime stipulated in Article 2(3)(a) of the commis Ie crime de GENOCIDE tel que Statute of the Tribunal, for which he is prevu it l'article 2(3)(a) du Statut du individually responsible pursuant to Article Tribunal pour lequel il est individuellement 6 and which is punishable in reference to responsable en vertu de l'article 6 du Statut Articles 22 and 23 of the Statute. et punissable en vertu des articles 22 et 23 du Statut.

ALTERNATIVELY

COUNT 3: TROISIEME CHEF D' ACCUSATION

By the acts or omissions described in Par les actes on omissions decrits aux

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7. CHARGES paragraphs 5.1 to 6.16 and more specifically paragraphes 5.1 it 6.16 et plus in the paragraphs referred to below: particulierement aux paragraphes vises ci­ dessous;

Alfred Musema: Alfred Musema:

-pursuant to Article 6(1), according to -conforrnement it I' article 6(1), selon les paragraphs: paragraphes:

5.3; 5.6; 5.8; 5.11; 5.12; 5.13; 5.15; 5.16; 5.3; 5.6; 5.8; 5.ll; 5.12; 5.13; 5.15; 5.16; 5.17; 5.18; 6.1; 6.5; 6.6; 6.10; 6.ll; 6.12; 5.17; 5.18; 6.1; 6.5; 6.6; 6.10; 6.ll; 6.12; 6.13; 6.14; 6.15; 6.16 6.13; 6.14; 6.15; 6.16

-pursuant to Article 6(3), according to -conforrnement it 1'article 6(3), selon les paragraphs: paragraphes:

5.12; 5.13; 5.15; 5.16; 5.17; 5.18; 6.10; 5.12; 5.13; 5.15; 5.16; 5.17; 5.18; 6.10; 6.ll; 6.12; 6.13; 6.14; 6.16 6.ll; 6.12; 6.13; 6.14; 6.16 is responsible for killing and causing serious est responsable de meurtres et d'atteintes bodily or mental harm to members of the graves it 1'integrite physique ou mentale de Tutsi population with the intent to destroy, membres de la population tutsie dans in whole or in part, a racial or ethnic group, I'intention de detruire en tout ou en partie ce and thereby committed COMPLICITY IN groupe ethnique ou racial et a, de ce fait, GENOCIDE, a crime stipulated in Article commis Ie crinIe de COMPLICITE DANS 2(3)( e) of the Statute of the Tribunal, for LE GENOCIDE tel que prevu it 1'article which he is individually responsible 2(3)( e) du Statut du Tribunal pour lequel il pursuant to Article 6 and which is est individuellement responsable en vertu punishable in reference to Articles 22 and 23 de l'article 6 du Statut et punissable en vertu of the Statute. des articles 22 et 23 du Statut.

COUNT 4: QUATRIEME CHEF D' ACCUSATION

By the acts or omISSIOns described in Par les actes ou omissions decrits aux paragraphs 5.1 to 6.16 and more specifically paragraphes 5.1 it 6.16 et plus in the paragraphs referred to below: particulierement aux paragraphes vises ci­ dessous;

Alfred Musema: Alfred Musema:

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7. CHEFS D'ACCUSATION

-pursuant to Article 6( 1), according to -conforrnement a l' article 6(1), selon les paragraphs: paragraphes:

5.3; 5.6; 5.8; 5.11; 5.12; 5.13; 5.15; 5.16; 5.3; 5.6; 5.8; 5.11; 5.12; 5.13; 5.15; 5.16; 5.17; 5.18; 6.1; 6.5; 6.6; 6.10; 6.11; 6.12; 5.17; 5.18; 6.1; 6.5; 6.6; 6.10; 6.11; 6.12; 6.13; 6.14; 6.15; 6.16 6.13; 6.14; 6.15; 6.16

-pursuant to Article 6(3), according to -conformement a I'article 6(3), selon les paragraphs: paragraphes:

5.12; 5.13; 5.15; 5.16; 5.17; 5.18; 6.10; 5.12; 5.13; 5.15; 5.16; 5.17; 5.18; 6.10; 6.11; 6.12; 6.13; 6.14; 6.16 6.11; 6.12; 6.13; 6.14; 6.16 is responsible for the murder of persons as est responsable d'assassinats de personnes part of a widespread and systematic attack dans Ie cadre d'une attaque systematique et against a civilian population on political, generalisee contre une population civile, en ethnic or racial grounds, and thereby raison de son appartenance politique, committed a CRIME AGAINST ethnique ou raciale, et a, de ce fait commis HUMANITY, a crime stipulated in Article un CRIME CONTRE L'HUMANITE, tel 3(a) of the Statute of Tribunal, for which he que prevu a l'article 3(a) du Statut du is individually responsible pursuant to Tribunal pour lequel il est individuellement Article 6 of the Statute and which is responsable en vertu de l' article 6 du Statut punishable in reference to Articles 22 and 23 et punissable en vertu des articles 22 et 23 of the Statute. du Statut.

COUNTS: CINQUIEME CHEF D' ACCUSATION

By the acts or omiSSIOns described in Par les actes ou omissions decrits aux paragraphs 5.1 to 6.16 and more specifically paragraphes 5.1 a 6.16 et plus in the paragraphs referred to below: particulierement aux paragraphes vises ci­ dessous;

Alfred Musema: Alfred Musema:

-pursuant to Article 6(1), according to -conforrnement a l' article 6(1), selon les paragraphs: paragraphes:

5.3; 5.6; 5.8; 5.11; 5.12; 5.13; 5.15; 5.16; 5.3; 5.6; 5.8; 5.11; 5.12; 5.13; 5.15; 5.16; 5.17; 5.18; 6.1; 6.5; 6.6; 6.10; 6.11; 6.12; 5.17; 5.18; 6.1; 6.5; 6.6; 6.10; 6.11; 6.12; 6.13; 6.14; 6.15; 6.16 6.13; 6.14; 6.15; 6.16

-pursuant to Article 6(3), according to -conforrnement a I'article 6(3), selon les

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PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/04a687/ 7. CHARGES paragraphs: paragraphes:

5.12; 5.13; 5.15; 5.16; 5.17; 5.18; 6.10; 5.12; 5.13; 5.15; 5.16; 5.17; 5.18; 6.10; 6.11; 6.12; 6.13; 6.14; 6.16 6.11; 6.12; 6.13; 6.14; 6.16 is responsible for the extermination of est responsable d' extermination de persons as part of a widespread and personnes dans Ie cadre d'une attaque systematic attack against a civilian systematique et generalisee contre une population on political, ethnic or racial population civile, en raison de son grounds, and thereby committed a CRIME appartenance politique, ethnique ou raciale, AGAINST HUMANITY, a crime et a, de ce fait commis un CRIME stipulated in Article 3(b) of the Statute of CONTRE L'HUMANITE, tel que prevu a Tribunal, for which he is individually ]' article 3(b) du Statut du Tribunal pour responsible pursuant to Article 6 of the lequel il est individuellement responsable en Statute and which is punishable in reference vertu de ]' article 6 du Statut et punissable to Articles 22 and 23 of the Statute. en vertu des articles 22 et 23 du Statuto

COUNT 6: SIXIEME CHEF D' ACCUSATION

By the acts or omISSIOns described in Par les actes ou omISSIOns decrits aux paragraphs 5.1 to 6.16 and more specifically paragraphes 5.1 a 6.16 et plus in the paragraphs referred to below: particulierement aux paragraphes vises ci­ dessous;

Alfred Musema Alfred Musema:

-pursuant to Article 6(1), according to -conformement a ]' article 6(1), selon les paragraphs: paragraphes:

5.3; 5.6; 5.8; 5.11; 5.12; 5.13; 5.15; 5.16; 5.3; 5.6; 5.8; 5.11; 5.12; 5.13; 5.15; 5.16; 5.17; 5.18; 6.1; 6.5; 6.6; 6.10; 6.11; 6.12; 5.17; 5.18; 6.1; 6.5; 6.6; 6.10; 6.11; 6.12; 6.13; 6.14; 6.15; 6.16 6.13; 6.14; 6.15; 6.16

-pursuant to Article 6(3), according to -conformement a ]' article 6(3), selon les paragraphs paragraphes:

5.12; 5.13; 5.15; 5.16; 5.17; 5.18; 6.10; 5.12; 5.13; 5.15; 5.16; 5.17; 5.18; 6.10; 6.11; 6.12; 6.13; 6.14; 6.16 6.11; 6.12; 6.13; 6.14; 6.16 is responsible for inhumane acts against est responsable d'actes inhumains contre des persons as part of a widespread and personnes dans Ie cadre d' une attaque systematic attack against a civilian systematique et generalisee contre une

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PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/04a687/ 7. CHEFS D'ACCUSATION population on political, ethnic or racial population civile, en raison de son grounds, and thereby committed a CRIME appartenance politique, ethuique ou raciale, AGAINST HUMANITY, a crime et a, de ce fait commis un CRIME stipulated in Article 3(i) of Statute of the CONTRE L'HUMANITE tel que prevu it Tribunal, for which he is individually l'article 3(i) du Statut du Tribunal pour responsible pursuant to Article 6 of the lequel il est individuellement responsable Statute and which is punishable in reference en vertu de l' article 6 du Statut et punissable to Articles 22 and 23 of the Statute. en vertu des articles 22 et 23 du meme Statut.

COUNT 7: SEPTIEME CHEF D' ACCUSATION

By the acts or omiSSIOns described in Par les actes ou omissions decrits aux paragraphs 5.1 to 6.16 and more specifically paragraphes 5.1 it 6.16 et plus in the paragraphs referred to below: particulierement aux paragraphes vises ci­ dessous;

Alfred Musema: Alfred Musema:

-pursuant to Article 6(1), according to -conformement it I'article 6(1), selon les paragraphs: paragraphes:

5.3; 5.6; 5.8; 5.11; 5.12; 5.13; 5.15; 5.16; 5.3; 5.6; 5.8; 5.11; 5.12; 5.13; 5.15; 5.16; 5.17; 5.18; 6.1; 6.5; 6.6; 6.10; 6.11; 6.12; 5.17; 5.18; 6.1; 6.5; 6.6; 6.10; 6.11; 6.12; 6.13; 6.14; 6.15; 6.16 6.13; 6.14; 6.15; 6.16

-pursuant to Article 6(3), according to -conformement it l' article 6(3), selon les paragraphs: paragraphes:

5.12; 5.13; 5.15; 5.16; 5.17; 5.18; 6.10; 5.12; 5.13; 5.15; 5.16; 5.17; 5.18; 6.10; 6.11; 6.12; 6.13; 6.14; 6.16 6.11; 6.12; 6.13; 6.14; 6.16 is responsible for killing and causing est responsable de meurtres et, d' atteintes it violence to health and to the physical or la sante et au bien etre physique ou mental mental well-being of civilians as part of an de personnes civiles dans Ie cadre d'un armed internal conflict, and thereby conflit arme interne, et a, de ce fait, commis committed SERIOUS VIOLATION OF Ie crime de VIOLATIONS GRAVES DE ARTICLE 3 COMMON TO THE L' ARTICLE 3 COMMUN AUX GENEVA CONVENTIONS AND CONVENTIONS DE GENEVE ET DU ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL II, a crime PROTOCOLE ADDITIONNEL II tel que stipulated in Article 4 (a) of the Statute of prevu it l'article 4 (a) du Statut du Tribunal the Tribunal, for which he is individually et pour lequel il est individuellement responsible pursuant to Article 6 of the responsable en vertu de I' article 6 du Statut

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Statute and which is punishable in reference et punissable en vertu des articles 22 et 23 to Articles 22 and 23 of the Statute. du Statut.

At Kigali, A Kigali, Ie

Bernard A. Muna una Deputy Prosecutor Procureur Adjoint

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