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Effects of Food-Derived Collagen Peptides on the Expression of Keratin and Keratin-Associated Protein Genes in the Mouse Skin

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Effects of Food-Derived Collagen Peptides on the Expression of Keratin and Keratin-Associated Protein Genes in the Mouse Skin Original Paper Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2015;28:227–235 Received: September 15, 2014 DOI: 10.1159/000369830 Accepted after revision: November 8, 2014 Published online: February 14, 2015 Effects of Food-Derived Collagen Peptides on the Expression of Keratin and Keratin-Associated Protein Genes in the Mouse Skin a a a a a, e Phuong Le Vu Ryo Takatori Taku Iwamoto Yutaka Akagi Hideo Satsu a b d a, c Mamoru Totsuka Kazuhiro Chida Kenji Sato Makoto Shimizu a b c Departments of Applied Biological Chemistry and Animal Resource Sciences, The University of Tokyo, and Department d of Nutritional Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo , Division of Applied Life Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural e University, Kyoto , and Department of Biotechnology, Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi , Japan Key Words were cultured without fibroblasts, suggesting that the pres- Coculture · Collagen · Food-derived collagen peptides · ence of fibroblasts is essential for the effects of Pro-Hyp. Our Gene expression · Keratinocytes · Skin study presents new insights into the effects of CP on the skin, which might link to the hair cycle. © 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel Abstract Oral ingestion of collagen peptides (CP) has long been sug- gested to exert beneficial effects on the skin, but the mo- Introduction lecular events induced by CP on the skin remain unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of oral CP administration The skin is the foremost protective barrier of the body, on gene expression in hairless mouse skin and of prolyl-hy- which acts to prevent environmental harmful factors as droxyproline (Pro-Hyp), a collagen-derived dipeptide, on well as water loss. The outer compartment of the skin is gene expression in a coculture of mouse skin keratinocytes the epidermis, which comprises 4 layers of keratinocytes, and fibroblasts. Using microarray analysis, we found that oral which functions as a physical, biochemical and immuno- administration of CP to hairless mice for 6 weeks induced logical barrier of the skin. Underlying the epidermis is the increased expression of Krtap and Krt genes in the skin. An- dermis, which comprises mainly fibroblasts in an extra- notation analysis using DAVID revealed that a group of the cellular matrix [1] . The current literature indicates that up-regulated genes, Gprc5d, Sprr2a1, Krt27 and Krtap16-7, dermal extracellular matrix remodeling is involved in is associated with the development of the epidermis and the skin homeostasis, aging and wound healing [2] , and that hair cycle. In addition, the presence of Pro-Hyp (200 μM ) in- dermis-epidermis interactions play an indispensable role duced an increase in the expression of Krtap16-7, Krtap15, in the regulation of these processes [3, 4] . Furthermore, Krtap14 and Krtap8-2 in keratinocytes in coculture, partially the molecular signals exchanged between these compart- resembling the in vivo result. The Pro-Hyp-induced up-reg- ments also mediate hair follicle formation and hair cy- ulation of these genes was not observed when keratinocytes cling [5] . © 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel Makoto Shimizu 1660–5527/15/0285–0227$39.50/0 Department of Nutritional Science Tokyo University of Agriculture, Sakura-gaoka E-Mail karger@karger.com 1-1-1, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo (Japan) www.karger.com/spp E-Mail ms205346 @ nodai.ac.jp Downloaded by: Kyoto University 130.54.110.72 - 3/5/2015 2:07:27 AM Not only is the skin affected by extrinsic factors, it is animal model [13] , and intestinal absorption and tissue also altered by intrinsic aging. Attempts have been made distribution of gelatin hydrolysates, hydrolyzed products to search and analyze functional food compounds that of collagen, were assessed in a study using 14 C-labeled hy- can protect the skin from damage and aging. Among the drolysates [14, 15] . Recent clinical studies have also estab- most studied food substances are polyphenols from vari- lished that oral intake of collagen peptides (CP) reduces ous sources. Oral administration of baicalein (5,6,7-trihy- skin wrinkles and improves biophysical parameters in droxyflavone) and wogonin (5,7-dihydroxy-8-methoxy- aged skin [16, 17] . Furthermore, following the ingestion flavone) extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis roots, for of gelatin hydrolysates, prolyl-hydroxyproline (Pro-Hyp) example, was reported to suppress ultraviolet-induced was significantly increased in human blood, which skin damage [6] . Green tea polyphenols, especially EGCG reached up to 200 μ M in some individuals, among the [(–)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate], was found to have pro- collagen-derived di- and tripeptides and free amino acids tective effects against photocarcinogenesis when topical- [18]. Pro-Hyp was found to have a stimulatory effect on ly applied to hairless mice [7, 8]. In addition, beneficial cell growth of mouse skin fibroblasts, leading to the hy- effects of dietary ceramides, such as glucosylceramides pothesis that it is the key peptide in biological activities of and sphingolipids, in restoring skin functions have been dietary collagen [19] . suggested. Hasegawa et al. [9] reported improved corni- Although oral CP administration was proven to pro- fied envelope formation in the skin following oral admin- tect mouse skin from the UV-induced transepidermal istration of glucosylceramide. Another ceramide deriva- water loss and UV-induced matrix metalloproteinase 1 tive was found to have an inhibitory effect on skin inflam- protein expression [20] , little is known about the effects mation [10] . Apart from polyphenols and ceramides, the of CP on normal (nonirradiated) skin, especially their potent benefits of diet-derived collagen on the skin have effects on gene expression levels in the skin. We per- also been considered [11] . Long-term oral administration formed DNA microarrays to identify the effects of CP of marine collagen hydrolysates was found to exert pro- ingestion on gene expression levels in hairless mouse tective effects on skin aging, which was attributable to the skin under normal conditions (nonirradiated). In addi- antioxidant property of collagen [12] . tion, we addressed the effects of Pro-Hyp on gene ex- Collagens, along with fibrillins, laminins and other pression in a coculture of mouse skin keratinocytes and macromolecules, are synthesized in fibroblasts and se- fibroblasts. creted into the matrix, where they are cross-linked to form a complex network. These proteins characterize the structure of the dermis, and, most importantly, they are Materials and Methods involved in various signaling pathways to maintain skin homeostasis. The biosynthesis process of collagen is initi- Materials Porcine CP mixture (mean molecular weight: 5,000) was ob- ated via the transcription of collagen genes, followed by tained from Nitta Gelatin (Osaka, Japan) and dissolved in distilled the translation into precursor polypeptides. The structure water at 0.02 g/ml. Pro-Hyp was purchased from Bachem (Buben- of these polypeptides is featured by the repeat of Gly-X-Y dorf, Switzerland) and reconstituted in methanol according to the triplets, where X and Y are often proline and hydroxypro- manufacturer’s instructions. Reduced serum medium (MCDB) line. The precursor polypeptides, termed α-chains, are and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo., USA). Collagenase was purchased from Wako (Osaka, Japan). then modified in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Ham’s F12 medium was from Life Technologies (Tokyo, Japan). the Golgi apparatus. Hydroxylation of prolyl and lysyl Cell matrix type I-A was from Nitta Gelatin. The RNeasy mini kit residues is one of the important modifications which lead for RNA extraction in the in vivo experiment was from Qiagen to the assembly of three α-chains to form a triple helix (Tokyo, Japan). ISOGEN for RNA extraction in the in vitro ex- called procollagen. Once secreted into the extracellular periment was from Nippon Gene (Tokyo, Japan). Cell culture in- serts (12-well plate format) with a polyethylene terephthalate space, the amino and carboxyl extensions of procollagen (PET) membrane and companion 12-well plates were from Becton are removed, followed by the alignment of procollagens Dickinson (Franklin Lakes, N.J., USA). to generate collagen fibers. These fibers are cross-linked with other components of the extracellular matrix, form- Animals and Diets ing a bioactive network [2] . Six-week-old female hairless mice (Hos:HR-1) were purchased from Japan SLC (Shizuoka, Japan) and kept at 25 ° C under a Dietary collagen can be derived from sources such as 12-hour-light/12-hour-dark cycle during the experiment. They fish, porcine and chicken skin, and chicken tendon and were allowed free access to water and normal rodent diet (Labo MR cartilage. Oral intake of collagen was proven safe in an Stock in pellet form; Nosan, Kanagawa, Japan). Following 5 days 228 Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2015;28:227–235 Le Vu/Takatori/Iwamoto/Akagi/Satsu/ DOI: 10.1159/000369830 Totsuka/Chida/Sato/Shimizu Downloaded by: Kyoto University 130.54.110.72 - 3/5/2015 2:07:27 AM of acclimatization, mice were randomly divided into two groups: the control group and the collagen group (n = 5). The CP mixture was administered daily to the collagen group at 0.2 g/kg body Primary mouse weight p.o. whereas an equal volume of sterile water was adminis- skin keratinocytes tered to the control group. The amount of CP administered was Primary mouse based on a previous study by Tanaka et al. [20] . After 6 weeks, mice skin fibroblasts were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Dorsal skin samples were obtained and snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen. The samples were stored at –80 ° C until analyzed. DNA Microarray Analysis Total RNA was extracted from the dorsal skin samples using the RNeasy mini kit according to the instructions, and the quality was determined using an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer. Equal amounts of RNA from 5 mice/group were pooled to normalize individual Skin-like layer differences for microarray analysis. Sense-strand cDNA was syn- thesized using an Ambion wild-type (WT) expression kit follow- ing the manufacturer’s protocol.
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