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GERMAN IMMIGRANTS, AFRICAN AMERICANS, and the RECONSTRUCTION of CITIZENSHIP, 1865-1877 DISSERTATION Presented In
NEW CITIZENS: GERMAN IMMIGRANTS, AFRICAN AMERICANS, AND THE RECONSTRUCTION OF CITIZENSHIP, 1865-1877 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Alison Clark Efford, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2008 Doctoral Examination Committee: Professor John L. Brooke, Adviser Approved by Professor Mitchell Snay ____________________________ Adviser Professor Michael L. Benedict Department of History Graduate Program Professor Kevin Boyle ABSTRACT This work explores how German immigrants influenced the reshaping of American citizenship following the Civil War and emancipation. It takes a new approach to old questions: How did African American men achieve citizenship rights under the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments? Why were those rights only inconsistently protected for over a century? German Americans had a distinctive effect on the outcome of Reconstruction because they contributed a significant number of votes to the ruling Republican Party, they remained sensitive to European events, and most of all, they were acutely conscious of their own status as new American citizens. Drawing on the rich yet largely untapped supply of German-language periodicals and correspondence in Missouri, Ohio, and Washington, D.C., I recover the debate over citizenship within the German-American public sphere and evaluate its national ramifications. Partisan, religious, and class differences colored how immigrants approached African American rights. Yet for all the divisions among German Americans, their collective response to the Revolutions of 1848 and the Franco-Prussian War and German unification in 1870 and 1871 left its mark on the opportunities and disappointments of Reconstruction. -
H-France Review Vol. 13 (November 2013), No. 177 Marion Löffler, Ed
H-France Review Volume 13 (2013) Page 1 H-France Review Vol. 13 (November 2013), No. 177 Marion Löffler, ed., Welsh Responses to the French Revolution: Press and Public Discourse 1789-1802. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2012. xx + 332 pp. Maps, figures, notes, bibliography, and index. $40.00 U.S. (pb). ISBN 978-0-7083-2489-9. Review by Chris Evans, University of South Wales. There were few parts of the world that were not affected by the French Revolution. It is a truism to say so. But is the reaction of every last part of the globe to the events in France worth registering? Why, in particular, should the Welsh response be important? Wales, after all, was a poor and politically insignificant place at the end of the eighteenth century. Its rain-soaked mountains sustained a threadbare agriculture and a correspondingly meager population. Its inhabitants were dismissed as uncouth by their English neighbors or derided as simpletons. There was little to mark Wales out. As an administrative unit Wales simply didn’t exist. Its twelve counties had been assimilated into England in the sixteenth century. Unlike Scotland, Wales had no distinct institutional presence. Scotland had its own national church, its own legal system and its own universities. Wales had none. Culturally, on the other hand, Wales was a singular place. The Welsh language was spoken far more extensively than English, literary practices departed sharply from English forms, and growing numbers of Welsh men and women refused to worship in the established Anglican Church, preferring more militant or theologically heterodox forms of Protestantism. -
Pinning the Daffodil and Singing Proudly: an American's Search for Modern Meaning in Ancestral Ties Elizabeth C
Student Publications Student Scholarship 3-2013 Pinning the Daffodil and Singing Proudly: An American's Search for Modern Meaning in Ancestral Ties Elizabeth C. Williams Gettysburg College Follow this and additional works at: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship Part of the Nonfiction Commons Share feedback about the accessibility of this item. Williams, Elizabeth C., "Pinning the Daffodil and Singing Proudly: An American's Search for Modern Meaning in Ancestral Ties" (2013). Student Publications. 61. https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship/61 This is the author's version of the work. This publication appears in Gettysburg College's institutional repository by permission of the copyright owner for personal use, not for redistribution. Cupola permanent link: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship/ 61 This open access creative writing is brought to you by The uC pola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of The uC pola. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Pinning the Daffodil and Singing Proudly: An American's Search for Modern Meaning in Ancestral Ties Abstract This paper is a collection of my personal experiences with the Welsh culture, both as a celebration of heritage in America and as a way of life in Wales. Using my family’s ancestral link to Wales as a narrative base, I trace the connections between Wales and America over the past century and look closely at how those ties have changed over time. The piece focuses on five location-based experiences—two in America and three in Wales—that each changed the way I interpret Welsh culture as a fifth-generation Welsh-American. -
The John Evans 1796-97 Map of the Missouri River
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Great Plains Quarterly Great Plains Studies, Center for Winter 1981 The John Evans 1796-97 Map Of The Missouri River W. Raymond Wood University of Missouri-Columbia, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly Part of the Other International and Area Studies Commons Wood, W. Raymond, "The John Evans 1796-97 Map Of The Missouri River" (1981). Great Plains Quarterly. 1920. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly/1920 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Great Plains Studies, Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Plains Quarterly by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. THE JOHN EVANS 1796--97 MAP OF THE MISSOURI RIVER W. RAYMOND WOOD One of the curious twists of Great Plains his northeastern Nebraska near modern Sioux City, tory is that the first accurate eyewitness map of Iowa, to the Mandan and Hidatsa villages at the Missouri River in what is now North and the mouth of the Knife River in present-day South Dakota-the historic home of the Man North Dakota. The map illustrates in detail dan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Indians and of their the major features of the Missouri River chan nomadic neighbors-was produced by a Welsh nel and shows all of its principal tributaries. man who had come to the United States to It is a landmark of Missouri River cartography. -
History of North Dakota Chapter 3
34 History of North Dakota CHAPTER 3 A Struggle for the Indian Trade THE D ISCOVERY OF AMERICA set in motion great events. For one thing, it added millions of square miles of land to the territorial resources which Europeans could use. For another, it provided a new source of potential income for the European economy. A golden opportunity was at hand, and the nations of Europe responded by staking out colonial empires. As the wealth of the New World poured in, it brought about a 400-year boom and transformed European institutions. Rivalry for empire brought nations into conflict over the globe. It reached North Dakota when fur traders of three nationalities struggled to control the Upper Missouri country. First the British, coming from Hudson Bay and Montreal, dominated trade with the Knife River villages. Then the Spanish, working out of St. Louis, tried to dislodge the British, but distance and the hostility of Indians along the Missouri A Struggle for the Indian Trade 35 caused them to fail. After the Louisiana Purchase, Lewis and Clark claimed the Upper Missouri for the United States, and Americans from St. Louis began to seek trade there. They encountered the same obstacles which had stopped the Spanish, however, and with the War of 18l 2, they withdrew from North Dakota, leaving it still in British hands. THE ARRIVAL OF BRITISH TRADERS When the British captured Montreal in 1760, the French abandoned their posts in the Indian country and the Indians were compelled to carry all of their furs to Hudson Bay. Before long, however, British traders from both the Bay and Montreal began to venture into the region west of Lake Superior, and by 1780 they had forts on the Assiniboine River. -
The Welsh, the Vikings, and the Lost Tribes of Israel on the Northern Plains: the Legend of the White Mandan
Copyright © 1988 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved. The Welsh, the Vikings, and the Lost Tribes of Israel on the Northern Plains: The Legend of the White Mandan JAMES D. MCLAIRD From the earliest European discoveries, rumors of "white Indi- ans" have circulated in America. Always to the west of settled areas, there were supposed to be people who possessed advanced customs and technology, unlike the "uncivilized savages" the frontiersmen had already met and fought. Sometimes these claims were buttressed by "eyewitness accounts" of meetings with bearded, light-skinned Indians, some of whom possessed Bibles.' While such curious tales plainly fascinated settlers, politi- cal significance was often attached to them as well. John Dee and 1. Bernard De Voto, The Course of Empire (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1952), pp. 68-73, 470-71, contains a good discussion of rumors and "evidence" of reported "white Indians" assumed to he descendants of "Prince Madoc of Wales," who sup- posedly came to America in A.D. 1170. A detailed listing of meetings between fron- tiersmen and "white Indians" is included in Zella Armstrong's uncritical account of the Madoc theory entitled Who Discovered America?: The Amazing Story of Madoc (Chattanooga, Tenn.: Lookout Publishing Co., 1950). She mentions remnants of an old tattered book among the Indians (p. 122). Another account of the Madoc legend by an advocate of the theory is Richard Deacon's Madoc and the Discovery of America: Some New Light on an Old Controversy (New York: George Braziller, 1966), pp. 108-23, 151-63. David Williams, "John Evans' Strange Journey: Part I. -
Friedrich Franz Karl Hecker, 1811–1881 Part II Kevin Kurdylo
Volume 19 No 2 • Summer 2010 Friedrich Franz Karl Hecker, 1811–1881 Part II Kevin Kurdylo As the 150th anniversary of the begin- was convinced that the contract of ning of the Civil War approaches, we the Union could not be broken by a will examine the role German-born minority of states,2 and he believed immigrants played during that histori- firmly that each man should take cal era. The first section of this article on Friedrich Hecker (Spring 2010) his place according to his abilities. examines his career in Europe before Because he felt Sigel was the more he came to this country. This section experienced and competent soldier, focuses on his activities in America. he was prepared to do his part as an infantryman if need be. There were ealizing that Lincoln’s elec- others, including some of his promi- tion as president meant an nent German-American friends, end to compromise on the who felt Hecker should lead his own Rissue of slavery, southern states began troops. to secede from the Union in the first In May of 1861, without Hecker’s months of 1861. Propelled by the knowledge (though capitalizing on same strong beliefs he held during his reputation), recruitment had be- the Revolution of 1848, the fifty-year- gun in Chicago for what was called Colonel Friedrich Hecker old Hecker answered Lincoln’s call the 1st Hecker Jäger [Hunter] Regi- to arms, and he crossed the Missis- ment, later known as the 24th Illinois and not enough privates, and a severe sippi River by rowboat to join Francis Volunteers, and Hecker was offered discipline problem, the latter exac- (Franz) Sigel’s 3rd Missouri Volunteer command of this regiment with the erbated by friction between Hecker Regiment—as a private.1 Hecker rank of colonel. -
Cultural Life NEWSPAPERS & PUBLISHING
Cultural Life NEWSPAPERS & PUBLISHING Newspapers were the primary vehicle people used for learning about current events. Just as today there are many radio and television stations, there were many newspapers in the nineteenth century. St. Louis was part of the United States for just five years when Joseph Charless published the city's first newspaper, the Missouri Gazette. These papers changed names, owners, and editors frequently. The Argus, started in 1831, for example, then became the Union in 1848. It merged with the Missouri Democrat in 1852, which joined the Globe in 1875 to eventually become the Globe-Democrat. Three years later, Joseph Pulitzer published the first Post-Dispatch. Pulitzer came from a tradition of German language newspapers to serve the large immigrant population. Christian Bimpage founded the Anzeiger des Westens in 1835. After a difference of opinion with editor Henry Boerstein, Carl Daenzer started the Westliche Post in 1857; Emil Preetorius became editor in 1864, and Carl Schurz joined them three years later. The Post and Anzeiger merged in 1898 as the leading German paper in the region. Most of the other publications from St. Louis were special-interest ones. The Age of Steel became a leading journal for the iron and steel industry, for example. Originally a German weekly, it changed its name and language in 1861 to Journal of Commerce. New owners reissued it in 1880 as The Age of Steel. St. Louis publishers issued The Lumberman, the Western Trade Journal, and the St. Louis Dry Goods and Grocery Reporter during the Gilded Age. The Sporting News, the leading weekly about sports founded in 1886, is published in St. -
Hecker, Friedrich (1811-1881) Papers, 1825-1987 81 Folders, 2 Oversize Boxes, 7 Microfilm Rolls
S0451 Hecker, Friedrich (1811-1881) Papers, 1825-1987 81 Folders, 2 Oversize Boxes, 7 Microfilm Rolls MICROFILM This collection is available at The State Historical Society of Missouri. If you would like more information, please contact us at [email protected]. George S. Hecker of Clayton, Missouri, donated about 80% of the Friedrich Hecker Papers to the Western Historical Manuscript collection on 4 December 1985, on behalf of the entire Hecker family. The balance of the collection was transferred from the Missouri Historical Society on 13 October 1986. The personal papers kept by Friedrich Hecker at his death in 1881 appear to have been kept together until the death of his wife Josephine in 1916. The bulk of those papers remained in the farmhouse in Summerfield, Illinois, until the house was abandoned in the 1940s. Hecker's children collected newspaper memorial articles published at the time of Hecker's death, and some of his newspaper columns were gathered into scrapbooks on an irregular basis, but after World War I the knowledge of German in the family had declined to the point that much of the material could no longer be read except in translation. Some of the letters which appeared most valuable had been gathered together and bound by being glued to the stubs of pages of old books, and the larger documents were kept separate in large manila envelopes. Alice Hecker Reynolds (daughter of Alexander Hecker and Atlanta Preetorius Hecker) of Belmont, Massachusetts, took it upon herself to collect materials for a biographical study of Hecker from the 1930s to the early 1960s, but her death left the project uncompleted. -
The Welch Indians Or a Collection of Papers Respecting a People Whose Ancestors Emigrated from Wales to America, in the Year 1170, with P Ringe Madog
\. THE WELCH INDIANS OR A COLLECTION OF PAPERS RESPECTING A PEOPLE WHOSE ANCESTORS EMIGRATED FROM WALES TO AMERICA, IN THE YEAR 1170, WITH P RINGE MADOG (THREE HUNDRED YEARS BEFORE THE FIRST VOYAGE OF COLUMBUS), And who are said now to inhabit a beautiful Country on the West Side of the MISSISSIPI. DEDICATED TomE MISSION-ARr SOC/ETr BY GEORGE BURDER LONDON PRINTED FOR T. CHAPMAN, NO. 151, FLEET-ST. r 1787 Price One Shilling. TAllYYTOWN, N. Y JUIlPBINTED WILLIAM ABBATT 19ft BEDi'O EJ:TBA NUMBER 78 or THE MAOAZINE or HISTORY WITH NOTIl8 AND Q1l1UlIICS TO THE DIRECTORS AND MEMBERS OF THE MISSIONARY SOCIETY GENTLEMEN, YOU are engaged in the most honourable o_f all pursuits, the diffusion of evangelical knowledge .among the benighted heathen. With unexampled liberality you have dispatched a number of Mis sionaries to Otaheite, and other islands of the Pacific Ocean. You have now in contemplation the benevolent plan of Christianizing the poor oppressed Africans. May the Almighty Saviour succeed your philanthropic labours! Permit me to introduce to your compassionate notice a numerous and long-neglected race of men, originally Britons, and still retaining the ancient British language, but separated by the vast Atlantic from this illumined isle for more than six hundred years. If we may credit the most respectable testimonies, they preserve among them, with religious veneration, a manuscript volume which is, with the greatest probability, supposed to be THE BIBLE, that blessed book which is able to make us wise to salvation. They cannot read it, yet long to know its contents; they have wept when strangers have visited them, unable like themselves to peruse it. -
The Slave Trade and the British Empire
The Slave Trade and the British Empire An Audit of Commemoration in Wales Task and Finish Group Report and Audit 26 November 2020 The Slave Trade and the British Empire An Audit of Commemoration in Wales Report and Audit The Task and Finish Group: Gaynor Legall (Chair) Dr Roiyah Saltus Professor Robert Moore David Anderson Dr Marian Gwyn Naomi Alleyne Professor Olivette Otele Professor Chris Evans Supporting research and drafting was undertaken on behalf of the task and finish group by Dr Peter Wakelin. Front cover image – British Library, Mechanical Curator Collection © Crown copyright 2020 WG41703 Digital ISBN 978-1-80082-506-2 Mae’r ddogfen yma hefyd ar gael yn Gymraeg / This document is also available in Welsh Contents 1. Background ............................................................................................................ 2 2. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 3 3. Scope ..................................................................................................................... 3 4. Method ................................................................................................................... 4 5. Audit results ........................................................................................................... 5 6. People who took part in the African slave trade (A)................................................ 6 7. People who owned or directly benefitted from plantations or mines worked by the enslaved -
European Explorations and the Louisiana Purchase
LOUISIANA: EUROPEAN EXPLORATIONS AND THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE A SPECIAL PRESENTATION FROM THE GEOGRAPHY AND MAP DIVISION OF THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Table of Contents A Brief History of Louisiana to 1812 A Question of Boundaries European Explorations and Encounters Early Spanish Interests French Canada Explores the Mississippi River Valley Louisiana as a French Colony Difficult Early Years of the Colony Bienville and the Founding of New Orleans Hostilities on the Frontier Louisiana under Vaudreuil and Kerlérec The Lively Arts in Colonial and Territorial Louisiana Contest for Sovereignty over the Mississippi Valley Frontier in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Early European Designs on the Mississippi Valley The Mississippi Valley during the French and Indian War British Designs on the Mississippi Valley before the American Revolution Louisiana under Spanish Rule Diplomacy of the French Cession Spanish Rule and a Revolt Louisiana in the American Revolution Spanish Louisiana’s Development to 1803 Land Settlement Policies and Practices in Spanish Louisiana Spain Recognizes American Rights on the Mississippi, 1795 Waning Spanish Interest in the Mississippi Valley Pinckney’s Treaty The Louisiana Purchase Napoleonic France Acquires Louisiana "There is on the globe one single spot" "The Mississippi is everything" "A noble bargain" Louisiana Becomes an American Territory Louisiana is Transferred to the United States The Cartographic Setting: Evolving European and American Conceptions of Louisiana to 1803 Earliest Renderings of Louisiana French