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I5s0uri Storical Review I5S0URI STORICAL REVIEW, CONTENTS Joseph Pulitzer, Part I* George S. Johns John Evans, Explorer and Surveyor, Part I A. P. Nasatir The Building of the University of Missouri an Epoch Making Step W. S. Dearmont Joseph B. McCullagh, Part Ilv Walter B. Stevens The Beginning of the Whig Party in Missouri, 1824-1840 Leota Newhard Emigrant Missourians in Mexico and Oregon Frederick A. Culmer The St. Louis School of Thought, Part II Cleon Forbes Experiences of Lewis Bissell Dougherty on the Oregon Trail, Part IV Ethel Massie Withers Historical Notes and Comments Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY of MISSOURI VOL. xxv January, 1931 NO. 2 OFFICERS OF THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI, 1928-1931 GEORGE A. MAHAN, Hannibal, President. LOUIS T. GOLDING, St. Joseph, First Vice-President. WALTER B. STEVENS, St. Louis, Second Vice-President. WALTER S. DICKEY, Kansas City, Third Vice-President. CORNELIUS ROACH, Kansas City, Fourth Vice-President. B. M. LITTLE, Lexington, Fifth Vice-President. ALLEN McREYNOLDS, Carthage, Sixth Vice-President. R. B. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer. FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Secretary and Librarian. BOARD OF TRUSTEES Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1931 ROLLIN J. BRITTON, Kansas ISIDOR LOEB, St. Louis. City. C. H. McCLURE, Kirksville. T. H. B. DUNNEGAN, Bolivar. JOHN ROTHENSTEINER, BEN L. EMMONS, St. Charles. St. Louis. STEPHEN B. HUNTER, CHAS. H. WHITAKER, Cape Girardeau. Clinton. Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1932 PHIL A. BENNETT, Springfield. ELMER O.JONES, LaPlata. W. E. CROWE, DeSoto. HENRY KRUG, JR., St. Joseph; FORREST C. DONNELL, WM. SOUTHERN, JR., St. Louis. Independence. BOYD DUDLEY, Gallatin. CHARLES L. WOODS, Rolla. J. F. HULL, Maryville. Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1933 C. P. DORSEY, Cameron. H. S. STURGIS, Neosho. EUGENE FAIR, Kirksville. JONAS VILES, Columbia. THEODORE GARY, Kansas City. R. M. WHITE, Mexico. GEORGE A. MAHAN, Hannibal. WALTER WILLIAMS, Columbia. WM. R. PAINTER, Carrollton. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-six trustees, the president and secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, and President of the Ual« 'vexBity of Missouri, constitute the Executive Committee. FINANCE COMMITTEE R. M. WHITE, Chairman, Mexico. ISIDOR LOEB, St. Louis. WALTER WILLIAMS, Columbia. THF MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW VOL. XXV JANUARY, 1931 NO. 2 CONTENTS Joseph Pulitzer, Part 1 201 GEORGE S. JOHNS John Evans, Explorer and Surveyor, Part 1 219 A. P. NASATIR The Building of the University of Missouri an Epoch Making Step 240 W. S. DEARMONT Joseph B. McCullagh, Part II 245 WALTER B. STEVENS The Beginning of the Whig Party in Missouri, 1824-1840 254 LEOTA NEWHARD Emigrant Missourians in Mexico and Oregon 281 FREDERICK A. CULMER The St. Louis School of Thought, Part II 289 OLBON FORBES Experiences of Lewis Bissell Dougherty on the Oregon Trail, Part IV 306 ETHEL MASSIE WITHERS Historical Notes and Comments 322 Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks 364 ^^^ FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Editor The Missouri Historical Review is published quarterly. The sub­ scription price is $1.00 a year. A complete set c} the Review is still obtainable—Vols. 1-24, bound, $80.00; unbound, $Jf0.00. Prices of separate volumes given on request. All communications should be ad­ dressed to Floyd C. Shoemaker, The State Historical Society of Missouri. 11 Entered as second-class matter at the postoffice at Columbia, Mis­ souri, under Act o} Congress, October 3, 1917, Sec. hk%" CONTRIBUTORS JOHNS, GEORGE S., a native Missourian, has been associated with the St. Louis' Post-Dispatch since 1883. He has been successively dramatic critic, city editor, managing editor, editor editorial page, and associate editor. NASATIR, ABRAHAM P., received his Ph. D. from the University of California. He has taught in the University of Iowa and the State Teachers College at San Diego. He returned to Spain this year to finish translating documents relating to the Anglo-Spanish frontier in the Mis­ souri-Mississippi valley. His monographs, published in standard his­ torical magazines, are distinct contributions. His home is in San Diego. DEARMONT, W. S., educator, received his A. B., Ph. B., and A. M- degrees from the University of Missouri, and the degree of M. A. in educa­ tion from Chicago University. He was superintendent of schools in Mound City and Kirkwood, Missouri, and was president of the State Normal school at Cape Girardeau from 1899 to 1921. Since 1922 he has been head of the department and professor of psychology and is now dean of the College of Education in the Southwestern Louisiana Insti­ tute, Lafayette, Louisiana. STEVENS, WALTER S., author and journalist, is the most popular historical writer in Missouri. Mr. Stevens has over a score of books to his credit and in 1921 published a "Centennial History of Missouri." He has held a number of important public positions, including the secretary­ ship of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis. He was formerly president of the State Historical Society. His home is in Burdick, Kansas. NEWHARD, LEOTA, a native Missourian, is teacher of history in the Excelsior Springs (Missouri) high school. She received her master's degree from the University of Missouri in 1928, having specialized in Missouri history. CULMER, FREDERIC A., holds the chair of political science at Central College, Fayette, Missouri. He is engaged in writing "The Life and Times of Abiel Leonard." FORBES, CLEON, received his master's degree in philosophy in 1929 in the University of Oklahoma. His present contribution is a reduction in size of his larger dissertation. Mr. Forbes is a professor of education and philosophy in Harding College at Morrilton, Arkansas. WITHERS, ETHEL MASSIE, received her A. B. degree from the Uni­ versity of Missouri in 1903. Mrs. Withers has been prominently identified with women's club and organization work, and in 1915-1917 was state historian of the D. A. R. of Missouri. She compiled and illustrated the lecture, "Pioneering in Missouri," contributed to W. H. Woodson's History of Clay County and planned the Clay County Centennial Cele­ bration in 1922. JOSEPH PULITZER EARLY LIFE IN ST. LOUIS AND HIS FOUNDING AND CONDUCT OF THE POST-DISPATCH UP TO 1883 BY GEORGE S. JOHNS* FIRST ARTICLE EARLY ADVENTURES On the tenth of October, 1865, Joseph Pulitzer reached the east bank of the Mississippi river, on his way to St. Louis. He had started from New York ten days before in his old Union Army uniform. His overcoat had been stolen in New York. He had pawned the only valuable article in his posses­ sion, a fine silk handkerchief, for 75 cents, to buy food on his journey. He was penniless when he reached the Mississippi river, an unexpected obstacle in his journey. He didn't know American geography well enough to know that St. Louis was on the west side of the river. The river was too broad for even such an expert swimmer as he had proved him­ self to be to attempt it. Besides, the weather was cold. It was the evening of a raw day, with sleety rain falling. How he had come from New York in ten days, with 75 cents, no one knew. He never told his experiences on that journey. In addition to his army uniform, he had his native genius, and courage and persistent determination which he had proved on several occasions. Joseph Pulitzer's whole life from the time he left his native country was a romantic adventure, so far exceeding in intensity of struggle and immensity of achievement that of the average man, that the record reads like fiction rather than reality. He was born in Mako, Hungary, April 10, 1847. The tenth was a notable date in his career. He was born on the •The author gratefully acknowledges indebtedness for material relating to Joseph Pulitzer's early life to Don C. Seitz, from his book Joseph Pulitzer; to Alleyne Ireland, from An Adventure With a Genius* and other associates and employes of Joseph Pulitzer during his St. Louis period. (201) 202 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW tenth; he arrived in St. Louis on the tenth, and every important adventure in his life and in journalism was started on the tenth. The date became with him almost a superstition of luck. His father, Philip Pulitzer, originally spelled "Politzer," was a prosperous merchant in Mako. He was of Magyar- Jewish descent. His mother, Louise Berger, was of Austro- German origin. She was a beautiful woman, and her memory was cherished by her son throughout his life. He always kept a miniature of her with him. They were educated, well-to-do people, and gave their children an excellent education. Joseph not only went through a private school as a boy, but had a special tutor. Of the four children in the family, Louis, Joseph, Albert and Irma, only two, Joseph and Albert, survived to maturity. Both came to America and made fortunes through newspapers. When Joseph's father had amassed sufficient means for a living, he dissolved his firm and moved to Budapest. There, at his death, his fortune was found to be much diminished. In a few years his widow was remarried to a merchant named Max Blau. When he was 15 years old, Joseph Pulitzer confided to a friend his ambition to seek his fortune in the New World. He wanted to get away from his home and the cramped opportu­ nities of his native land to new fields. His first effort to find adventure was in the army. Those who knew of his subse­ quent hatred of war and militarism probably wondered why he sought the army as an avenue of adventure and new life. With the exception of his first attempt, all his efforts to be a soldier was directed to service in foreign lands.
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